Hasil untuk "Drawing. Design. Illustration"

Alessandra Pagliano, Barbara Ansaldi

Tra XVII e XVIII secolo, il quadraturismo si afferma come dispositivo tecnico e concettuale capace di alterare la percezione dello spazio architettonico: mediante l’uso della prospettiva aerea e lineare, talvolta rigoroso, altre volte in deroga ai principi geometrici al fine di generare voluti artifici, le quadrature generano l’illusione di una profondità che smaterializza la superficie muraria, dilatando lo spazio oltre i suoi confini fisici. Ne derivano spazi alternativi e immaginari dalle profondità illimitate, che dialogano con la struttura reale, arricchendone la spazialità fino a renderle impossibile mantenere un’identità indipendente e autonoma. Si instaura così una tensione tra costruito e rappresentato attraverso l’uso, a fini illusori, del disegno in prospettiva: è proprio tale tensione a rendere la Sala delle Guardie della Reggia di Portici (Napoli) un caso emblematico di “struttura rivelata” dal disegno, quest’ultimo inteso come atto di conoscenza, interpretazione e organizzazione dello spazio visibile. Attraverso rilievo fotogrammetrico digitale e restituzione prospettica delle architetture dipinte, la ricerca ha inteso rileggere in chiave critica regole e deroghe dell’artista-scenografo nella costruzione del suo spazio “aumentato” in termini di percezione spaziale, offrendo una ricostruzione tridimensionale delle architetture dipinte allo scopo di permetterne l’esplorazione da punti di vista non vincolati mediante la Realtà Aumentata e la Realtà Virtuale.

Svitlana Kysil, Tetiana Krotova

Анотація. Висвітлено особливості та тенденції впровадження і застосування сучасних інтерактивних, мультимедійних і сенсорних технологій у процесі розробки доступного дизайну інтер’єру. Уточнена та скоригована існуюча термінологія дослідження. Визначено доцільність застосування у дизайні доступних інтер’єрів новітніх цифрових технологій: інтерактивних (інформаційні медіаекрани, дисплеї); мультимедійних (інтерактивні панелі, тактильно-сенсорні дисплеї); сенсорних (сенсорні панелі, світлодіодна підлога). Встановлено, що інтеграція інтерактивних, мультимедійних, сенсорних об’єктів та технічних засобів, хоч і має дещо опосередковане, додаткове рішення, проте набуває значущості саме у процесі надання інформативності, навігації та доступності дизайну сучасних інтер’єрів. Мета. Встановлення особливостей і тенденцій застосування інтерактивних, мультимедійних та сенсорних технологій у дизайні доступних інтер’єрів. Методологія. Використано теоретичні методи дослідження, аналіз закордонного досвіду дизайну доступних інтер’єрів з мультимедійними і сенсорними технологіями. Застосовано графоаналітичний метод. Результати. Встановлення особливостей і тенденцій впровадження сучасних інтерактивних, мультимедійних і сенсорних технологій у доступному дизайні інтер’єрів. Наукова новизна полягає у висвітленні особливостей та тенденцій подальшого розвитку сучасних інтерактивних, мультимедійних і сенсорних технологій у процесі розробки доступного дизайну інтер’єру. Практична значущість. Проведено аналіз існуючих зарубіжних, вітчизняних прикладів дизайну доступних інтер’єрів із застосуванням інтерактивних, мультимедійних та сенсорних технологій. Виявлено необхідність визначення вимог і загалом концепції сенсорної доступності у дизайні інтер’єрів, при залученні: інтерактивних, мультимедійних і сенсорних технологій, що забезпечуватиме повноцінне перебування осіб з вадами слуху, зору, тощо.

Maxence Bouvier, Ryan Amaudruz, Felix Arnold et al.

As AI workloads proliferate, optimizing arithmetic units is becoming increasingly important for reducing the footprint of digital systems. Conventional design flows, which often rely on manual or heuristic-based optimization, are limited in their ability to thoroughly explore the vast design space. In this paper, we introduce GENIAL, a machine learning-based framework for the automatic generation and optimization of arithmetic units, with a focus on multipliers. At the core of GENIAL is a Transformer-based surrogate model trained in two stages, involving self-supervised pretraining followed by supervised finetuning, to robustly forecast key hardware metrics such as power and area from abstracted design representations. By inverting the surrogate model, GENIAL efficiently searches for new operand encodings that directly minimize power consumption in arithmetic units for specific input data distributions. Extensive experiments on large datasets demonstrate that GENIAL is consistently more sample efficient than other methods, and converges faster towards optimized designs. This enables deployment of a high-effort logic synthesis optimization flow in the loop, improving the accuracy of the surrogate model. Notably, GENIAL automatically discovers encodings that achieve up to 18% switching activity savings within multipliers on representative AI workloads compared with the conventional two's complement. We also demonstrate the versatility of our approach by achieving significant improvements on Finite State Machines, highlighting GENIAL's applicability for a wide spectrum of logic functions. Together, these advances mark a significant step toward automated Quality-of-Results-optimized combinational circuit generation for digital systems.

Isaac Chen, Oriol Solé-Pi

We introduce the \textit{crossing profile} of a drawing of a graph. This is a sequence of integers whose $(k+1)^{\text{th}}$ entry counts the number of edges in the drawing which are involved in exactly $k$ crossings. The first and second entries of this sequence (which count uncrossed edges and edges with one crossing, respectively) have been studied by multiple authors. However, to the best of our knowledge, we are the first to consider the entire sequence. Most of our results concern crossing profiles of rectilinear drawings of the complete graph $K_n$. We show that for any $k\leq (n-2)^2/4$ there is such a drawing for which the $k^{\text{th}}$ entry of the crossing profile is of magnitude $Ω(n)$. On the other hand, we prove that for any $k \geq 1$ and any sufficiently large $n$, the $k^{\text{th}}$ entry can also be made to be $0$. As our main result, we essentially characterize the asymptotic behavior of both the maximum and minimum values that the sum of the first $k$ entries of the crossing profile might achieve. Our proofs are elementary and rely mostly on geometric constructions and classical results from discrete geometry and geometric graph theory.

Isabella Pu, Prerna Ravi, Linh Dieu Dinh et al.

As generative AI (GenAI) emerges as a transformative force, clear understanding of high school students' perspectives is essential for GenAI's meaningful integration in high school environments. In this work, we draw insights from a participatory design workshop where we engaged 17 high school students -- a group rarely involved in prior research in this area -- through the design of novel GenAI tools and school policies addressing their key concerns. Students identified challenges and developed solutions outlining their ideal features in GenAI tools, appropriate school use, and regulations. These centered around the problem spaces of combating bias & misinformation, tackling crime & plagiarism, preventing over-reliance on AI, and handling false accusations of academic dishonesty. Building on our participants' underrepresented perspectives, we propose new guidelines targeted at educational technology designers for development of GenAI technologies in high schools. We also argue for further incorporation of student voices in development of AI policies in their schools.

Ramkrishna Acharya

In this paper, we propose a novel approach for air drawing that uses image processing techniques to draw on the screen by moving fingers in the air. This approach benefits a wide range of applications such as sign language, in-air drawing, and 'writing' in the air as a new way of input. The approach starts with preparing ROI (Region of Interest) background images by taking a running average in initial camera frames and later subtracting it from the live camera frames to get a binary mask image. We calculate the pointer's position as the top of the contour on the binary image. When drawing a circle on the canvas in that position, it simulates the drawing. Furthermore, we combine the pre-trained Tesseract model for OCR purposes. To address the false contours, we perform hand detection based on the haar cascade before performing the background subtraction. In an experimental setup, we achieved a latency of only 100ms in air drawing. The code used to this research are available in GitHub as https://github.com/q-viper/Contour-Based-Writing

Jordi Giner-Monfort

The Bureau of Applied Social Research (BASR) was an agency specialised in mass communication research established in 1944 and initially directed by Paul F. Lazarsfeld. From 1945 to 1946 it ran four research projects on the reception of a series of cartoons and comics aimed at spreading an antiracist, antisemitic and pro-union message in the USA. To do so, they deployed different techniques to test audience reception, including a survey and focused interviews. Most of BASR’s reports remain unpublished in Columbia University Archival Collections. This article focuses on Mr. Biggott, a character full of prejudice created by Carl Rose to test the effects of an intentionally racist and antisemitic comic strip. We analysed the content of the three reports developed by BASR on the reception of three comic strips: the first one examined 160 focused interviews; the second one focused on a survey with 692 respondents; and the last sought to combine the results obtained through these two techniques together. We argue that they represent a pioneering approach in Social Sciences, both methodologically (random samples, focused interviews, triangulation) and theoretically (limited effects, boomerang interpretation).

Manar Abdelatty, Jacob Rosenstein, Sherief Reda

Hardware design workflows rely on Process Design Kits (PDKs) from different fabrication nodes, each containing standard cell libraries optimized for speed, power, or density. Engineers typically navigate between the design and target PDK to make informed decisions, such as selecting gates for area optimization or enhancing the speed of the critical path. However, this process is often manual, time-consuming, and prone to errors. To address this, we present ChipXplore, a multi-agent collaborative framework powered by large language models that enables engineers to query hardware designs and PDKs using natural language. By exploiting the structured nature of PDK and hardware design data, ChipXplore retrieves relevant information through text-to-SQL and text-to-Cypher customized workflows. The framework achieves an execution accuracy of 97.39\% in complex natural language queries and improves productivity by making retrieval 5.63x faster while reducing errors by 5.25x in user studies. Compared to generic workflows, ChipXplore's customized workflow is capable of orchestrating reasoning and planning over multiple databases, improving accuracy by 29.78\%. ChipXplore lays the foundation for building autonomous agents capable of tackling diverse physical design tasks that require PDK and hardware design awareness.

Cong Wang, Zeming Chen, Shanshi Huang

This work introduces MICSim, an open-source, pre-circuit simulator designed for early-stage evaluation of chip-level software performance and hardware overhead of mixed-signal compute-in-memory (CIM) accelerators. MICSim features a modular design, allowing easy multi-level co-design and design space exploration. Modularized from the state-of-the-art CIM simulator NeuroSim, MICSim provides a highly configurable simulation framework supporting multiple quantization algorithms, diverse circuit/architecture designs, and different memory devices. This modular approach also allows MICSim to be effectively extended to accommodate new designs. MICSim natively supports evaluating accelerators' software and hardware performance for CNNs and Transformers in Python, leveraging the popular PyTorch and HuggingFace Transformers frameworks. These capabilities make MICSim highly adaptive when simulating different networks and user-friendly. This work demonstrates that MICSim can easily be combined with optimization strategies to perform design space exploration and used for chip-level Transformers CIM accelerators evaluation. Also, MICSim can achieve a 9x - 32x speedup of NeuroSim through a statistic-based average mode proposed by this work.

Akshat Ramachandran, Zishen Wan, Geonhwa Jeong et al.

Traditional Deep Neural Network (DNN) quantization methods using integer, fixed-point, or floating-point data types struggle to capture diverse DNN parameter distributions at low precision, and often require large silicon overhead and intensive quantization-aware training. In this study, we introduce Logarithmic Posits (LP), an adaptive, hardware-friendly data type inspired by posits that dynamically adapts to DNN weight/activation distributions by parameterizing LP bit fields. We also develop a novel genetic-algorithm based framework, LP Quantization (LPQ), to find optimal layer-wise LP parameters while reducing representational divergence between quantized and full-precision models through a novel global-local contrastive objective. Additionally, we design a unified mixed-precision LP accelerator (LPA) architecture comprising of processing elements (PEs) incorporating LP in the computational datapath. Our algorithm-hardware co-design demonstrates on average <1% drop in top-1 accuracy across various CNN and ViT models. It also achieves ~ 2x improvements in performance per unit area and 2.2x gains in energy efficiency compared to state-of-the-art quantization accelerators using different data types.

Nadiia Gatalska

Мета. Удосконалити методичні підходи застосування іконографічних матеріалів при дослідженні трансформації пейзажів історичних парків. Методологія. Базисом для проведення досліджень є пейзажно-композиційний підхід, в розрізі якого пейзажна картина розглядається як фрагмент паркового середовища та визначається властивостями взаємопов’язаних структур – графічної, об’ємно-просторової, фактурної, текстурної та колірної. Матеріалами для досліджень слугували іконографічні матеріали різних періодів розвитку Державного дендрологічного парку «Олександрія», а також світлини, отримані в результаті власних маршрутних обстежень території. Результати. У статті систематизовано наявну наукову інформацію щодо дослідження композиційної організації парків, у тому числі історичних, наведено їх критичний аналіз, узагальнено комплекс досліджень трансформації пейзажів Державного дендрологічного парку «Олександрія», що дозволило поглибити знання щодо особливостей застосування іконографічних матеріалів при дослідженні історичних парків. Акцентовано приділено увагу значенню окремих елементів пейзажної картини у трансформації пейзажей дослідного об’єкту. Наукова новизна. Представлено результати аналізу трансформації пейзажей Державного дендрологічного парку «Олександрія», які стали основою для удосконалення методичних підходів застосування іконографічних матеріалів при дослідженні історичних парків. Окреслено алгоритм застосування іконографічних матеріалів різних етапів розвитку історичного парку для визначення рівня трансформації композиції його пейзажних картин. Практична значущість. Удосконалено методичні підходи застосування іконографічних матеріалів при дослідженні історичних парків, які можуть бути використані у передпроєктних вишукуваннях при розробці проєктної документації їх адаптації.

Tony Fry, Diseño Detonante

El trabajo se propone mostrar el imperativo del diseño y su ambigüedad. La metodología utilizada es la teoría narrativa. El resultado es una polémica. La conclusión es la siguiente: para que la reparación sea ética, debe basar­se en normas éticas.

Daewook Kim, Heejoo Choi, Ewan S. Douglas

The utilization of a 6.5m monolithic primary mirror in a compact three-mirror anastigmat (TMA) telescope design offers unprecedented capabilities to accommodate various next generation science instruments. This design enables the rapid and efficient development of a large aperture telescope without segmented mirrors while maintaining a compact overall form factor. With its exceptional photon collection area and diffraction-limited resolving power, the TMA design is ideally suited for both the ground and space active/adaptive optics concepts, which require the capture of natural guide stars within the field of view for wavefront measurement to correct for misalignments and shape deformation caused by thermal gradients. The wide field of view requirement is based on a statistical analysis of bright natural guide stars available during observation. The primary mirror clear aperture, compactness requirement, and detector pixel sizes led to the choice of TMA over simpler two-mirror solutions like Ritchey-Chretien (RC) telescopes, and the TMA design offers superior diffraction-limited performance across the entire field of view. The standard conic surfaces applied to all three mirrors (M1, M2, and M3) simplify the optical fabrication, testing, and alignment process. Additionally, the TMA design is more tolerant than RC telescopes. Stray light control is critical for UV science instrumentation, and the field stop and Lyot stop are conveniently located in the TMA design for this purpose.

Pamela Cordeiro Marques Correa, André Luiz Carvalho Cardoso

When building a brief genealogy of Latin American social thought, it is noticeable that the search for delinking from the Western modernity imposed by the colonial project is at its essence. In this way, this article proposes, through Laó-Montes and Vásquez’s doble crítica (double criticism), to initiate an immanent critique of the production of life in Latin America and the Caribbean, and its relation to Design and related areas, articulating the ideas of anthropologists Arturo Escobar and Tim Ingold. It also aims to develop a transcendent critique, a subaltern interpretation of this production based on the materiality found in the urban space of the capitalist periphery; specifically, peripheral spontaneous design or (re)existence design, as a device for an enchanted pedagogy: the Brazilian gambiarra, the Cuban technological disobedience, among others. As a result, it is pointed out that the knowledge of reality as well as the recognition both of humanity and the struggle for emancipation, all present in the production of life through subaltern history, constitute, together, a path to decolonization.

Matias Ariel Ruíz Díaz

Viaje pintoresco y excursión científica: El Jardín Zoológico de Buenos Aires (1888-1924). Vasta, Marina Celeste. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Serie Tesis del IAA, 2018, 186 páginas.

Alessandra Meschini

Il disegno svolge il ruolo specifico di formazione di un codice di pensiero che si va costituendo attraverso progressivi depositi e si dispiega soprattutto nella sua scrittura, qualsivoglia sia lo strumento adoperato. In tal senso le sue molteplici prerogative articolano quel linguaggio irrinunciabile ancorché necessario non soltanto a comunicare un progetto di design ma anche ad attuare quel fondamentale processo di controllo dell’iter progettuale. Ciò, dal punto di vista operativo, si traduce nella pratica di diversi modi del disegno finalizzati al racconto del progetto. In quest’ottica l’articolo presenta alcune esperienze tra ricerca e didattica, condotte in forma sperimentale/laboratoriale, sul tema della rifunzionalizzazione di alcuni prodotti industriali esistenti studiando le possibilità che questi hanno di accogliere modificazioni a diversi livelli. Un processo creativo di rinnovata concezione/funzionalità di artefatti condotto con un iter strutturato in due fasi strettamente interrelate: una prima fase conoscitiva dell’oggetto dato che ha mirato ad attivare processi di vera e propria appropriazione/ricostruzione dell’iter progettuale attraverso operazioni grafiche di “riconoscimento” dell’oggetto, una seconda fase di studio di opportune trasformazioni che ha teso a ri-presentare il prodotto modificato secondo differenti piani comunicativi ovvero diversificati livelli problematici di approfondimento.

Yerco Uribe-Bahamonde

Han pasado 16 años desde el nacimiento de la revista KEPES, por lo que ha sido necesario detenerse en el camino para hacer un recuento histórico de lo que la revista ha desarrollado. El objetivo del presente estudio se basa en la documentación y análisis cuantitavo del contenido y la historia de la revista KEPES. Se ha creado una base de datos con 269 documentos, compuesto por los 20 volúmenes de la revista (2004-2019), a los cuales se les ha realizado diversos estudios cienciométricos. Utilizando indicadores bibliométricos y de relación (Lawani, Subramanyam y el coeficiente de colaboración), los resultados indican que la revista KEPES se ha comportado como una revista masculina, nacional, principalmente de autorías individuales, primando históricamente el ensayo como tipo de escrito para la divulgación del conocimiento en idioma español; con redes de colaboración locales y acotadas. Si bien sus índices de colaboración han aumentado progresivamente, al igual que la estandarización del formato artículo científico, la idea de vincular Colombia con el mundo aún sigue siendo una tarea pendiente. Este análisis permite presentar la historia y tendencia de la revista de autores y relaciones.

Yuanzheng Ma, Chang Lu, Kedi Xiong et al.

Abstract A micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) scanning mirror accelerates the raster scanning of optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM). However, the nonlinear tilt angular-voltage characteristic of a MEMS mirror introduces distortion into the maximum back-projection image. Moreover, the size of the airy disk, ultrasonic sensor properties, and thermal effects decrease the resolution. Thus, in this study, we proposed a spatial weight matrix (SWM) with a dimensionality reduction for image reconstruction. The three-layer SWM contains the invariable information of the system, which includes a spatial dependent distortion correction and 3D deconvolution. We employed an ordinal-valued Markov random field and the Harris Stephen algorithm, as well as a modified delay-and-sum method during a time reversal. The results from the experiments and a quantitative analysis demonstrate that images can be effectively reconstructed using an SWM; this is also true for severely distorted images. The index of the mutual information between the reference images and registered images was 70.33 times higher than the initial index, on average. Moreover, the peak signal-to-noise ratio was increased by 17.08% after 3D deconvolution. This accomplishment offers a practical approach to image reconstruction and a promising method to achieve a real-time distortion correction for MEMS-based OR-PAM.

Sandra Loyola Guizar

La presente investigación reflexiona en torno al vidrio como material paradigmático de la época moderna y como el elemento urbano arquitectónico que detonó profundos cambios en el diseño. Permitió el desarrollo de un tipo de habitante que transita por construcciones temporales y establece distintas maneras de visibilidad entre los lugares interiores y exteriores, entre los espacios públicos y privados. Las paredes se convirtieron, dentro de la ciudad moderna del capitalismo industrial, en pieles transparentes que permean las fronteras de la privacidad y la publicidad. El recurrente uso del vidrio desconfiguró la intimidad y evidenció los cambios de sensibilidad de toda una época.

Kurt Leimer, Andreas Winkler, Stefan Ohrhallinger et al.

The design of functional seating furniture is a complicated process which often requires extensive manual design effort and empirical evaluation. We propose a computational design framework for pose-driven automated generation of body-supports which are optimized for comfort of sitting. Given a human body in a specified pose as input, our method computes an approximate pressure distribution that also takes frictional forces and body torques into consideration which serves as an objective measure of comfort. Utilizing this information to find out where the body needs to be supported in order to maintain comfort of sitting, our algorithm can create a supporting mesh suited for a person in that specific pose. This is done in an automated fitting process, using a template model capable of supporting a large variety of sitting poses. The results can be used directly or can be considered as a starting point for further interactive design.