Hasil untuk "Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration. International migration"

Aleksandr Grigoryan, Sona Kalantaryan

ABSTRACT We analyse emigration intentions in response to institutional changes in the South Caucasus during the period 2010–2013, using nationally representative household‐level data. Our findings indicate that political factors such as corruption, violation of human rights and political instability in the country are central in explaining permanent migration. The relevance of economic factors for permanent migration is also high. Geopolitical factors predominantly explain non‐permanent migration intentions, suggesting that security concerns are less likely to be a reason for leaving the home country permanently. Regional patterns are consistently observed in Armenia and Azerbaijan but not in Georgia. This can be explained by sustained institutional differences between Georgia and the other two countries in the region. Our findings suggest that by prioritising political governance through initiatives like the Mobility Partnerships and the Eastern Partnership, the European Union (EU) can simultaneously promote institutional development and contribute to managing permanent migration from the South Caucasus. Although the EU is not the primary destination for migrants from the South Caucasus, the EU‐led initiatives can still contribute to shaping structural conditions and institutional reforms that influence broader migration dynamics.

Cesar Escalante, Tianyuan Luo

Abstract This study draws upon assertions that Arizona’s stringent state immigration law has created a hostile social environment for Hispanics due to the law’s unintended racial profiling consequences that have serious spillover effects affecting even documented immigrants and American-born citizens of Hispanic ethnicity. Recent evidence indicates the law’s serious repercussions on the mental and physical health conditions especially among the state’s Hispanic adolescents. This study determines whether in the face of such adverse social environment, affected Hispanic families have considered relocation and migration to its contiguous neighboring states. The border state emigration argument is explored as a logical alternative due proximity and relatively more lenient immigration environment considerations. We employed differences-in-difference and synthetic control method analytical techniques to discern Hispanics’ migration trends leaving Arizona to move into bordering, contiguous states. This study’s findings indicate the lack of significant migratory response of Hispanics in Arizona, thereby suggesting that noncitizen Hispanics instead choose to remain in the state as those with legal residence status assert their immigration residential rights. Given such compelling evidence, policy attention should then be geared towards more significant damage control efforts, perhaps by redirecting resources to launch effective, efficient mechanisms to alleviate Hispanics’ mental and physical health issues.

Edward Blumenthal

The 1889 International Penal Treaty of Montevideo created international asylum law in South America. This article explores the historical memory of South American asylum law, in part hidden behind an image of the region as one producing exile and the rise of the European regime since the interwar period. It is, however, its own particular tradition of asylum, linked to the recognition of diplomatic asylum and the importance of exile in the political order of the region, which translated into its early and sustained codification as a category of international law, which was extended to all of Latin America in the 20th century.

Cilene Victor, Lilian Sanches, Rodrigo Borges Delfim

Resumo. A migração forçada no Oriente Médio é uma das pautas mais subestimadas por grande parte da imprensa ocidental, ainda que suas estatísticas e impactos tenham refletido no aumento da população que demanda ajuda humanitária e dificultado a elas a garantia dos direitos humanos e civis. Com foco na temática do refúgio, especialmente na Turquia, país com o maior número de refugiados no mundo, e o Líbano, com a maior população de imigrantes per capita, o presente artigo tem o objetivo de identificar como o jornalismo humanitário pode se apresentar como uma alternativa à cobertura factual da editoria de internacional, garantindo uma atuação jornalística que acompanhe o ciclo de vida do refúgio, retire da opacidade a consequente violação de direitos humanos dos migrantes e refugiados e contribua para a formação de uma opinião pública capaz de cobrar políticas humanitárias. A metodologia compreende a análise quantitativa da cobertura de três grandes jornais brasileiros, Folha de S. Paulo, O Estado de S. Paulo e O Globo.

José Berríos-Riquelme

Abstract This article describes the labor market insertion experiences of a group of professional Venezuelan immigrants in northern Chile. Using a qualitative methodology, fourteen people who met the inclusion criteria were interviewed. The participants' discourses show that their experiences have been stressful because they have not been able to revalidate their degrees, have to take on jobs for which they are overqualified, and suffer exploitation and discrimination. The stories are analyzed based on previous studies and related theory, finding that the main factor affecting this reality is the current Chilean immigration legislation, which has an orientation based on control and national security. It is concluded that the current immigration legislation facilitates immigrants' labor precariousness and contributes to their situation of vulnerability.

Corey Johnson

The return of failed asylum seekers has become an issue of concern for asylum states who must balance immigration control measures while upholding refugee protection obligations. The 1994 transition to democracy in South Africa saw the state establish a strong urban refugee protection framework based on individualised refugee status determination processes, freedom of movement, and local integration. The refugee protection framework, although strong on paper, has suffered from a lack of implementation and has coexisted uneasily next to immigration control imperatives. This tension is further exacerbated by the post-1994 immigration regime which promotes a restrictive immigration policy with few options for low-skilled migrants who have turned to the asylum system as a means by which to legalise their stay, thus stretching capacity and conflating immigration control and refugee protection. This article provides a general overview of these issues, as well as an analysis of South Africa's policies to address failed asylum seekers. In doing so it explores the tension between formal human rights protections found in legislation and underlying immigration enforcement imperatives. The article finds that the conditions for an effective failed asylum seeker policy are not present and concludes with a discussion of some of the issues that need to be addressed to implement a more effective and rights-based policy.

Torsten Feys

The article analyses how international railroad connections affected controls of cross-border mobility at the Franco-Belgian border. It refutes the idea that railroads made an end to these controls. Conversely it shows how the Sûreté publique continued to rely on border checks while developing means of monitoring foreigners in the interior. The article highlights that the Sûreté developed into a well-oiled information gathering machine, which allowed it to coordinate the expulsion of whom it deemed undesirable. Railroads greatly facilitated these expulsions toward a limited amount of border points. This infrastructure allowed expulsion to become a central pillar of Belgium’s migration policies.

Leslie Barnes

Linda Lê has noted that writing shapes her identity more than any origins or affiliations, a knowledge which she claims allows her to occupy with ease the illegitimate spaces between homeland and adopted country, between belonging and unbelonging. But Lê’s work regularly stages the encounter between writing and not writing – juxtaposing the writer and the blank page, inspiration and silence – and figures the act of writing as a symbiotic relationship between a parasite and its host. This paper will examine these themes in two of Lê’s novels: Un si tendre vampire (1987) and Conte de l’amour bifrons (2005). Focusing on the figure of l’oiseau de mauvais augure and drawing on the dialogues between Lê and the silenced writers to whom she looks for inspiration in her nonfiction essays, I will present the inability to write not as the opposite of literary inspiration, but as it's double. The double is an equally recurrent image in Lê’s writing, often represented by the figure of Janus, or the God of beginnings and endings. I will suggest that the bird of ill omen is another Janus figure, the (imagined) presence who embodies both inspiration and its loss, and who is the necessary double within each writer. Linda Lê prétend qu’écrire lui est plus cher que les origines or l’appartenance à une telle communauté, une attitude qui, selon elle, lui permet d’occuper aisément les espaces illégitimes entre le pays natal et le pays adopté, entre appartenir et non-appartenir. Mais dans ses écrits, elle met régulièrement en scène la rencontre entre écrire et ne pas écrire – juxtaposant l’écrivain et la page blanche, l’inspiration et le silence – et elle représente l’acte d’écrire comme un rapport symbiotique entre un parasite et son hôte. Dans cet article nous examinons ces thèmes dans deux romans de Lê : Un si tendre vampire (Table Ronde, 1987) et Conte de l’amour bifrons (Christian Bourgois, 2005). En nous penchant sur le personnage de l’oiseau de mauvais augureet en faisant appel aux dialogues dans ses essais de non-fiction entre l’auteur et les écrivains réduits au silence qui l’inspirent, nous suggérons que ne pas écrire n’est pas l’opposé d’écrire, mais son double. Le double est également omniprésent dans l’œuvre de Lê, souvent représenté par Janus Bifrons, le dieu des commencements et des fins. Dans son exploration métatextuelle du travail de l’écrivain, Lê dramatise la possibilité de ne pas écrire, paradoxalement garantissant l’acte d’écrire.

Iker Barbero Gonzalez

The procedures for arrest, detention and expulsion of foreigners that take place in the Basque Country within the framework of the Spanish legislation on immigration constitute a unexplored phenomenon. There is a social and academic perception that this territory, lacking its own legal competences in terms of immigration, is located aside from to the State and global dynamics of control of irregular immigration and borders. On the contrary, the data and the empirical work developed in this administrative and judicial area demonstrate precisely that the police-administrative activity in this matter is quite relevant, and also presents singular particularities such as the existence of a border with a Member State. Precisely, there are practices related to the managerial logics such as the so-called express expulsions, which require specific reflections from a legal guarantees’ perspective.

Zoppellari, Anna

Biographical note and presentation

Vitali, Ilaria

Per Adman, Per Strömblad

Political trust among immigrants in Western Europe seems to be surprisingly high, especially among immigrants from non-democratic countries with institutions plagued by corruption. Over time, however, trust tends to diminish among these individuals. In this paper we argue that this may neither be explained by acculturation nor by experiences of discrimination. Analysing Swedish survey data we instead conclude, although tentatively, that falling expectations regarding the performance of host country institutions is a fruitful explanation. Such expectations presumably become more modest the longer one has been living in Sweden, causing a time-related drop in the overall confidence in Swedish political institutions.

Isadora Loreto da Silveira

AMORIM, Celso. Teerã, Ramalá e Doha: memórias da política externa ativa e altiva. São Paulo: Benvirá, 2015. ISBN: 9788582401712.

Maria i. Baganha

Este artículo describe la evolución y las características principales de la población inmigrante en Portugal antes y después de la ley 4/2001. Presta atención particularmente a los cambios drásticos que tuvieron lugar en el volumen y composición de la población inmigrante bajo el nuevo marco legal sobre migración puesto en vigor en 2001. Discute los principales determinantes detrás de estos cambios. Enfatiza los determinantes económicos, tales como la organización de los flujos migratorios de acuerdo al beneficio económico y la dependencia de sectores tales como la construcción en el trabajo de los inmigrantes. Es tratada también la relación entre los recientes cambios en la economía portuguesa y la inmigración. El artículo concluye con una valoración de las principales formas de inserción económica de los inmigrantes en el mercado de trabajo portugués y de su impacto en la sociedad portuguesa.

Menara Lube Guizardi

El presente texto reflexiona sobre el concepto de integración social, vinculándolo a los debates sobre ciudadanía en el marco de Estados democráticos. Para esto, discutiremos cómo la ideología de homogeneidad constitutiva en los Estados nacionales modernos ha impregnado el concepto de ciudadanía, condicionando una relación intrínseca entre éste y los principios de libertad e igualdad. Ejemplificaremos cómo los mecanismos de concesión de la Tarjeta de Residencia y de nacionalización de migrantes en España construyen fronteras nacionales que reinciden en estas concepciones modernas de exclusión/inclusión a la nación. En las conclusiones, apuntamos hacia un concepto de participación ciudadana respaldado en la noción de consenso dialógico.

Cristina J. Gortázar Rotaeche

G.D. Korella & P. M. Twomey (eds.), College of Europe, European Interuniversity Press, Bruselas, 1995.

John Fernando Encarnacao

In an attempt to take a fresh look at the analysis of form in rock music, this paper uses Susan McClary’s (2000) idea of ‘quest narrative’ in Western art music as a starting point. While much pop and rock adheres to the basic structure of the establishment of a home territory, episodes or adventures away, and then a return, my study suggests three categories of rock music form that provide alternatives to common combinations of verses, choruses and bridges through which the quest narrative is delivered. Labyrinth forms present more than the usual number of sections to confound our sense of ‘home’, and consequently of ‘quest’. Single-cell forms use repetition to suggest either a kind of stasis or to disrupt our expectations of beginning, middle and end. Immersive forms blur sectional divisions and invite more sensual and participatory responses to the recorded text. With regard to all of these alternative approaches to structure, Judy Lochhead’s (1992) concept of ‘forming’ is called upon to underline rock music forms that unfold as process, rather than map received formal constructs.
 
 Central to the argument are a couple of crucial definitions. Following Theodore Gracyk (1996), it is not songs, as such, but particular recordings that constitute rock music texts. Additionally, narrative is understood not in (direct) relation to the lyrics of a song, nor in terms of artists’ biographies or the trajectories of musical styles, but considered in terms of musical structure. It is hoped that this outline of non-narrative musical structures in rock may have applications not only to other types of music, but to other time-based art forms.

Jeffrey Scott McGee

Over the past five years there have been a series of significant international climate change agreements involving only elite state actors. The Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate, APEC Sydney Leaders Declaration and US Major Economies Process all displayed a shift towards a model of international climate change governance involving a small group of economically powerful states, to the exclusion of less powerful states and environmental NGOs. The modest result from the UNFCCC COP 15 meeting in Copenhagen in December 2009 and subsequent UNFCCC meetings has strengthened calls for international climate governance to be pared down to smaller decision making forums of key states only. This article argues that these developments evidence an emerging discourse of ‘exclusive minilateralism’ in international climate policy that is challenging the inclusive multilateral discourse that has formed the bedrock of international climate change governance since the inception of UN climate regime in the early 1990s. The exclusive minilateralism discourse offers a significant challenge to both the cosmopolitan and discursive democratic aspirations of international climate change governance. One response to the exclusive minilateral discourse is to reform the UNFCCC consensus-based decision making rule to provide the COP with greater ease of decision making on key issues relating to mitigation and adaptation. Another response is to more formally include the exclusive minilateralism discourse within the UNFCCC COP process. This could be achieved by forming a small peak body of states and key NGO groups to act as an influential advisor to the COP process on key issues requiring expedition and resolution.

Mikoto F. Kukimoto

This study aims to show, first, what support is available and how mothers can obtain it when raising children abroad, and second, what role the Internet and Mixi as the most famous Social networking service in Japan play in acquiring and exchanging child-rearing information. Many of respondents use e-mail to be in contact their family and friends in Japan. Mixi supplies important information resources and provides a forum where mothers can meet each other. It is possible that the interaction between cyberspace and real space differs in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas.

Aderanti Adepoju