We develop early stopping rules for growing regression tree estimators. The fully data-driven stopping rule is based on monitoring the global residual norm. The best-first search and the breadth-first search algorithms together with linear interpolation give rise to generalized projection or regularization flows. A general theory of early stopping is established. Oracle inequalities for the early-stopped regression tree are derived without any smoothness assumption on the regression function, assuming the original CART splitting rule, yet with a much broader scope. The remainder terms are of smaller order than the best achievable rates for Lipschitz functions in dimension $d\ge 2$. In real and synthetic data the early stopping regression tree estimators attain the statistical performance of cost-complexity pruning while significantly reducing computational costs.
Gheorghe Comanici, Eric Bieber, Mike Schaekermann
et al.
In this report, we introduce the Gemini 2.X model family: Gemini 2.5 Pro and Gemini 2.5 Flash, as well as our earlier Gemini 2.0 Flash and Flash-Lite models. Gemini 2.5 Pro is our most capable model yet, achieving SoTA performance on frontier coding and reasoning benchmarks. In addition to its incredible coding and reasoning skills, Gemini 2.5 Pro is a thinking model that excels at multimodal understanding and it is now able to process up to 3 hours of video content. Its unique combination of long context, multimodal and reasoning capabilities can be combined to unlock new agentic workflows. Gemini 2.5 Flash provides excellent reasoning abilities at a fraction of the compute and latency requirements and Gemini 2.0 Flash and Flash-Lite provide high performance at low latency and cost. Taken together, the Gemini 2.X model generation spans the full Pareto frontier of model capability vs cost, allowing users to explore the boundaries of what is possible with complex agentic problem solving.
The XAI literature is decentralized, both in terminology and in publication venues, but recent years saw the community converge around keywords that make it possible to more reliably discover papers automatically. We use keyword search using the SemanticScholar API and manual curation to collect a well-formatted and reasonably comprehensive set of 5199 XAI papers, available at https://github.com/alonjacovi/XAI-Scholar . We use this collection to clarify and visualize trends about the size and scope of the literature, citation trends, cross-field trends, and collaboration trends. Overall, XAI is becoming increasingly multidisciplinary, with relative growth in papers belonging to increasingly diverse (non-CS) scientific fields, increasing cross-field collaborative authorship, increasing cross-field citation activity. The collection can additionally be used as a paper discovery engine, by retrieving XAI literature which is cited according to specific constraints (for example, papers that are influential outside of their field, or influential to non-XAI research).
Flavia Serra, Veronika Peralta, Adriana Marotta
et al.
The importance of context in data quality (DQ) was shown many years ago and nowadays is widely accepted. Early approaches and surveys defined DQ as \textit{fitness for use} and showed the influence of context on DQ. This paper presents a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) for investigating how context is taken into account in recent proposals for DQ management. We specifically present the planning and execution of the SLR, the analysis criteria and our results reflecting the relationship between context and DQ in the state of the art and, particularly, how that context is defined and used for DQ management.
In the early Universe, dark energy may have a non-negligible contribution. If this dark energy corresponds to an early cosmological constant, it leads to a late-time huge dark energy density which is much larger than what is expected for the current expansion of the Universe. Using a conformal coupling of the quintessence to the dark matter, and based on the screening models, we propose a process to reduce the early dark energy to its ultimate value in the late time. Early and late time dark energies can be unified in a single component, in this way.
‘Faith’ is one of Christianity's most significant, distinctive and complex concepts and practices, but Christian understandings of faith in the patristic period have received surprisingly little attention. This article explores two aspects of what Augustine terms fides qua, ‘the faith by which believers believe’. From the early second century, belief in the truth of doctrine becomes increasingly significant to Christians; by the fourth, affirming that certain doctrines are true has become central to becoming Christian and to remaining within the church. During the same period, we find a steady growth in poetic and imagistic descriptions of interior faith. This article explores how and why these developments occurred, arguing that they are mutually implicated and that this period sees the beginning of their long co-existence.
This paper presents comparison of custom ensemble models with the models trained using existing libraries Like Xgboost, Scikit Learn, etc. in case of predictive equipment failure for the case of oil extracting equipment setup. The dataset that is used contains many missing values and the paper proposes different model-based data imputation strategies to impute the missing values. The architecture and the training and testing process of the custom ensemble models are explained in detail.
We study the early kinetic decoupling effect in a pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone (pNG) dark matter (DM) model. The pNG DM scattering processes with particles in the thermal bath in the early Universe are suppressed by the small momentum transfer. As a result, kinetic equilibrium is not maintained, and the temperature of DM is different from the temperature of the thermal bath at the freeze-out era. This temperature difference affects the thermal relic abundance of DM. We investigate the early kinetic decoupling in the Higgs resonance region, 50 GeV $\lesssim m_χ\lesssim m_h/2$, where $m_χ$ is the mass of the DM, and $m_h/2 \simeq$ 62.5 GeV. We find that the DM-Higgs coupling determined to obtain the measured value of the DM energy density is underestimated in the literature. The enhancement in the coupling leads larger value of the Higgs invisible decay rate. It enlarges the capability to discover the DM signals from the decay of the Higgs bosons at collider experiments.
Christian Haug, Dmitri Molodov, Peter Gumbsch
et al.
Tribological loading of metals induces microstructural changes by dislocation-mediated plastic deformation. During continued sliding, combined shear and lattice rotation result in the formation of crystallographic textures which influence friction and wear at the sliding interface. In order to elucidate the fundamental lattice rotation kinematics involved in this process during the early stages of sliding, we conducted unlubricated, linear single pass sliding experiments on a copper bicrystal using sapphire spheres. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) performed directly on the bulk surface of the wear tracks in the vicinity of the grain boundary reveals crystal lattice rotations by approximately up to 35°. Predominantly, the tribologically induced crystal rotations appear to be kinematically constrained to rotations around the transverse direction (TD) and occur in both grains, irrespective of load (2 to 8 N). We demonstrate that inverting the sliding direction (SD) inverts the sense of crystal rotation, but does not change the principal nature of rotation for the majority of indexed EBSD data. A lower proportion of the crystal lattice rotates much farther around TD (roughly up to 90°), accompanied by a superimposed crystal rotation around +/-SD. Analysis reveals that sliding direction and grain orientation exert a systematic influence of how crystal rotations are accommodated. This is rationalized in terms of geometry, anisotropic wear track profiles and slip traces. Under specific conditions, combined crystal rotation and twinning are observed. These detailed insights into the fundamental nature of tribologically induced lattice rotation kinematics provide important guidance for applied research targeting materials with superior tribological properties.
Edelberto Franco Silva, Bruno José Dembogurski, Gustavo Silva Semaan
Nowadays, technology has become dominant in the daily lives of most people around the world. From children to older people, technology is present, helping in the most diverse daily tasks and allowing accessibility. However, many times these people are just end-users, without any incentive to the development of computational thinking (CT). With advances in technologies, the abstraction of coding, programming languages, and the hardware resources involved will become a reality. However, while we have not progressed to this stage, it is necessary to encourage the development of CT teaching from an early age. This work will present state of the art concerning teaching initiatives and tools on programming (e.g., ScratchJr), robotics (e.g., KIBO), and other playful tools (e.g., Happy Maps) for the development of CT in the early ages, specifically filling the gap of CT at the kindergarten level. This survey presents a systematic review of the literature, emphasizing computational and robotic tools used in preschool classes to develop the CT. The systematic review evaluated more than 60 papers from 2010 to December 2020, electing 31 papers and adding three papers from the qualitative stage. The paper's amount was classified in taxonomy to show CT's principal tools and initiates applied to children early. To conclude this survey, an extensive discussion about the terms and authors related to this research area is present.
Christian Kuehn, Nils Berglund, Christian Bick
et al.
In this paper, we review several results from singularly perturbed differential equations with multiple small parameters. In addition, we develop a general conceptual framework to compare and contrast the different results by proposing a three-step process. First, one specifies the setting and restrictions of the differential equation problem to be studied and identifies the relevant small parameters. Second, one defines a notion of equivalence via a property/observable for partitioning the parameter space into suitable regions near the singular limit. Third, one studies the possible asymptotic singular limit problems as well as perturbation results to complete the diagrammatic subdivision process. We illustrate this approach for two simple problems from algebra and analysis. Then we proceed to the review of several modern double-limit problems including multiple time scales, stochastic dynamics, spatial patterns, and network coupling. For each example, we illustrate the previously mentioned three-step process and show that already double-limit parametric diagrams provide an excellent unifying theme. After this review, we compare and contrast the common features among the different examples. We conclude with a brief outlook, how our methodology can help to systematize the field better, and how it can be transferred to a wide variety of other classes of differential equations.
Nicolas J. Peter, Maria J. Duarte, Christian H. Liebscher
et al.
High entropy alloys are generally considered to be single phase material. This state is, however, typically a non-equilibrium state after fabrication at high cooling rates. Phase constitution after fabrication or heat treatment is mostly known for isothermal annealing only and for casts as well as rapidly quenched alloys. Knowledge on early phase separation stages of high entropy alloys and their mechanisms are missing so far. Here, we present results on phase separation at intermediate cooling rates, by characterization of gas atomized powder of the AlCoCr0.75Cu0.5FeNi alloy. Although investigation by X-ray diffraction and Electron Backscatter Diffraction indicates a single-phase nature of the powder particles, aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography reveal a nanoscale phase separation into Ni-Al-rich B2 and Fe-Cr-rich A2 regions as well as a high number density of 3.1x1024 Cu-rich clusters per m3 in the B2 matrix. The observed phase separation and cluster formation are linked to spinodal decomposition and nucleation processes, respectively. The study highlights that adequate characterization techniques need to be chosen when making statements about phase stability and structural evolution in compositionally complex alloys.
With the rapid development of image restoration techniques, high-definition reconstruction of early videos has achieved impressive results. However, there are few studies about the interlacing artifacts that often appear in early videos and significantly affect visual perception. Traditional deinterlacing approaches are mainly focused on early interlacing scanning systems and thus cannot handle the complex and complicated artifacts in real-world early interlaced videos. Hence, this paper proposes a specific deinterlacing network (DIN), which is motivated by the traditional deinterlacing strategy. The proposed DIN consists of two stages, i.e., a cooperative vertical interpolation stage for split fields, and a merging stage that is applied to perceive movements and remove ghost artifacts. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively remove complex artifacts in early interlaced videos.
W swoim głównym piśmie na temat monastycznej ascezy, De monastica exercitatione, Nil z Ancyry (zm. ok. 430) stosuje wiele alegorycznych wyjaśnień Biblii, zwłaszcza Starego Testamentu. Niektóre z nich zdają się nosić ślady wpływu Orygenesa. Wpływ Aleksandryjczyka, bezpośredni lub pośredni, odnajdujemy w aluzjach Nila z Ancyry do: Rdz 3, 15, Sdz 15, 4, 1 Sm 14, 13, Ps 137 (136), 9, Lm 4, 5, Za 11, 17. O ile Orygenes stosuje alegorię w tych przypadkach na gruncie doktrynalnym i ascetycznym, to Nil z Ancyry zawęża ją na ogół do tematyki ascetycznej.
Early Christian literature. Fathers of the Church, etc., Philosophy of religion. Psychology of religion. Religion in relation to other subjects
The cryptographic task of secure multi-party (classical) computation has received a lot of attention in the last decades. Even in the extreme case where a computation is performed between $k$ mutually distrustful players, and security is required even for the single honest player if all other players are colluding adversaries, secure protocols are known. For quantum computation, on the other hand, protocols allowing arbitrary dishonest majority have only been proven for $k=2$. In this work, we generalize the approach taken by Dupuis, Nielsen and Salvail (CRYPTO 2012) in the two-party setting to devise a secure, efficient protocol for multi-party quantum computation for any number of players $k$, and prove security against up to $k-1$ colluding adversaries. The quantum round complexity of the protocol for computing a quantum circuit of $\{\mathsf{CNOT, T}\}$ depth $d$ is $O(k \cdot (d + \log n))$, where $n$ is the security parameter. To achieve efficiency, we develop a novel public verification protocol for the Clifford authentication code, and a testing protocol for magic-state inputs, both using classical multi-party computation.
The article attempts to prove the validity of Origen’s thesis that two versions of the Lord’s Prayer noted by evangelists Matthew and Luke represents two different prayers. To validate the thesis, the author interprets extracts from the New Testament by using the initiation method. Through this method he demonstrates that catechumens were probably taught the version of the Lord’s Prayer noted by Luke, while the version written by Mark could be destined for those who had been baptised.
Early Christian literature. Fathers of the Church, etc., Philosophy of religion. Psychology of religion. Religion in relation to other subjects
The article discusses the commentary of St. Caesarius of Arles on the Apocalypse of St. John. The bishop of Arles wrote his commentary on the basis of the Ticonius’s study. Due to this fact, the work of Caesarius, which has been saved all in one piece, is an extremely important source of information about the commentary of Ticonius and may be very useful in the process of its reconstruction. The explication of the Apocalypse, written by the Gallic shepherd, is practical. The author tried to make comments on the Apocalypse in the context of the situation of the Church in Gaul. He was more interested in ecclesiological message of St. John’s text rather than in its eschatological message. In consequence, the commentary was very practical and might have been used by priests who had to face such problems as the schism of the Church, rebaptism and relations with heretics.
Early Christian literature. Fathers of the Church, etc., Philosophy of religion. Psychology of religion. Religion in relation to other subjects