Hasil untuk "Cattle"

A. Legarra, I. Aguilar

ABSTRACT: Unknown parent groups (UPG) model missing parentships according to breed, year, and pathway of selection. Genetic evaluations need a sensible definition of rules to form UPG to ensure their accurate estimation. With more complex evaluations, systematic rules are needed to form UPG. We propose several methods to ascertain informativity and join consecutive UPG within breed and pathway. First, a pseudocount of records based on descendants with record can be easily computed from a pedigree and a list of animals in records by propagating fractions of one from the flagged animals to ancestors through the pedigree, from youngest to oldest. Then, 2 rules are proposed: the first joins UPG forward in time until records appear, and the second joins consecutive UPG backward in time to achieve a minimum pseudocount. Finally, a simplified model estimates the precision of contrasts of UPG. Computations are feasible even for very large datasets. We illustrate with 2 examples from all-breed US traditional BLUP evaluation for yield and health traits. For yield traits, the number of pseudorecords is very high, and joining UPG occurs mainly in small breeds. Joining or not results in very similar estimated breeding values and genetic trends. For health traits, joining UPG occurs for all breeds, and more intensely for small breeds. Joining or not joining UPG resulted, for some trait-breed combinations, in quite different genetic trends and estimated breeding values. The approximated contrasts across all pairwise UPG show that the joining strategies achieve more precision, in the form of lower SE.

Ying Liu, Shaofeng Deng, Shuang Ren et al.

Abstract The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus has been endemic in aquatic birds since 1997, causing outbreaks in domestic poultry and occasional human infections worldwide. Recently, the cross-species transmission of a new reassortant variant from clade 2.3.4.4b of H5N1 to cattle in the US has heightened concerns regarding the expansion of host range and potential human infection. As eradicating the H5N1 virus from its reservoir is impossible, it is essential to prepare for a potential pandemic caused by an H5N1 derivative. Utilizing a deleted-NS1 live attenuated influenza viral vector vaccine system (DelNS1 LAIV), a system we have previously used in the development of a COVID-19 vaccine, we have rapidly developed an intranasal vaccine for cattle H5N1 and related clade 2.3.4.4b strains, based on publicly available sequences. Our research demonstrates that a single intranasal immunization can provide effective protection against lethal challenges from HPAI cattle or mink H5N1 variants, offering strong, sustained immunity after two months in female mouse and male hamster models. Immunogenicity analysis reveals that intranasal vaccination with DelNS1 LAIV induces robust neutralizing antibody, mucosal IgA and T cell responses in mice. It is crucial to further evaluate the DelNS1-H5N1 LAIV system to prepare for potential future H5N1 outbreaks in humans.

Mary Beth de Ondarza, Vinícius Carneiro de Souza, Ermias Kebreab et al.

ABSTRACT: Supplemental dietary rumen available fats show promise as enteric methane (eCH4) mitigators for lactating dairy cows. However, concerns include variability in eCH4 response and possible negative effects on dairy cow performance. Successful implementation of this mitigation option requires better prediction of responses specifically to rumen available fatty acids (FA) as well as understanding the modulating effects of other dietary and animal characteristics. Using meta-analytic and meta-regression techniques, 35 published studies with diet definition were used to assess changes in eCH4 emissions and lactation performance associated with supplemental fat, specific supplemental rumen available FA types, and other dietary characteristics. Enteric CH4 (g/d) was reduced by 3.77% per percentage unit of supplemental rumen available ether extract (EE). Supplemental rumen available PUFA (C18:2 and C18:3) and UFA (C18:1, C18:2, C18:3) mitigated eCH4 (g/d) emissions in dairy cows by 6.88 and 4.65% per percentage unit increase, respectively. The anti-methanogenic effects of PUFA, MUFA and MCFA increased with correspondingly greater basal dietary levels of each FA type. Higher rumen-degradable starch (RDS; >18% DM) in the basal diet promoted greater reductions in eCH4 yield (eCH4/DMI, g/kg) with supplemental rumen available PUFA and UFA. Both milk fat percentage and yield (kg/d) were reduced with rumen available fat supplementation with a reduction of 7.8% and 6.0%, respectively, relative to control diets. Our results highlight the importance of determining basal levels of the rumen available FA before providing supplemental rumen available FA as an option for enteric eCH4 mitigation. Dairy nutritionists can use estimates generated from this analysis to predict changes in eCH4 emissions and dairy cow performance associated with dietary supplementation of rumen available EE and specific rumen available FA types for the purpose of eCH4 mitigation.

Daiana Susana Huespe, Juan Alberto Galantini, Cristian Álvarez

El uso de agua salina tiene efectos adversos sobre la productividad de los cultivos. El objetivo de este estudio fue cuantificar cómo la cobertura vegetal (mulching) puede modificar los efectos adversos del agua salina sobre el cultivo de lechuga en dos suelos característicos de la Región Semiárida Pampeana. El diseño estadístico fue completamente aleatorizado, se analizó un suelo arenoso y otro franco arenoso. Los tratamientos fueron con cobertura vegetal (CCV) y sin ella (SCV). Se regó con agua con conductividad eléctrica de 1,0 (baja salinidad); 1,5 y 2,0 (alta salinidad) dS m-1. Se aplicó una dosis de 100 kg N ha-1 usando una combinación de urea y abono orgánico (40:60). Se evaluó el cultivo de lechuga en macetas durante cuatro ciclos consecutivos en los años 2020 y 2021, con cinco repeticiones en cada ciclo. Se determinó la productividad: materia seca total (MST), aérea (MSA) y de raíces (MSR). Se calculó la MSt acumulada (MSTAC), la relación MSA/MSR, la eficiencia de uso del agua (EUA) y la tasa de crecimiento (TC). Se presentan los datos del cuarto ciclo de cultivo. El estudio confirma el efecto negativo del agua con alta salinidad sobre la MSt en ambos suelos, con pérdidas significativas en la productividad de lechuga. En el suelo arenoso con agua de 1,0 dS m-1 y CCV el rendimiento fue de 1416 kg ha-1 con pérdidas del 17 % respecto a los tratamientos regados con agua de 2,0 dS m-1, mientras que SCV fue de 420 kg ha-1 con pérdidas del 100 %. El efecto de la salinidad y de la cobertura vegetal en el cultivo de lechuga depende de la textura del suelo siendo su efecto mayor en el suelo franco arenoso. El uso de cobertura vegetal mejoró la EUA, en un 90 % en el suelo arenoso y en un 56 % en el suelo franco arenoso.

A. Birkinshaw, M. Sutter, M. Nussbaum et al.

ABSTRACT: As the call for an international standard for milk from grassland-based production systems continues to grow, so too do the monitoring and evaluation policies surrounding this topic. Individual stipulations by countries and milk producers to market their milk under their own grass-fed labels include a compulsory number of grazing days per year (ranging from 120 d for certain labels to 180 d for others), a specified amount of herbage in the diet, or a prescribed dietary proportion of grassland-based forages (GBF) fed and produced on-farm. As these multifarious policy and label requirements are laborious and costly to monitor on-farm, fast economical proxies would be advantageous to verify the proportion of GBF consumed by the cows in the final product. With this in mind, we employed readily available mid-infrared spectral data (n = 1,132 spectra) from routine milk controls to develop binary classification models for 4 main feed groups from a primarily forage-based diet: total GBF (≥50% [n = 955], ≥75% [n = 599], ≥85% [n = 356]), pasture (≥20% [n = 451], ≥50% [n = 284], ≥70% [n = 152]), fresh herbage (pasture + fresh herbage indoor feeding; ≥20% [n = 517], ≥50% [n = 325], ≥70% [n = 182]), and whole plant corn (fresh + conserved; ≥10% [n = 646], ≥30% [n = 187]), with the latter as a negative control. We compared 4 machine learning methods to assess which statistical model performs best at discriminating these classes. Three of these models have not yet been tested for herd-level dietary proportion classification, and all 4 follow completely different approaches: least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), random forest (RF), and support vector machines (SVM). Seasonality has been a missing element from previous dietary herbage proportion classification models. As grazing and fresh herbage indoor feeding are highly dependent on the season, we developed an indicator to incorporate seasonality in a consistent, unbiased manner into our models. We also tested 3 sets of covariates. The first set included only mid-infrared spectra derived data, the second included mid-infrared spectra derived data plus seasonality indices and the third included mid-infrared spectra derived data, seasonality indices and additional herd specific information (DIM, breed, and parity). Of the 4 machine learning algorithms tested for the binary classification of GBF proportion at herd level, LASSO and PLS-DA performed best according to evaluation metrics; however, the RF and SVM models were not far behind the best performing model evaluation metrics in each feed category. Our best performing model, the LASSO model containing seasonality indices and herd specific information, classified total GBF ≥50% with an accuracy of 78.6%, precision of 85.1%, sensitivity of 90.6%, specificity of 14.1%, and F1 score (harmonic mean of precision and sensitivity) of 87.7%; this was very similar to the PLS-DA model. Our results suggest that in general, LASSO and PLS-DA machine learning algorithms perform better for dietary GBF classification than RF or SVM algorithms.

Sang Jun Uhm

Background: The successful production of superior or transgenic offspring from in vitro produced embryos in cattle relies heavily on the quality of blastocyst stage embryos. In order to enhance the developmental competency of these embryos, a novel culture method was devised. Methods: This study utilized stem cell culture medium (SCM) from hESCs as a supplement within the culture medium for bovine in vitro produced embryos. To gauge the efficacy of this approach, in vitro fertilized embryos were subjected to culture in CR1aa medium enriched with one of three supplements: 0.3% BSA, 10% FBS, or 10% SCM. Results: The blastocyst development and hatching rates of one-cell zygotes cultured in CR1aa medium supplemented with SCM (23.9% and 10.2%) surpassed those cultured in CR1aa medium supplemented with BSA (9.3% and 0.0%) or FBS (3.1% and 0.0%) (p < 0.05). Furthermore, post-zygotic gene activation, cleaved embryos cultured in CR1aa medium supplemented with SCM (57.8% and 34.5%) exhibited notably higher rates (p < 0.05) compared to those cultured with BSA (12.9% and 0.0%) or FBS (45.7% and 22.5%) supplementation. Furthermore, the microinjection of SCM into the cytoplasm or pronucleus of fertilized zygotes resulted in elevated blastocyst development and hatching rates, particularly when the microinjected embryos were subsequently cultured in CR1aa medium supplemented with SCM from the 8-cell embryo stage onwards (p < 0.05), in contrast to those cultured with FBS supplementation. Conclusions: In conclusion, this study conclusively demonstrated that the incorporation of SCM into the culture medium significantly enhances the developmental progress of preimplantation embryos.

T.T. Lott, N.H. Martin, J. Dumpler et al.

ABSTRACT: Growing interest in the manufacture of extended shelf-life (ESL) milk, which is typically achieved by a high-temperature treatment called ultra-pasteurization (UP), is driven by distribution challenges, efforts to reduce food waste, and more. Even though high-temperature, short-time (HTST) pasteurized milk has a substantially shorter shelf life than UP milk, HTST milk is preferred in the United States because consumers tend to perceive UP milk as less desirable due to the “cooked” flavor associated with high-temperature processing. While ESL beyond 21 d may be possible for HTST, the survival and outgrowth of psychrotolerant aerobic spore-forming bacteria can still be a limitation to extending shelf life of HTST milk. Microfiltration (MF) is effective for reducing vegetative microorganisms and spores in raw milk, but it is unclear what the effects of membrane pore size, storage temperature, and milk type (i.e., skim vs. whole) are on the microbial shelf life of milk processed by both MF and HTST pasteurization. To investigate these factors, raw skim milk was MF using different pore sizes (0.8 or 1.2 μm), and then MF skim milk and standardized whole milk (MF skim with heat-treated [85°C for 20 s] cream) were HTST pasteurized at 75°C for 20 s. Subsequently, milk was stored at 3°C, 6.5°C, or 10°C and total bacteria counts were measured for up to 63 d. An ANOVA indicated that mean bacterial concentrations between storage temperatures were significantly different from each other, with mean maximum observed concentrations of 3.67, 5.33, and 8.08 log10 cfu/mL for storage temperatures 3°C, 6.5°C, and 10°C, respectively. Additionally, a smaller difference in mean maximum bacterial concentrations throughout shelf life was identified between pore sizes (<1 log cfu/mL), but no significant difference was attributed to milk type. An unexpected outcome of this study was the identification of Microbacterium as a major contributor to the bacterial population in MF ESL milk. Microbacterium is a psychrotolerant, thermoduric gram-positive, non-spore-forming rod with a small cell size (∼0.9 μm length and ∼0.3 μm width), which our data suggest was able to permeate the membranes used in this study, survive HTST pasteurization, and then grow at refrigeration temperatures. While spores continue to be a key concern for the manufacture of MF, ESL milk, our study demonstrates the importance of other psychrotolerant, thermoduric bacteria such as Microbacterium to these products.

Clair L. Firth, Katrin Kremer, Thomas Werner et al.

A number of studies have reported that there is a high prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant faecal bacteria excreted by dairy calves. Although faecal shedding is influenced by a variety of factors, such as the environment and calf age, feeding milk with antimicrobial residues contributes significantly to an increased prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria, such as extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing <i>E. coli</i>. As a follow-up to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Scientific Opinion on the risk of AMR development in dairy calves published in January 2017, this review aims to illustrate more recent research in this area, focusing on the period 2016 to 2020. A total of 19 papers are reviewed here. The vast majority assess the commensal faecal bacteria, <i>E. coli</i>, isolated from dairy calves, in particular its antimicrobial-resistant forms such as ESBL-producing <i>E. coli</i> and AmpC-producing <i>E. coli</i>. The effect of waste milk feeding on the prevalence of pathogens such as <i>Salmonella</i> spp. has also been investigated. Current research findings include positive effects on daily liveweight gain and other advantages for calf health from feeding waste milk compared to milk replacer. However, the negative effects, such as the demonstrable selection for antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, the shift in the intestinal microbiome and the possible negative consequences that these could have on global public health, should always be taken into consideration.

Shogo Higaki, Kei Horihata, Chie Suzuki et al.

In this study, we determined the applicability of the background image subtraction technique to detect estrus in tie-stalled cows. To investigate the impact of the camera shooting direction, webcams were set up to capture the front, top, and rear views of a cow simultaneously. Video recording was performed for a total of ten estrous cycles in six cows. Standing estrus was confirmed by testing at 6 h intervals. From the end of estrus, transrectal ultrasonography was performed every 2 h to confirm ovulation time. Foreground objects (moving objects) were extracted in the videos using the background subtraction technique, and the pixels were counted at each frame of five frames-per-second sequences. After calculating the hourly averaged pixel counts, the change in values was expressed as the pixel ratio (total value during the last 24 h/total value during the last 24 to 48 h). The mean pixel ratio gradually increased at approximately 48 h before ovulation, and the highest value was observed at estrus, regardless of the camera shooting direction. When using front-view videos with an appropriate threshold, estrus was detected with 90% sensitivity and 50% precision. The present method in particular has the potential to be a non-contact estrus detection method for tie-stalled cows.

Sonja Christiane Bäßler, Ákos Kenéz, Theresa Scheu et al.

Abstract Metabolic consequences of an energy and protein rich diet can compromise metabolic health of cattle by promoting a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Laminitis is a common clinical sign, but affected metabolic pathways, underlying pathophysiology and causative relationships of a systemic pro-inflammatory phenotype are unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to elucidate changes in metabolome profiles of 20 months old Holstein bulls fed a high energy and protein diet and to identify novel metabolites and affected pathways, associated with diet-related laminitis. In a randomized controlled feeding trial using bulls fed a high energy and protein diet (HEP; metabolizable energy [ME] intake 169.0 ± 1.4 MJ/day; crude protein [CP] intake 2.3 ± 0.02 kg/day; calculated means ± SEM; n = 15) versus a low energy and protein diet (LEP; ME intake 92.9 ± 1.3 MJ/day; CP intake 1.0 ± 0.01 kg/day; n = 15), wide ranging effects of HEP diet on metabolism were demonstrated with a targeted metabolomics approach using the AbsoluteIDQ p180 kit (Biocrates Life Sciences). Multivariate statistics revealed that lower concentrations of phosphatidylcholines and sphingomyelins and higher concentrations of lyso-phosphatidylcholines, branched chain amino acids and aromatic amino acids were associated with an inflammatory state of diet-related laminitis in Holstein bulls fed a HEP diet. The latter two metabolites share similarities with changes in metabolism of obese humans, indicating a conserved pathophysiological role. The observed alterations in the metabolome provide further explanation on the underlying metabolic consequences of excessive dietary nutrient intake.

Agustín Estrada-Peña, Matías Szabó, Marcelo Labruna et al.

Ticks and transmitted pathogens constitute a major burden for cattle industry in the Neotropics. To address this limitation, the Spanish Ibero-American Program of Science and Technology in Development office (CYTED) supported from 2018 a network of scientists named &#8220;LaGar&#8221; (CYTED code 118RT0542) aimed at optimizing the control strategies of cattle ticks in the neotropical region. As part of network activities, a meeting and course were organized on 4&#8722;8 November 2019 in Quer&#233;taro, Mexico to address the objective of developing the infrastructure necessary for an effective, sustainable (i.e., combination of efficacious acaricides with anti-tick vaccines) and rational (i.e., considering tick ecology, seasonal dynamics and cattle-wildlife interactions) control of cattle tick infestations and transmitted pathogens. The course was focused on scientists, students, cattle holders and producers and pharmaceutical/industry representatives. In this way the course addressed the different views presented by participants with the conclusion of producing a research-driven combination of different interventions for the control of tick tick-borne diseases.

Virginia Ortiz de Urbina

Los sistemas de producción animal, evolucionaron de la alimentación tradicional realizada a campo, a mejoras en la eficiencia y productividad mediante la alimentación con raciones formuladas específicamente para los requerimientos de cada categoría. A lo largo de la historia, se fueron dando cambios que afectaron la rentabilidad de los sistemas de producción de carne bovina a corral. Por tal razón, el presente trabajo evaluó la viabilidad económica del encierre estratégico de bovinos raza británica, en una empresa agropecuaria mixta del Departamento Chapaleufú, La Pampa. Aunque el empresario realiza el proceso productivo con buenos indicadores físicos; desde el punto de vista económico el encierre estratégico no estaría aportando beneficios al resultado global de la empresa, principalmente por cuestiones de escala y manejo del sistema. La sub utilización de las instalaciones y maquinaria agrícola son las principales causas. Es por esto, que se recomienda aumentar la escala mediante una mayor rotación de animales a lo largo de todo el año; o evaluar alternativas como la venta de animales antes de ingresar al encierre estratégico, alimentación en sistemas pastoriles y/o la suplementación estratégica

Emily McGovern, Emily McGovern, David A. Kenny et al.

The rumen microbial population dictates the host’s feed degradation capacity and subsequent nutrient supply. The rising global human population and intensifying demand for animal protein is creating environmental challenges. As a consequence, there is an increasing requirement for livestock with enhanced nutrient utilization capacity in order to more efficiently convert plant material to high quality edible muscle. In the current study, residual feed intake (RFI), a widely used and a highly accepted measure of feed efficiency in cattle, was calculated for a combination of three cohorts of Simmental bulls. All animals were managed similarly from birth and offered concentrate ad libitum in addition to 3 kg of grass silage daily during the finishing period. Solid and liquid rumen digesta samples collected at slaughter and were analyzed using amplicon sequencing targeting the 16S rRNA gene utilizing the Illumina MiSeq platform. Volatile fatty acid analysis was also conducted on the liquid digesta samples. Spearman’s correlation coefficient was utilized to determine the association between RFI and bacterial and archaeal taxa and inter-taxonomic relationships. The data indicate a tendency toward an increase in butyrate (P = 0.06), which corresponds with an increase in plasma β-hydroxybutyrate concentration in low RFI (LRFI) bulls in comparison to their high RFI (HRFI) contemporaries (P &lt; 0.05). A decrease in propionate (P &lt; 0.05) was also recorded in the rumen of LRFI in comparison to HRFI bulls. These results indicate alternate fermentation patterns in the rumen of LRFI bulls. The data also identified that OTUs within the phyla Tenericutes, Fibrobacteres, and Cyanobacteria may potentially influence RFI phenotype. In particular, a negative association between F. succinogenes and RFI was evident. The unique cellulolytic metabolism of F. succinogenes suggests it could contribute to host efficiency by providing substrate to the host ruminant and other microbial populations (e.g., Selenomonas ruminantium, Methanobrevibacter, and Methanomassiliicoccaceae) in the rumen. This study provides evidence that bacterial OTUs within common phyla could influence ruminant feed efficiency phenotype through their role in ruminal degradation of complex plant polysaccharides or increased capability to harvest nutrients from ingested feed.

Jose A. Infantes-Lorenzo, Jose A. Infantes-Lorenzo, Claire E. Whitehead et al.

South American camelids are susceptible to tuberculosis, caused mainly by Mycobacterium bovis and M. microti. Despite the tuberculin skin test being the official test for tuberculosis, it has a very low sensitivity in these species (14–20%). Serological tests present the advantages of being rapid, easy to perform and facilitate analysis of large numbers of samples in a short period of time. Novel antigen discovery and evaluation would provide enhanced detection of specific antibodies against members of M. tuberculosis complex. Here, we describe the development and evaluation of an ELISA-type immunoassays to use in the diagnosis of tuberculosis in llamas and alpacas based on P22, a multiprotein complex obtained by affinity chromatography from bovine Purified Protein Derivative (bPPD), that showed high sensitivity and specificity in mice, cattle and goats. This work was performed in two stages. First, a preliminary panel of samples collected from tuberculosis-free (n = 396) and M. bovis-infected herds (n = 56) was assayed, obtaining high specificity (100%) and sensitivity ranging from 63 to 96%. Subsequently, the use of the serological assay was tested using samples from two herds suffering from clinical M. bovis (n = 88) and M. microti (n = 25) infection to evaluate the ability of the ELISA to detect infected animals. 11 out of 88 alpacas were positive to the ELISA in a M. bovis outbreak and 7 out of 25 in a M. microti outbreak. The P22 ELISA potentially provides a sensitive and specific platform for improved tuberculosis surveillance in camelids.

Torsten Seuberlich, Daniel Wüthrich, Senija Selimovic-Hamza et al.

Emerging Microbes & Infections (2017) 6, e71; doi:10.1038/emi.2017.56; published online 9 August 2017

Fabrício Bacelar Lima Mendes , Fabiano Ferreira da Silva, Robério Rodrigues Silva et al.

The objective with this research was to evaluate the dairy cows intake behavior grazing Brachiaria brizantha submitted to different levels of concentrate supplementation in the diet. Used 16 lactating cows ½ Holstein x ½ Zebu, with an average of 80 ±10.14 days of lactation and body weight of 454.7 ± 54.51 kg. The animals were distributed in four treatments, using a 4x4 Latin square. The evaluation of behavior was done every ten minutes, during 24 hours on the 16th day of period. We used analysis of variance and regression probability of 0.05. The time spent grazing, ruminating and other activities, the numbers of grazing, ruminating, of bites per day and chews per cake, the grazing times, total power and total chewing, bit rate, time to swallow; time per bolus ruminated; chewing speed and power efficiency for NDF were not altered by increased levels of concentrate. The time of trough, the trough period, the bit size, the chews time for bolus, feeding efficiency for DM, NFC, and TDN and rumination efficiency linearly increased. Periods of rumination, deglutition bits, number of rumination chews per day, decreased linearly with increasing levels of concentrate. Significant quadratic effect of concentrate level on the number of periods in other activities and over time on other activities. Supplementation with 33.8% concentrate in the diet of cows grazing not promote changes in the activity of grazing, ruminating and other activities, but increases the time of trough. The increase in concentrate diet improves the efficiencies of feeding and rumination

S. Neill, J. Pollock, D. Bryson et al.

R. Loftus, O. Ertuğrul, A. H. Harba et al.

Koziel Monika, Lucey Brigid, Bullman Susan et al.

<p>Abstract</p> <p><it>Campylobacter jejuni</it> and <it>coli</it> are collectively regarded as the most prevalent cause of bacterial foodborne illness worldwide. An emerging species, <it>Campylobacter ureolyticus</it> has recently been detected in patients with gastroenteritis, however, the source of this organism has, until now, remained unclear. Herein, we describe the molecular-based detection of this pathogen in bovine faeces (1/20) and unpasteurized milk (6/47) but not in poultry (chicken wings and caeca). This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first report of the presence of this potential gastrointestinal pathogen in an animal source, possibly suggesting a route for its transmission to humans.</p>

A. C. Schmutzer, M. Gray, E. Burton et al.