Hasil untuk "Civil law"

Liang Yuan, Weijun He, Xia Wu et al.

Study region: The Mekong River Basin Study focus: This study reduces the multi-agent bargaining game to a one-to-one model by assuming downstream countries act as coalitions in water allocation scenarios. Each country’s risk level and perception inform its discount factor, which is then aggregated and converted into coalition discount factors through weighted averaging. Then, a Rubinstein bargaining water allocation model with multi-agent participation and multi-stage negotiation is constructed and applied to allocate water in the Mekong River Basin. New hydrological insights for the region: The proposed Multi-stage Rubinstein Bargaining Model produced allocations that were more stable than those generated by traditional bankruptcy rules such as Proportion, Adjusted Proportion, Constrained Equal Loss, Constrained Equal Award, and Shapley. Therefore, this allocation framework can serve as both a theoretical foundation and a practical tool for water allocation in transboundary river basins.

Balazs Gyenis

I argue that if a special science satisfies certain key assumptions that are familiar from physicalist accounts of the special sciences and from physics, then its causal regularities have an associated notion of entropy, and that this causal entropy cannot decrease from a robust cause to its effect. Due to its analogy with the second laws of thermodynamics and statistical physics, I call the latter conclusion the causal second law. In this paper, I clarify the key assumptions, prove the causal second law, give sufficient conditions for causal entropy increase, relate the causal second law to statistical mechanics and thermodynamics, and argue that the reversibility objection does not threaten it. In addition, I claim that the causal second law is compatible with a non-metaphysical understanding of supervenience and the open systems view, argue that it does not imply a causal time arrow, reflect on relaxing the robustness condition, question whether it is necessary to invoke thermodynamics to show that special sciences' time arrows exist, and discuss a transition-relative-frequency-based, special-science-internal characterization of causal regularities.

Paula Mroczkowska-Król

Celem artykułu jest przeanalizowanie zagadnień prawnych związanych z wytoczeniem powództwa o zwrot utraconego dobra kultury, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem norm prawa międzynarodowego. Punktem wyjścia do rozważań jest omówienie przypadku akwareli Wassilego Kandinsky’ego skradzionej z Muzeum Narodowego w Warszawie, a odnalezionej w domu aukcyjnym Grisebach. Sformułowane wnioski i postulaty mają charakter ogólny i mogą być zastosowane do usprawnienia procedur odzyskiwania dobra kultury lub wzmocnienia ochrony tych obiektów przed ich trwałą utratą. W pierwszej części artykułu omówiono przypadek akwareli Kandinsky’ego na podstawie artykułów prasowych i informacji zawartych na stronach internetowych, a także proweniencję akwareli. W drugiej część pracy przedstawiono możliwe rozwiązania prawne prowadzące do odzyskania dobra kultury i opisano potencjalne problemy i zagrożenia na temat restytucji dóbr kultury. W podsumowaniu zawarto wnioski dotyczące poziomu prawnej ochrony dóbr kultury i postulaty wprowadzenia narzędzi, które chroniłyby dobra kultury w bardziej skuteczny sposób.

Dilşad Keskin

Türk hukukunda evlat edinme, soybağının kurulması yollarından biri ola-rak düzenlenmiştir. Mahkeme kararıyla kurulan evlat edinme ilişkisi, evlat-lık ile evlat edinen arasında bir yapay soybağı oluşturur. Evlatlığın asıl ailesi ile arasındaki soybağı da korunur. Geçerli bir şekilde kurulan evlat edinme ilişkisinin sonradan ortadan kaldırılması mümkün değildir. Bu esas, “evlatlık ilişkisinin çözülmezliği” olarak isimlendirilmektedir. Evlat-lığın, geçerli bir evlat edinme ilişkisinin varlığına rağmen bir başkası tara-fından, yeniden evlat edinilip edinilemeyeceği hususunda kanunda açık düzenleme bulunmamaktadır. Bununla birlikte TMK m. 306 hükmünün dolaylı sonucu, Alman hukukunda istisnalar da öngörülerek açıkça düzen-lenmiş bulunan “yeniden evlat edinilme yasağının” Türk hukuku bakımın-dan da geçerli olduğudur. Esasen Türk hukukunda benimsenen evlat edinme sistemi sebebiyle, yeniden evlat edinme halinde evlatlığın biyolojik ailesine doğal soybağı ve evlat edinenlere de iki ayrı yapay soybağı ile bağlanacak olması da, soybağı hukukunun prensipleriyle uyumlu değildir.

Erick Guimaray

Desde un punto de vista eminentemente fáctico, casi en todos los casos de corrupción pública existe un pacto entre funcionarios y particulares, donde se somete los intereses públicos a apetencias personales. Sin embargo, paradójicamente, en el delito de colusión ese pacto no es suficiente para justificar la intervención penal, sino hasta que es ejecutado. Esta nueva interpretación del delito tiene consecuencias importantes en instituciones clave de la teoría del delito, como el riesgo penal para el bien jurídico, la conducta típica o el sistema de intervención penal. Así, en este trabajo se intenta mostrar la sistematicidad entre la propuesta de interpretación y sus consecuencias jurídicas, de la mano de cuestiones básicas de la teoría del delito.

Xiaowei Gao, James Haworth, Ilya Ilyankou et al.

Predicting traffic accidents is the key to sustainable city management, which requires effective address of the dynamic and complex spatiotemporal characteristics of cities. Current data-driven models often struggle with data sparsity and typically overlook the integration of diverse urban data sources and the high-order dependencies within them. Additionally, they frequently rely on predefined topologies or weights, limiting their adaptability in spatiotemporal predictions. To address these issues, we introduce the Spatiotemporal Multiview Adaptive HyperGraph Learning (SMA-Hyper) model, a dynamic deep learning framework designed for traffic accident prediction. Building on previous research, this innovative model incorporates dual adaptive spatiotemporal graph learning mechanisms that enable high-order cross-regional learning through hypergraphs and dynamic adaptation to evolving urban data. It also utilises contrastive learning to enhance global and local data representations in sparse datasets and employs an advance attention mechanism to fuse multiple views of accident data and urban functional features, thereby enriching the contextual understanding of risk factors. Extensive testing on the London traffic accident dataset demonstrates that the SMA-Hyper model significantly outperforms baseline models across various temporal horizons and multistep outputs, affirming the effectiveness of its multiview fusion and adaptive learning strategies. The interpretability of the results further underscores its potential to improve urban traffic management and safety by leveraging complex spatiotemporal urban data, offering a scalable framework adaptable to diverse urban environments.

Juha Karvanen, Santtu Tikka

The central challenges in missing data models concern the identifiability of two distributions: the target law and the full law. The target law refers to the joint distribution of the data variables, whereas the full law refers to the joint distribution of the data variables and their corresponding response indicators. However, the relationship between the identifiability of these two distributions and the feasibility of multiple imputation has not been clearly established. We show that imputations can be drawn from the correct conditional distributions for all possible missing data patterns if and only if the full law is identifiable. This result implies that standard multiple imputation methods -- which keep observed values unchanged and replace missing values with imputed values -- are invalid when the target law is identifiable but the full law is not. We demonstrate that alternative imputation strategies, in which certain observed values are also imputed, can enable the estimation of the target law in such cases.

A. N. Melnikova

The purpose of this article is to analyze abuses of procedural right in civil and arbitrazh proceedings of the Russian Federation in the context of judicial review. The problem posed by the author is studied from “general” to “specific”: from the study of the potential for abuse of the right to appeal to the isolation and isolation of separate blocks of bad faith procedural behavior, typical for persons involved in the case. The author was able to identify four blocks of procedural abuse at the appeal stage: attempts to review judicial acts not in the manner prescribed by applicable law; circumvention of the prohibition to submit new evidence; inconsistent procedural conduct, as well as unreasonably prolonging the process of review. In addition, this article raises the question of the applicability of certain negative consequences for abusers in appellate and subsequent court proceedings. The article draws a conclusion about correlation of special norms (part 2 of article 111, part 5 of article 159 of the Commercial Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, article 99 of the Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation) with a basic general consequence of mala fide procedural behaviour — refusal to satisfy claims of an abuser fully or partially.

Xiaowei Gao, Xinke Jiang, Dingyi Zhuang et al.

Traffic accidents present substantial challenges to human safety and socio-economic development in urban areas. Developing a reliable and responsible traffic accident prediction model is crucial to addressing growing public safety concerns and enhancing the safety of urban mobility systems. Traditional methods face limitations at fine spatiotemporal scales due to the sporadic nature of highrisk accidents and the predominance of non-accident characteristics. Furthermore, while most current models show promising occurrence prediction, they overlook the uncertainties arising from the inherent nature of accidents, and then fail to adequately map the hierarchical ranking of accident risk values for more precise insights. To address these issues, we introduce the Spatiotemporal Zero-Inflated Tweedie Graph Neural Network STZITDGNN -- the first uncertainty-aware probabilistic graph deep learning model in roadlevel traffic accident prediction for multisteps. This model integrates the interpretability of the statistical Tweedie family model and the expressive power of graph neural networks. Its decoder innovatively employs a compound Tweedie model,a Poisson distribution to model the frequency of accident occurrences and a Gamma distribution to assess injury severity, supplemented by a zeroinflated component to effectively identify exessive nonincident instances. Empirical tests using realworld traffic data from London, UK, demonstrate that the STZITDGNN surpasses other baseline models across multiple benchmarks and metrics, including accident risk value prediction, uncertainty minimisation, non-accident road identification and accident occurrence accuracy. Our study demonstrates that STZTIDGNN can effectively inform targeted road monitoring, thereby improving urban road safety strategies.

Dúber Armando Celis Vela

Las reglas sobre la interpretación de los contratos han sido reconstruidas como normas imperativas y facultativas en la doctrina y la jurisprudencia colombianas. Sin embargo, esta calificación teórico-dogmática falla porque no da cuenta de la naturaleza de las obligaciones que tienen los intérpretes ni explica su relevancia práctica. Este artículo propone que tales normas pueden ser reconstruidas como reglas conceptuales que fijan el significado de la actividad interpretativa. La interpretación contractual consiste en establecer la intención común desde la configuración de un código interpretativo particular y contingente que opera como criterio de interpretación o presupuesto para la selección de resultados interpretativos.

Konrad Kołodziejski

An Authoritarian Course: The Restriction of Civil Rights in Russia after 2012 This article regards the issue of Russian civil rights legislation, which has become very repressive after 2012. It focuses on legal restriction of all political and social activities that are beyond the control of the authorities, in particular the freedom of public meetings. Another goal of the Kremlin's repressive policy is the Internet, which has become the only space for freedom of speech in Russia. The new legislation tries to prevent this by two mechanisms: censorship and self-censorship. The consistent restriction of freedom of speech in Russia proves the growing anxiety of the ruling group, which fears that in the conditions of the deteriorating economic situation, it may lose control over public mood. The analysis of the legislation against civil rights in Russia shows that in recent years the scope of these rights has been constantly reduced. This leads to the conclusion that the main goal of the discussed changes in the law is the complete elimination of independent civic activity perceived as one of the main threats to the authorities.

Syamsuddin Syamsuddin, Noer Azizah

Problems related to children resulting from adultery are still interesting to discuss, namely in terms of how the position of adultery children in the Compilation of Islamic Law in Article 43 paragraph (1) and Article 272 of the Criminal Code. This research is in the form of normative legal research, namely legal research conducted by researching library materials and using an approach. The type of research used is Libray Research. that the adulterous child in Compilation of Islamic Law or Civil Code both cannot be recognized by his genetic father, while in Compilation of Islamic Law he has more empathy so that the child has a kinship relationship with his mother and mother's family, while in the realm of the Civil Code an adulterous child will not have a juridical relationship with his parents , either to the father or to the mother. However, the child can only obtain rights from his mother and his mother's family. Whereas in the realm of the Criminal Code, adulterous children can only earn what they need according to the ability of their biological parents. But besides that, the adulteress child cannot ask and demand more for what he has given.

Frederico Augusto Leopoldino Koehler, Fabiana Borges Saraiva

Este artigo tem por objeto estudar a interdisciplinaridade entre Direito e Política e a aplicação do sistema do Common Law, com o objetivo de demonstrar que o Poder Judiciário, por meio da segurança jurídica obtida pela aplicação do sistema de precedentes nas ações de Saúde Pública, pode tornar seu acesso mais igualitário. Os métodos utilizados são a revisão bibliográfica sobre o estudo das políticas públicas no direito brasileiro e o papel do Poder Judiciário em sua implementação. Utilizaremos bases quantitativas do relatório Justiça em Números do Conselho Nacional de Justiça (CNJ) sobre a crescente judicialização desde 2007. Abordaremos o Tema 793 do Supremo Tribunal Federal como estudo de caso. Concluímos que as decisões vinculativas previstas no artigo 927 do Código de Processo Civil podem ser uma ferramenta importante na concretização igualitária de direitos fundamentais como o direito à saúde pública universal.

Onofrio Mazzarisi, Amanda de Azevedo-Lopes, Jeferson J. Arenzon et al.

Zipf's law describes the empirical size distribution of the components of many systems in natural and social sciences and humanities. We show, by solving a statistical model, that Zipf's law co-occurs with the maximization of the diversity of the component sizes. The law ruling the increase of such diversity with the total dimension of the system is derived and its relation with Heaps' law is discussed. As an example, we show that our analytical results compare very well with linguistics datasets.

M. Simpson, G. McKeever, A. Gray et al.

Poppy Miranda Damanik, Pahlefi .

This study discusses disputes submitted in the telecommunications industry conducted by PT. Telekomunikasi Indonesia, Tbk. In the KPPU Decision the KPPU took the initiative to sue PT. Telekomunikasi Indonesia because it was approved by PT. Telekomunikasi Indonesia has carried out monopolistic practices. KPPU Decision related to IndiHome services by PT. Indonesian Telecommunications. Formulation of the problem regarding the consideration of the Commission Council in the Decision The research method used is normative juridical research. The results of the study indicate that, first, the Commission Council determined that PT. Telekomunikasi Indonesia has not been proven to fight because the actions taken do not prove that competition is unhealthy. Secondly, determining a market that supports allegations that inhibit monopoly and determining a dominant position that cannot escape or obscure because it has something to do with it. Therefore, this research requests that KPPU investigators act carefully and professionally in conducting investigations. Keywords : Dispute; alleged;  infringement;  industry;  PT. Telekomunikasi Indonesia  Abstrak Penelitian ini membahas tentang sengketa dugaan pelanggaran dalam industri telekomunikasi yang dilakukan oleh PT. Telekomunikasi Indonesia, Tbk. Dalam Putusan KPPU pihak KPPU berinisatif menggugat PT. Telekomunikasi Indonesia karena menduga PT. Telekomunikasi Indonesia telah melakukan praktik monopoli. Tujuan penulisan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis hasil dalam Putusan KPPU yang berkaitan dengan layanan jasa IndiHome oleh PT. Telekomunikasi Indonesia. Rumusan masalah mengenai pertimbangan Majelis Komisi dalam Putusan KPPU dilihat dari ketentuan Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1999 Tentang Larangan Praktik Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat dan apakah penentuan pasar bersangkutan dalam Putusan KPPU sudah tepat. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian yuridis normatif.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, pertama, Majelis Komisi menetapkan bahwa PT. Telekomunikasi Indonesia tidak terbukti melakukan pelanggaran karena tindakan tindakan yang dilakukan tidak mengakibatkan adanya persaingan menjadi tidak sehat.Kedua, penentuan pasar bersangkutan untuk dugaan pelanggaran monopoli dan posisi dominan tidak jelas atau kabur (obscuur) karena batasan-batasan pengertian tentang pasar bersangkutan tidak dijelaskan secara rinci. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini menyarankan agar investigator KPPU bertindak secara cermat dan professional dalam melakukan penyelidikan. Kata Kunci: Sengketa; Dugaan; Pelanggaran; Industri; PT. Telekomunikasi Indonesia

Maria M. Lewis, Sarah Kern

As the primary agency responsible for enforcing federal civil rights laws in the educational context, the U.S. Department of Education Office for Civil Rights (OCR) issues policy guidance to help ensure that school districts and universities understand their legal obligations. These policy guidance documents have direct connections to topics studied by educational researchers (e.g., disproportionality in special education, race conscious admissions policies in higher education, transgender student inclusion, etc.). However, we do not have an empirical understanding of how this guidance is used by the research community. Nor do we have a strong grasp on the extent to which this guidance is explicitly informed by research. It is important to acquire an empirical understanding of the bidirectional relationship between research and educational policy in the context of civil rights enforcement in order to determine areas of strength and those in need of improvement. Specifically, this study poses the following research questions: 1) How often and in what ways do scholars explicitly use OCR policy guidance to inform their research? What are the characteristics of this research? 2) Conversely, how often and in what ways does OCR explicitly use research to inform policy guidance? What are the characteristics of research cited in OCR guidance?

Bing Zhang

A formula is proposed to quantitatively estimate the signal emission rate of Communicating Extra-Terrestrial Intelligent civilizations (CETIs) in the Galaxy. I suggest that one possible type of CETI signal would be brief radio bursts similar to fast radio bursts (FRBs). A dedicated search for FRB-like artificial signals in the Galaxy for decades may pose a meaningful upper limit on the emission rate of these signals by CETIs. The Fermi-Hart paradox is answered in terms of not having enough observing times for this and other types of signals. Whether humans should send FRB-like signals in the far future is briefly discussed.

D. Yermack

The FinTech sector has begun to grow rapidly in sub-Saharan Africa. I document far greater adoption of social media, digital currency, ride sharing, and other FinTech applications in countries with a common law legal heritage compared to those with a civil law system, suggesting that legal origin plays a critical role in setting the stage for growth through entrepreneurship in the developing world. The electrical, telecom, and Internet infrastructure required for FinTech has been built out more extensively in common law countries. Financial inclusion outcomes are also better in emerging markets that have a common law heritage.

Bernd Waas

For a long time, there was no legal definition of “employee” or “contract of employment” in Germany. This did change in 2017 when the lawmaker introduced the new section 611a into the Civil Code (Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch) which, however, is based on the existing judge-made law. This article first gives an overview of the definition of the courts (1.) and then presents the “new” legal regulation (2.). On this basis, the question will be discussed what has been achieved by the legislator (3.). The paper ends with a concluding remark (4.).