Hasil untuk "Cement industries"

B. L. Damineli, Fernanda M. Kemeid, Patricia S. Aguiar et al.

Abiodun Joseph Kilani, Bolanle Deborah Ikotun, Rasheed Abdulwahab

Abstract The wrong disposal of agricultural residues constitutes environmental pollution and climate challenges to the world. Amongst the consequences of environmental pollution is frequent emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from waste, most especially carbon dioxide (CO2) which usually affects the Ozone layer. One of the ways in managing these wastes is by incorporating them into cement composites thus contributing to the nation’s building and infrastructures sustainability. This approach reduces environmental pollution by 50% which has positive influence on global economics and also complements the performance of concrete. The use of Coconut and Palm Kernel Shells (CS & PKS) in concrete has been aging, their holistic reinforcing influence on concrete structural properties should be given a critical evaluation. This study reviews the structural properties of concrete incorporating CS and PKS. The focus is to highlight the potential of CS and PKS and their ashes for the production of cement composites. The review shows that CS and PKS ashes (CSA & PKSA) consist of about 77.5 and 85% of pozzolans respectively making good supplementary construction material in cement and concrete industries. Also, as reviewed, the 0–5% of CSA and 8–25% of PKS / PKSA were found suitable for the production of sustainable green concrete with good strength and low CO2 emission which perform better than that of conventional concrete in service. In addition, the density, compressive, flexural and tensile strengths of CSA – concrete are by 1.12, 27.65, 52.24 and 28.54% more than that of normal concrete at 30, 5, 1, and 5% of CSA while that of PKS – concrete are by 1.89, 3.92, 5.89, and 60.34% better at 10, 25, 8 and 9% of PKS accordingly. Also, concrete produced with 20% of CSA and PKSA are less porous, have good microstructure and hydration mechanism with high water resistance capacity. Thus, CSA and PKS are recommended for the production of sustainable light—normal weight concrete and future studies should focus on the ternary or quaternary utilization of these wastes. Also, since incorporation of CS and PKSA in concrete increased the concrete’s mechanical, microstructural, hydration and durability properties; blending them with other highly pozzolanic materials will advance their good performance in concrete. Future research and construction practice should also work on this.

Sebastián Rojas-Innocenti, Enrique Baeyens, Alejandro Martín-Crespo et al.

The growing share of variable renewable energy sources in power systems is increasing the need for short-term operational flexibility—particularly from large industrial electricity consumers. This study proposes a practical, two-stage optimization framework to unlock this flexibility in cement manufacturing and support participation in electricity balancing markets. In Stage 1, a mixed-integer linear programming model minimizes electricity procurement costs by optimally scheduling the raw milling subsystem, subject to technical and operational constraints. In Stage 2, a flexibility assessment model identifies and evaluates profitable deviations from this baseline, targeting participation in Spain’s manual Frequency Restoration Reserve market. The methodology is validated through a real-world case study at a Spanish cement plant, incorporating photovoltaic (PV) generation and battery energy storage systems (BESS). The results show that flexibility services can yield monthly revenues of up to €800, with limited disruption to production processes. Additionally, combined PV + BESS configurations achieve electricity cost reductions and investment paybacks as short as six years. The proposed framework offers a replicable pathway for integrating demand-side flexibility into energy-intensive industries—enhancing grid resilience, economic performance, and decarbonization efforts.

Prichaya Waibanthao, Wanfah Pophet, Nuchnapa Tangboriboon

Eggshells, a sustainable raw material, accumulate in millions of tons daily after consumption and are utilized across various industries including food, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and cosmetics. Composed mainly of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) with a purity exceeding 98 wt%, eggshells serve as raw material for producing beta tricalcium phosphate (β-Ca3(PO4)2). The addition of tricalcium silicate cement (C3S) enhances thickening, ductility, and setting properties, facilitating polymerization and solidification through curing and hydration processes. Incorporating soda lime glass powder at varying concentrations (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 wt%) improves the mechanical and thermal properties of biobased ceramic composite. Higher concentrations of embedded soda lime glass powder have demonstrated increased compressive strength, reduced water absorption, decreased thermal expansion coefficient, and lowered firing temperature. This renders it a promising alternative for replacing and repairing materials in medical applications such as bone grafts and splints.

Mohammed Rihan Maaze

The utilization of fly ash, a by-product of coal combustion, has gained significant attention in recent years due to its potential as a sustainable alternative to traditional cement in the construction industry. This study proposes a comprehensive and novel framework for the development of fly ash cement bricks (FACB), integrating technical performance optimization, environmental assessment, and economic viability analysis. A parametric investigation was conducted using the Taguchi orthogonal array design with three factors and levels, fly ash (50–70 %), cement (7.5–12.5 %), and water-to-binder ratio (20–24 %). A comprehensive environmental Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) with and without mass allocation to fly ash and Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) were conducted in accordance with ISO 14040/44 and ISO 15686 standards. Multi-parameter optimization was performed to achieve a target compressive strength of 10 MPa while minimizing water absorption, shrinkage, efflorescence, and Global Warming Potential (GWP). The optimal mix proportions were identified as 60 % fly ash, 10 % cement, and a 22 % (0.22) water-to-binder ratio and experimentally validated with a 95 % confidence interval, confirming the accuracy of the predicted response properties. The improved compressive strength and reduced water absorption were attributed to enhanced matrix densification from cement hydration, while lower shrinkage and efflorescence resulted from the filler effect and pozzolanic activity of fly ash. The LCA results with zero mass allocation of fly ash indicated that the GWP per brick ranged from 0.58 to 0.77 kg CO2 eq, with cement content and transportation being the primary contributors to emissions. The LCCA assessment demonstrated a competitive production cost of ₹5.44 (0.06$) per brick, making it financially viable for large-scale industrial manufacturing. This research provides a comprehensive framework for industries and Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) to enhance production efficiency, reduce costs, and promote sustainable manufacturing practices.

L. Niu, L. Niu, S. Wu et al.

<p>The hydration products of cement materials can absorb atmospheric <span class="inline-formula">CO₂</span>, and this carbonation process provides an important decarbonization pathway for the cement industry. Global carbon sequestration by cement materials has been reported, but carbon uptake in different countries remains unquantified. Here, we quantify the national cement carbon uptake from 1928 to 2023 based on 58 517 activity data from 163 cement-producing countries and regions worldwide and 6186 carbonation parameters from detailed data records of 42 countries, and we project the trend in carbon uptake by countries in 2024. The global <span class="inline-formula">CO₂</span> uptake by cement materials has increased from 7.74 <span class="inline-formula">Mt yr⁻¹</span> (95 % confidence interval, CI: 5.84–9.85 <span class="inline-formula">Mt CO₂ yr⁻¹</span>) in 1928 to 0.84 <span class="inline-formula">Gt yr⁻¹</span> (95 % CI: 0.71–1.00 <span class="inline-formula">Gt yr⁻¹</span>) in 2023, and it was projected to rise to 0.86 <span class="inline-formula">Gt yr⁻¹</span> (95 % CI: 0.73–1.02 <span class="inline-formula">CO₂ yr⁻¹</span>) in 2024. The accumulated <span class="inline-formula">CO₂</span> uptake from 1928 to 2023 is 21.26 <span class="inline-formula">Gt CO₂</span> (95 % CI: 17.93–25.17 <span class="inline-formula">Gt CO₂</span>), which offsets about 46 % of the cement process emissions (46.06 <span class="inline-formula">Gt CO₂</span>) in the past 96 years. Simultaneously, the dominance in cement carbon uptake has shifted from the USA, Japan, and some European countries to emerging economies such as China and India, which account for 38.0 % and 9.1 % of total <span class="inline-formula">CO₂</span> uptake, respectively, in the last decade (2014–2023). By analysing the long time series of carbon emissions and uptake of the 42 countries with detailed data, we find that they contributed 82.1 % of global cement <span class="inline-formula">CO₂</span> uptake from 1928 to 2023, including 21 countries for which cement emissions have peaked and 21 countries for which they have not yet peaked. The annual carbon offset level (the ratio of uptake to process emissions in a given year) shows a remarkable decrease due to the temporal lag in cement carbon uptake. This is significant for countries with higher cement imports; for example, the cement industries in Australia and Japan have achieved net-zero emissions when considering the cement carbonation sink. This study provides an accurate bottom-up quantification of cement carbonation sinks at national and global levels. All of the data described in this study are accessible at <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14583866">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14583866</a> (Wu et al., 2024).</p>

Géza Köteles, Judit Pécsinger, Anett Bedo et al.

The Paris Agreement of 2015 aims to keep the global average temperature increase below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and to limit warming to 1.5 °C if possible. The European Union has set ambitious targets (-55 % by 2030 and Net-Zero by 2050) to support the European Green Deal (EGD). To reach the goals by the deadlines, extensive pre- and post-source measures are necessary. This article focuses on post-source measures and seeks to identify, quantify, and evaluate the selection criteria of the applicability of carbon capture techniques. The specific energy demand (theoretical minimum work required to separate CO2 from a gaseous mixture) of a capture process can be derived from the first and second laws of thermodynamics. There are, however, other factors that can significantly influence the decision-making process for carbon capture from a given polluting source. The first criterion group is related to the 2nd law efficiency, i.e., the proportionality between theoretical minimum work and real energy demand that can be achieved in practice, while the second group covers the specific separation cost as a primary economic parameter. The research gives comprehensive insights into the different carbon capture methodologies and analyses their dependency on CO2 concentration, the presence of impurities, and operational conditions such as temperature and pressure. Based on the analysis outcomes, selection criteria are proposed to help match mature technologies (TRL 7–9) to specific gas compositions and industrial applications, primarily for process gases from power plants, chemical industries, and cement production, supporting more efficient and context-dependent implementation and the green transition.

Dilip Kadam, Girish Pathade

Background Tendu (Diospyros melanoxylon RoxB.) leaf is widely used in India in the form of wrapper for making a crude smoking stick popularly known as ‘‘Beedi’’. Solapur city of Maharashtra state has large number of small beedi making units. Large quantity waste from these industries in the form of trimmed leaf residues is available as feed material for preparation of vermicompost. The present investigations were aimed to study effect of vermicompost prepared from such novel leaf residues as the tendu leaves on the growth and yield of Phaseolus vulgaris under greenhouse conditions. The seeds of French bean were sown in cement pots containing soil alone (control), soil with various concentrations of vermicompost alone, soil with various concentrations of urea only and different admixtures of vermicompost and urea. Results The study revealed that the seed germination, shoot and root length, shoot and root fresh weights, shoot and root dry weights, thousand grain weight and grain weight per plant increased significantly (p B 0.05) compared to control due to application of vermicompost when used at proper proportions. Thus, the growth and yield parameters were significantly (p B 0.05) greater in T2 (75 % N through vermicompost) than in T1 (100 % N through vermicompost) and T3 (50 % N through vermicompost). Many growth parameters of T1 were lower than those in the control indicating some deleterious effect of vermicompost at higher concentrations. The combined application of tendu leaf vermicompost and urea increased the growth and yield of Phaseolus vulgaris significantly (p B 0.05). The maximum grain yield was due to combined application of vermicompost at 25 % N through vermicompost plus 75 % N through urea. Conclusions The pot trial experiments suggested that the quantity of chemical fertilizer for French bean could be reduced by 25–50 % due to combined application of vermicompost and chemical fertilizer. However, application of tendu leaf vermicompost alone at higher concentrations may reduce growth parameters and yield of P. vulgaris.

Gisela Cordoba, Manuel Barquero, Viviana Bonavetti et al.

This paper examines the sustainability of cementitious materials and concrete. Although the environmental impact of these materials is often evaluated based on their CO2 emissions per ton of cement or m3 of concrete, incorporating performance parameters into sustainability indices is crucial for a more comprehensive assessment. This study evaluates the sustainability of concretes with and without supplementary cementitious materials (SCM), considering compressive strength and durability performance as performance parameters. Results show that the most sustainable concretes have the highest compressive strength and best durability performance. Furthermore, the importance of using locally available materials is highlighted, as transporting SCM over long distances can outweigh the benefits of using them as a replacement for Portland cement.

Yilin Guo, Zhengmeng Hou, Yanli Fang et al.

In a global context where sustainable growth is imperative, understanding carbon emissions in significant regions is essential. Henan Province, being a vital region in China for population, agriculture, industry, and energy consumption, plays a crucial role in this understanding. This study, rooted in the need to identify strategies that not only meet China’s broader carbon neutrality objectives but also offer insights regarding global sustainability models, utilizes the STIRPAT model combined with scenario analysis. The aim was to forecast carbon emission trajectories from 2020 to 2060 across the key industries—electricity, steel, cement, transportation, coal, and chemical—that are responsible for over 80% of the total emissions in Henan. The findings suggest a varied carbon peak timeline: the steel and cement industries might achieve their peak before 2025, and the transportation, coal, and chemical sectors might achieve theirs around 2030, whereas that of the power industry could be delayed until 2033. Significantly, by 2060—a landmark year for Chinese carbon neutrality ambitions—only the electricity sector in Henan shows potential for zero emissions under an extreme scenario. This study’s results underscore the importance of region-specific strategies for achieving global carbon neutrality and offer a blueprint for other populous, industrialized regions worldwide.

Peipei Chen, Shaohui Zhang, Jing Meng et al.

Abstract China has set Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and carbon neutrality targets without providing expected industry‐specific technological details. By focusing on the steel and cement industries in China, this study analyzes the energy consumption of different technology routes, decarbonization pathways of innovative technologies, and the synergistic impact of air pollutants. The study finds that the incumbent technology routes for steel and cement production have limited carbon reductions, and the deployment of innovative technologies (carbon capture, utilization, and storage [CCUS], electrolytic‐ and hydrogen‐based, and scrap‐based technologies) need to be accelerated to achieve carbon neutrality targets. We find that the net‐zero emissions pathway relying upon innovative technologies needs less investment than the NDCs scenario. Furthermore, electric arc furnace deployment will be mainly concentrated in Jiangsu, Guangdong, and Sichuan, while CCUS should be mainly in Hebei, Shandong, Liaoning, and Jiangsu provinces. The increased electrification of innovative technologies in steel and cement requires a shift in energy inputs from fossil energy to electricity. A combination of strict climate change mitigation and air pollution control will have higher synergistic effects.

Ye. I. Mayboroda, M. M. Kurylo

The article systematizes the main industrial types, use directions and the supply degree of carbonate raw materials, among which the most scarce are raw materials as flux and for the cement and sugar industries. Available reserves within the accessible territory do not provide a sufficient period of operation of industrial enterprises for more than 10-15 years. Taking into account the time, which is at least 3-5 years, for the deposits exploration and development, the most effective way of providing reserves is to review the objects that are being developed today in other areas of use (except metallurgical raw materials and the sugar industry) to allocate part of the reserves, which may be suitable for these deficient uses. The analysis and systematization of the cut-off parameters for the reserves calculation of various types of carbonate rocks in accordance with their industrial types and the requirements of geological and economic evaluation were carried out. A list of 25 carbonate rocks objects was evaluated, which were analyzed according to the main indicators of productivity, availability of reserves and their quality. The basic parameters for calculating the reserves are compliance with the quality of the use direction, the depth of the reserves calculation, the minimum thickness of the layers from 2 m, as well as the limit coefficient of overburden in the range of 12-13 m³/t, which determines the maximum depth of development by the open method. The determined cut-off quality parameters: Ca + MgO grade 50.5-53.5%; grade of MgO is not more than 3.5-10%; grade of SiO₂ is no more than 1.5-3%; sulfur content – no more than 0.06-0.15%; phosphorus content – no more than 0.01-0.06%; among the indicators of physical and mechanical properties (compressive strength) – by less than 30-50 MPa. This direction of revaluation is an effective way to increase the explored reserves of carbonate raw materials, which does not require as much time and investment as exploration and preparation for the industrial development of new deposits.

Alyson Kim, Sabbie A Miller

Recent decarbonization policies are expected to significantly impact high greenhouse gas (GHG) emitting industries, as they will be forced to find ways to operate with a lower environmental footprint. Due to the energy required for the kilns and the unavoidable chemical-derived emissions during manufacturing, in addition to its high global consumption levels, the cement industry is anticipated to be among the early industries affected. California State Bill (SB 596) is one of the first rigorous legislative measures that sets GHG emissions from cement production to net-zero by 2045. As such, a case study on California cement production is evaluated here. While several groups have developed cement technology roadmaps with GHG mitigation strategies, these roadmaps do not consider concomitant environmental impacts, such as those that can influence local populations, thus limiting potential implementation from a policy perspective. Here, we examine several GHG emissions mitigation strategies for cement production and show the greatest reduction from an individual measure is from implementing carbon capture storage for cement kiln flue gas (87%), use of alternative clinkers (78%), or use of alkali-activated materials (88%). Yet even if GHG emissions are reduced, use of high-polluting energy sources could increase risks to human health impacts. Further, the efficacy of these decarbonization measures is lowered if multiple measures are implemented simultaneously. Finally, we examine the potential to meet net-zero emissions, focusing on California production due to recent legislation, and find a pathway to 96% GHG emissions reduction. Notably, these reductions do not reach goals to hit zero emissions, suggesting direct air capture mechanisms will need to be implemented.

Annisa Utami Rauf, Anwar Mallongi, Kiyoung Lee et al.

Air quality deterioration is a major environmental problem in Indonesia. This study evaluated the levels and health risks of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in Maros Regency, Indonesia. Total suspended particulate matter was collected from industrial areas for PTE (Al, Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni, As and Zn) analysis using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Samples were collected from six critical areas in the Bantimurung region as that is where marble, cement and limestone industries are located. A calculation of the non-carcinogenic and cancer risks was performed to determine the potential health exposures in adults and children. A Monte Carlo simulation with 10,000 iterations and a sensitivity analysis was carried out to identify the risk probability and the most sensitive variable contributing to cancer risk from PTE exposure in humans. The results showed that the concentration of PTEs decreased in the order of Zn > Al > Cr > Pb > Cu > Ni > As in the wet season, and Zn > Al > Pb > As > Cr > Cu > Ni in the dry season. The hazard index (HI) value for children was 2.12, indicating a high non-carcinogenic risk for children. The total cancer risk (TCR) values in adults and children were 3.11 × 10⁻⁵ and 1.32 × 10⁻⁴, respectively, implying that both are at risk for developing cancer. The variables with the most contribution to cancer risk from As, Cr and Pb exposure in adults and children were As concentration (33.9% and 41.0%); exposure duration (ED) (34.3%) and SA (40.7%); and SA (98.7 % and 45.4%), respectively. These findings could be used as the scientific basis for public health intervention and to raise awareness of the harmful health effects of particulate bound PTEs

Mohammad Hossein Khodabakhsh, parviz norouzi sani, karim hosseinzadeh dalir

Introduction Smart growth in urbanization creates communities that are environmentally friendly, close to nature, and protect open spaces and valuable land, restoration of life, limiting the peripheral growth of the city, reducing personal reliance on cars, and so on. It helps communities to develop economies, create jobs, create strong and sustainable areas, and protect the health of the community and the family.  The main objective of this research is to determine the level of smart growth indices in the regions of Tabriz city so that by identifying deficiencies and inequalities in the city, proper planning is planned to reduce the harmful effects of urban sprawl growth, such as traffic, pollution and reduction of injustice and Increase citizens' access.   Materials and Methods In this research, smart growth indicators were divided into five major indicators, spatial parameters, housing, physical, and land use, environmental and access, and the amount of each was calculated at the level of ten regions of the city.  Utilizing the multi-criteria decision-making model of Topsis and using the entropy-weighting model, we analyzed the spatial structure and the distribution of 71 criteria and ranking the different areas of Tabriz city. Tapsis, as a multi-indicator decision-making method, is a simple but efficient method of ranking-priority. In the TOPSIS method, the selected option should have the shortest distance from the ideal answer and the furthest distance from the most inefficient answer. Required data from different sources including Tabriz Municipality, Population and Housing Statistics of 2011 were obtained from Statistics Organization of Iran. In the following per capita indicators such as per capita urban services such as medical and educational, demographic, housing and biological parameters by different functions of the GIS, calculation and parameters of the topsis model and Shannon entropy weighing method in software Excel calculated and the value of tapis in each of the intelligent growth indices in Tabriz 10 regions was determined. Tabriz is one of the major cities in Iran and the capital of the East Azarbaijan province. The city, the third largest city in the country after Tehran and Mashhad, is the largest city in the northwestern region of Iran, and is the administrative, communications, commercial, political, industrial, cultural and military area of this region. The largest active heavy industry in the city includes a wide range of cement, textile, machinery and petrochemical industries.   Discussion and Results The results showed that in the indicator of the combination of intelligent growth, the 9th and 2nd regions, with the value of tapes are 0.23 and 0.13, ranked first and second, and regions 3th and 1th with the value of 0.065 and 0.064 in the last rank they got. There is also a large difference between Tabriz regions in each of the parameters studied, such as women's employment, per capita services, type of residence and so on, also new urban areas have a better ranking than the old ones in intelligent growth indices. In the demographic index that included criteria such as female employment, literacy, immigrants, undergraduates, etc., Region 2, Rank 1 and Region 10 ranked the last. In the housing index, with criteria such as type of apartment housing, access to drinking water, sewage network, etc., the 5th and 7th conditions were better conditions, and the 4th and 10th regions did not have the proper conditions. In the access index with the criteria for the length and area of ​​the network and transportation equipment, area 6 was ranked first and the 9th ranked. In the environmental Index with per capita parks, gardens, and agriculture and ..., the 9th region has the most and the 4th and 3rd areas have the lowest level. In the physical and land use index with the criteria such as per capita of health services, education, business, etc., net, the 9th zone had the highest rate and the 4th and 1th zone had the lowest. Finally, the combined index of all 71 criteria was considered, with the 9th ranked first and the 1st zone. In addition, the new urban areas of 9 were also better off than the older ones in terms of physical, demographic, biological and smart growth compilations.   Conclusions The results of the research indicate that the indicators are inappropriate distribution in the city of Tabriz. Therefore, it is desirable to address the heterogeneous distribution and urban planning in the direction of the path of sustainable development and intelligent growth to be taken into consideration by officials and managers of the city. In the next research, it is suggested that some parameters such as per capita energy consumption, etc. that were not available in this study should not be considered. The data of this research was related to 2011, it is suggested that the results of this research be compared with the results of newer years in order to better reflect changes in the indicators of intelligent growth, especially in new areas such as Logic 9.

Damayanti Seny, Lestari Puji

Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was used to identify the sources of ambient TSP and to estimate respective contribution to the total ambient TSP concentration in the residential area surrounding iron and steel industry in Cilegon city. Total of 34 daily samples (24 hours) were collected during the sampling period (August-November 2015) using a High Volume Sampler. The samples then were analyzed for black carbon and 18 metal elements (Si, Al, Fe, S, Cu, Pb, V, Cr, Ni, Zn, Mn, Sn, K, Ca, Cl, Ti, Ba, and Co) using Diffusion Systems EEL 43m Smoke Stain Reflectometer (SSR) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (ED-XRF), respectively. From the PMF results were found that 10 factors as the optimum solution. The five major sources are crustal matter (40.13%), iron and steel production (22.23%), coal combustion (16.54%), biomass burning (11.83%), smelting (8.63%). Meanwhile, the other sources detected are diesel vehicle (0.28%), sea salt (0.17%), fuel-oil combustion (0.07%), road dust (0.07%), and cement industries/construction (0.05%). The patterns of conditional probability function analysis results were adequately appropriate with the potential locations of the known sources around study site.

L. Mo, L. Mo, D. Panesar

William R. Morrow, Ali Hasanbeigi, Jayant Sathaye et al.