Hasil untuk "Archaeology"

Gustavo Barrientos, Gustavo Barrientos, Luciana Catella et al.

The aim of this paper is to present and discuss an approach to address the spatial variation in the degree and type of omnivory exhibited by human populations that inhabited the temperate zone of South America east of the Andes (30°-56° S) during the late Holocene. This approach is based on the interpolation mapping of transformed isotopic niches, understood as the position occupied by an individual or group of individuals in a space that results from transforming one or more of the delta (δ) variables that specify the original isotopic niche (e.g., δ15N [‰]) into derived variables such as trophic position (TP). Our results indicate a strong spatial structuring of both transformed isotopic niches and three omnivory categories (OC I, OC II, and OC III), defined by ranges of TP values (i.e., 2.0–2.99; 3.0–3.99; ≥4.0). Among the factors that likely structured spatial variation in the degree and type of omnivory are those characterizing the physical environment (e.g., net primary productivity or NPP, effective temperature or ET) and the biotic environment (e.g., differential distribution of marine biota). Since these factors have confounding effects, it is difficult to distinguish, given our current state of knowledge, which is the most important. For this reason, we conclude that macroecological analyses are needed that go beyond pattern recognition to address the identification and explanation of underlying processes.

Jahira Banu, Sulochana Sakthivel

Background: In the domains of forensic science, anatomy, archaeology, and sports medicine, morphometric data of long bones are important. The morphometry of the tibia is essential for the successful outcome of total knee arthroplasty. The lower end of the tibia, which forms the ankle joint, is commonly impacted in accidents and sports injuries. Objective: The present study aims to reappraise the morphometry of the adult dry tibia in South India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 60 bones of adult human dry tibia obtained from the bone collection of the department of anatomy. Various parameters of the upper end, shaft, and lower end of the tibia were measured using a digital Vernier caliper. Results: The tibial length varied from 32.7 to 42.7 cm, with a mean length of 36.79 ± 2.24. The Cnemic index, Foraminal index, Length–thickness index, and Cross-section index were 72.57 ± 11, 32.1 ± 3.3, 75.7 ± 11.1, and 22.95 ± 1.53, respectively. According to the foraminal index, 75% of the bones belonged to Type-1 and 25% to Type-2, where the nutrient foramen was in the proximal and middle third of the bone, respectively. Conclusions: The present study gives observational morphometric data of the tibia, which will be helpful in clinical as well as in medicolegal cases. These parameters will help in the selection of the correct prosthesis for a successful surgery, and we hope this morphometric analysis will have substantial significance across various disciplines.

German Morong-Reyes, Matthias Gloël

En 1563, y en medio de la discusión sobre la perpetuidad de las encomiendas en el Perú (1560-1570), un parecer fue remitido al presidente del Consejo de Indias, Juan Sarmiento (ca.1518-1564). Tal escrito, titulado Parecer cerca de la perpetuidad y buen gobierno de los indios del Perú y aviso de lo que deben hacer los encomenderos para salvarse –cuya autoría es desconocida– constituye una respuesta teóricamente elaborada, opuesta a los informes y pareceres de factura dominica que promovían el fin de las encomiendas como responsables directas del abuso, explotación y miseria de los indios. En este artículo se analiza este documento considerando su contexto de producción en virtud de ponderar el ejercicio del buen gobierno respecto de la necesidad de mantener los fueros y costumbres de los naturales. La hipótesis central plantea que este texto, junto a un conjunto no menor de textos oficiales, seculares y religiosos, al servicio del buen gobierno y del asentamiento de la policía cristiana en los reinos del Perú, es parte de una discursividad general que en la década de 1560 a 1570 resaltaba positivamente las prácticas de gobernanza incaicas, a la vez que ratificaba  el argumento sobre la inferioridad natural de los indios.

Deniz Cennet Çınar, Selçuk Bilir, Timur Şahin et al.

We present a multi-method investigation of four metal-poor G-type main-sequence stars to resolve their Galactic origins. By combining high-resolution spectroscopy from PolarBase, photometric/astrometric data from Gaia DR3, and spectral energy distribution (SED) modelling, we derive precise stellar parameters, chemical abundances, kinematics and Galactic orbital parameters. The stars HD 22879, HD 144579, HD 188510, and HD 201891 show effective temperatures of 5855 +/- 110, 5300 +/- 160, 5370 +/- 60, and 5880 +/- 90 K; surface gravities of 4.40 +/- 0.18, 4.52 +/- 0.37, 4.57 +/- 0.13, and 4.48 +/- 0.18 (in cgs units); and metallicities of -0.86 +/- 0.08, -0.55 +/- 0.12, -1.60 +/- 0.07, and -1.15 +/- 0.07 dex, respectively. Kinematic analysis suggests that HD 22879, HD 144579, and HD 201891 are potential bulge-origin escapees, possibly ejected by the Galactic bar or spiral arm perturbations. HD 188510, however, shows halo-like dynamics, including a retrograde orbit. Chemical abundance trends ([alpha/Fe] vs. [Fe/H]) reveal mixed origins, challenging kinematic classifications. This discrepancy highlights the importance of integrative methodologies in Galactic archaeology. We associate HD 22879, HD 144579, and HD 201891 with the bulge globular clusters NGC 6441, NGC 5927, and NGC 6544, respectively. HD 188510's retrograde motion and low metallicity align with ejection from the halo globular cluster NGC 5139 (omega Centauri). These results illustrate the complex interplay of dynamical processes -- including bar resonances, spiral arm perturbations, and tidal stripping -- in depositing metal-poor stars into the solar neighborhood.

Shenglan Sun, Yang Huang, Fangzhou Jiang et al.

The earliest assembly of the Milky Way remains poorly understood, yet the spatial, chemical, and kinematic properties of its most metal-poor stars provide a unique fossil record of its proto-Galaxy phase. Understanding how this ancient component formed is essential for linking near-field Galactic archaeology to high-redshift galaxy evolution. We construct the currently largest 3D map of inner-Galaxy metal-poor giants by combining several narrow/medium-band photometric surveys, reaching metallicities down to $\mathrm{[Fe/H]}\sim-3.5$. Our final sample contains 5,095,676 giants, including 1,717,610 stars with $\mathrm{[Fe/H]}<-1$. Across $-4\le \mathrm{[Fe/H]}<-1$, the density distribution reveals a centrally concentrated, flattened spheroidal component extending to $r_{\rm gc}\sim15$ kpc, together with a prominent overdensity near $X\sim-5$ kpc that is dominated by metal-poor stars on disklike orbits, with a kinematically hot background also present. The selection-function-corrected metallicity distribution function shows a distinct, very metal-poor component around $\mathrm{[Fe/H]}\sim-2.7$ that becomes most prominent at 1$<r_{\rm gc}<$3 kpc. Stars with $-3.5\lesssim\mathrm{[Fe/H]}\lesssim-1.4$ exhibit weak net rotation and low rotational support within $r_{\rm gc}<15$ kpc. Finally, we briefly note that the centrally enhanced very metal-poor component could be qualitatively consistent with one or more early dissipative build-up episodes (e.g., high-$z$ compaction/"blue-nugget" phases) as one possible interpretation.

Valeria Grisoni, Federico Rizzuti, Gabriele Cescutti

The chemical evolution of fluorine is still a matter of debate in Galactic archaeology, especially at low metallicities, where it is particularly challenging to obtain the corresponding chemical abundances from observations. We present here the first detailed theoretical study of the chemical evolution of fluorine at low metallicity by means of a stochastic chemical evolution model for the Galactic halo, in light of the most recent data for fluorine, which further pushed observations to lower metallicities down to [Fe/H]$\sim$-4 dex, more than a factor of 10 lower in metallicity than previous detections. We employ a state-of-the-art stochastic chemical evolution model to follow the evolution in the Galactic halo, which has been shown to reproduce well the main observables in this Galactic component and the abundance patterns of CNO and neutron-capture elements, and we implement nucleosynthesis prescriptions for fluorine, focusing on the chemical evolution of this element. By comparing recent observations with model predictions, we confirm the importance of rotating massive stars at low metallicities to explain both the [F/Fe] vs [Fe/H] and [F/O] vs [O/H] diagrams. In particular, we showed that we can reach high [F/Fe]$\sim$2 dex at [Fe/H]$\sim$-4 dex, in agreement with recent observations at the lowest metallicity. With a stochastic chemical evolution model for the Galactic halo, we confirm the importance of rotating massive stars as fluorine producers, as hinted by previous studies using chemical evolution models for the Galactic disc. We also expect an important production of F at high redshift, in agreement with recent detections of supersolar N by JWST. Further data for fluorine at low metallicities and also at high redshift would be needed to put further constraints on the chemical evolution of fluorine and be compared to our theoretical predictions.

Jennifer Mead, Rebeca De La Garza, Melissa Ness

Chemical tagging is a central pursuit of galactic archaeology, but requires sufficiently discriminative abundances to uniquely identify sites of star formation. This task is complicated by intrinsic scatter among conatal stars, inter-element correlations, imprecise abundance measurements, and systematics across stellar evolutionary states. In this work, we formalize the abundance correlation structure of the disk by quantifying the amplitude of information in individual element abundances once a subset is known, and map inter-element residual correlations to uncover hidden signatures of nucleosynthesis. We use two datasets of 79 (593) stars across $-0.15<\rm [Fe/H]<0.13$ ($-1<\rm [Fe/H]<0.41$) with measurements of 30 (19) element abundances of solar neighborhood stars, including 11 (7) light and $α$, 7 (3) Fe-peak, and 12 (9) neutron capture elements. With a simple linear regression model, we predict most $α$ and Fe-peak element abundances within 0.03~dex ($\sim7\%$), and neutron capture elements within 0.05~dex ($\sim10\%$). Including first and second peak s-process elements as predictors improves most neutron capture element predictions to within 0.02~dex (5\%), although no predictive power is gained by including an r-process element. We uncover strong (anti-)correlations in small residual abundances between and within element families. Our finding that disk abundance space is rigidly coupled, from light to heavy elements, implies chemical tagging is infeasible at $>2\%$ precision for $\sim$30 elements. However, the residual structure encodes fingerprints of star formation history, inherited from nucleosynthesis and environmental variations, and provides critical constraints for chemical evolution models. Future disk surveys must achieve sub-2-5\% precision in 30+ elements to access this independent information.

Anna Rygula, Anna Klisińska-Kopacz, Paulina Krupska-Wolas et al.

Amber has been used to create decorative items for centuries, but its degradation presents challenges for conservators. This study identifies substances historically used to protect amber objects, especially those from 17th and 18th century Gdansk workshops. Despite their historical value, information on amber conservation is scarce. Traditional substances are noted, but their exact compositions and effects on amber remain unclear. Synthetic resins, introduced in the late 19th century, also degrade, complicating conservation due to their removal difficulty and interference with amber identification. This research aimed to develop methods for detecting and analyzing protective coatings on amber objects using macroscopic and microscopic techniques. Initial methods included analytical photography under visible and UV light and reflectance imaging spectroscopy (RIS) to assess the surface. Raman spectroscopy (RS) and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) were used for detailed analysis. RS provided precise layer-specific information but was sensitive to surface conditions, while XRF quickly identified inorganic compounds but not organic materials. Examining amber objects from Polish collections using this methodology revealed various protective substances, including synthetic resins and nitrocellulose varnishes. This research contributes to amber conservation by proposing a comprehensive material analysis approach, essential for developing effective conservation strategies for these historic objects.

Valter Di Cecco, Aurelio Manzi, Camillo Zulli et al.

Studying the evolution of seed morphology and, in turn, the evolution of cultivars across time and space is of fundamental importance to agriculture and archaeology. The identification of ancient and modern grapevine (<i>Vitis vinifera</i> L.) cultivars is essential for understanding the historical evolution of grape cultivation. Grape seed morphology provides valuable information to explore the evolution of grape cultivars over time and space. The main aim of our study was to build a comprehensive regional database of grape seed morphological traits from modern and archaeological wine cultivars and wild grape species. We aimed to identify which seeds of modern grape cultivars exhibited morphological similarities to archaeological cultivars. This study focused on fifteen distinct modern types of seeds and two archaeological samples from the Byzantine-to-Early Medieval period. We acquired digital images of seeds using a flatbed scanner. For each sample, 100 seeds were randomly selected, and morphometric data on each seed were gathered using ImageJ. Differences among the seed cultivars were investigated using linear discriminant analysis. Archaeological seeds were found to be more similar to cultivated <i>V. vinifera</i> cultivars rather than <i>V. sylvestris</i> populations. Among the cultivated cultivars, Sangiovese and Tosta antica resulted to be cultivars most similar cultivars to the archaeological ones. The morphometric analysis of grape seeds proved to be a valuable resource for investigating the evolution of vine cultivars throughout history. Combining image analysis techniques with genetic data will open new perspectives for studying the origins of and variations in grape cultivars, contributing to the conservation and enhancement of viticultural heritage.

tayebeh hosseinpoor derakhshesh, habib shahbazi shiran, mohammad ebrahim zareei et al.

To convey the content of Lime stuccowork carvings, artists have used encryption and symbolism and designed the carvings in a symbolic and stylized way, transmitting their message to the audience with the simplest design. The research method is descriptive, historical-comparative, which has been done through field investigation and library studies. Research questions are as following: 1. What motifs do the Lime stuccowork decorative elements include and what is the relationship between the motifs and the founders of the bathhouses? 2. From which sources the decorative arrays of the bathhouses are adapted? The results of the research show the employed decorative patterns consist of geometric, arabesque, vegetal, flower and vase, and animal and bird motifs. These decorative elements drew inspirations from nature, ancient beliefs, and archaism. Lime stuccowork has an important place among the decorative arrays of bathhouses. Due to the easy hammering of lime and its use as a resistant building material, it has been used in hot and humid areas of the bathhouse. The peak of this decorative art is related to the Qajar period. The use of plant, geometric and animal motifs, especially the image of birds such as peacocks and birds of paradise, has been used to decorate the main space of the Qajar bathhouses. What can be seen in the decorations of the Qajar era bathhouses is the evolved stage of the Lime stuccowork motifs and decorations of the Safavid and Zandiya periods. Some of the later motifs, such as arabesque and toranj, have evolved, but many others, such as Cedar motifs, lotus flowers, khatai, six feathers, and geometric motifs have their original shape. In addition to the decorative aspect, plant motifs in Qajar period arts are a symbol of omen, blessing, benevolence, fertility, immortality, and permanence of the kingdom. In the Qajar period, we see the growth and spread of images with literary and mythological themes that started from the Zandiyeh period. The presence of elaborate decorations in different spaces of the bathhouse shows the importance and status of the mansion owners. Mythological and symbolic animal motifs have been noticed in the decoration of the bathhouse walls. The use of a peacock in the Moshir Diwan and Sheikh al-Islam baths shows fertility and beauty, and the character of a goat shows being a leader. According to the social status of local judges, the lion is a symbol of power, and the sword in the hands of the lion and the talons of the eagle represent the administration of justice. The role of the lion, sun and sword in the decoration of these baths, as well as the use of balance and symmetry in most of its motifs, is probably related to the position of the builders of the buildings.

Piotr Kania-Kaniowski

(Defensor civitatis. Legal protection authority in the later Roman Empire): In the 4th century, an official with the title defensor civitatis became widespread in the Roman Empire. His task was to protect the poor from administrative injustices. Noteworthy were his powers regarding taxation, which served the state’s fiscal goals by protecting sources of tax revenue. Initially, the defensor enjoyed a certain level of independence, but over time the position became subordinated to the local elites. In the 5th and 6th centuries, the original function of this official was distorted.

L. Buffarini, H. J. Rabal, N. L. Cap et al.

We carried out an experimental set-up for reading a hidden drawing under papyrus using an optical technique based on the speckle phenomenon that is observed when a rough surface is illuminated by laser light. We propose the use of several wavelengths of light illumination and adaptive algorithms to process the speckle images. We employ a set of filters to produce better discrimination of the results as visually judged. This approach is a cheap and relatively simple non-destructive and non-invasive procedure that could be extended to other painted objects or subsurface hidings of archaeological interest, as well as, to other dynamic speckle experiments.

P. A. Palicio, E. Spitoni, A. Recio-Blanco et al.

Context: In the last years, a significant number of works have focused on finding analytic solutions for the chemical enrichment models of galactic systems, including the Milky Way. Some of these solutions, however, cannot account for the enrichment produced by Type Ia SNe due to the presence of the delay time distributions (DTDs) in the models. Aims: We present a new analytic solution for the chemical evolution model of the Galaxy. This solution can be used with different prescriptions of the DTD, including the single and double degenerate scenarios, and allows the inclusion of an arbitrary number of pristine gas infalls. Methods: We integrate the chemical evolution model by extending the instantaneous recycling approximation with the contribution of Type Ia SNe. For those DTDs that lead to non-analytic integrals, we describe them as a superposition of Gaussian, exponential and 1/t functions using a restricted least-squares fitting method. Results: We obtain the exact solution for a chemical model with Type Ia SNe widely used in previous works. This solution can reproduce the expected chemical evolution of the alpha and iron-peak elements in less computing time than numerical integration methods. We compare the pattern in the [Si/Fe] vs. [Fe/H] plane observed by APOGEE DR17 with that predicted by the model. We find the low alpha sequence can be explained by a delayed gas infall. We exploit the applicability of our solution by modelling the chemical evolution of a simulated Milky Way-like galaxy from its star formation history. The implementation of our solution is released as a python package. Conclusions: Our solution constitutes a promising tool for the Galactic Archaeology and is able to model the observed trends in alpha element abundances versus [Fe/H] in the solar neighbourhood. We infer the chemical information of a simulated galaxy modelled without Chemistry.

Alessandro Trinca, Raffaella Schneider, Roberto Maiolino et al.

In this paper we provide predictions for the BH population that would be observable with planned JWST surveys at $5 \le z \le 15$. We base our study on the recently developed Cosmic Archaeology Tool (CAT), which allows us to model BH seeds formation and growth, while being consistent with the general population of AGNs and galaxies observed at $4 \le z \le 7$. We find that JWST planned surveys will provide a complementary view on active BHs at $z > 5$, with JADES-Medium/-Deep being capable of detecting the numerous BHs that populate the faint-end of the distribution, COSMOS-Web sampling a large enough area to detect the rarest brightest systems, and CEERS/PRIMER bridging the gap between these two regimes. The relatively small field of view of the above surveys preferentially selects BHs with masses $6 \leq {\rm Log} (M_{\rm BH}/M_\odot) < 8$ at $7 \le z < 10$, residing in relatively metal poor (${\rm Log} (Z/Z_\odot) \ge -2$) and massive ($8\leq {\rm Log} (M_*/M_\odot) < 10$) galaxies. At $z \ge 10$, only JADES-Deep will have the sensitivity to detect growing BHs with masses $4 \leq {\rm Log} (M_{\rm BH}/M_\odot) < 6$, hosted by more metal poor ($-3 \leq {\rm Log} (Z/Z_\odot) < -2$) and less massive ($6 \leq {\rm Log} (M_*/M_\odot) < 8$) galaxies. In our model, the latter population corresponds to heavy BH seeds formed by the direct collapse of super-massive stars in their earliest phases of mass growth. Detecting these systems would provide invaluable insights on the nature and early growth of the first BH seeds.

María Teresa Plaza, Daniel Pavlovic, Marcos Martinón-Torres

La expansión del Tawantinsuyu en el valle del Aconcagua (Chile central) fue culturalmente mediada y evitando la coerción militar, lo que derivó en distintas formas de aceptación, resistencia y aculturación. En este contexto, son casi inexistentes los estudios que discutan cómo este proceso se manifestó en la tecnología metalúrgica del Período Tardío (ca. 1400-1530 DC). Presentamos los resultados del estudio tecnológico sobre un conjunto de crisoles y moldes encontrados en el valle del Aconcagua y asociados a piezas metálicas hechas en base a cobre, utilizando microscopía óptica, petrografía, SEM-EDS, XRD y FTIR. Nuestros resultados indican que las materias primas utilizadas fueron rocas ígneas obtenidas de depósitos probablemente locales, mezcladas con pequeñas cantidades de arcillas tipo esmectitas-montmorillonitas. En el caso de los moldes, estos además contenían hueso molido como antiplástico. Todas las cerámicas fueron cubiertas con una pasta de hueso puro para mejorar su refractariedad. Las temperaturas de cocción se estimaron entre 800 y 850 °C para los moldes y superior a los 900 °C para los crisoles. La morfología y tecnología utilizada sugieren que una tradición tecnológica originada en el Noroeste Argentino fue introducida al valle del Aconcagua y aceptada por ciertas comunidades locales durante la expansión del Tawantinsuyu.

M. Tsantaki, E. Pancino, P. Marrese et al.

In the present-day panorama of large spectroscopic surveys, the amount, diversity, and complexity of the available data continuously increase. We present a comprehensive catalogue, the Survey of Surveys (SoS), built by homogeneously merging the radial velocity (RV) determinations of the largest ground-based spectroscopic surveys to date, such as APOGEE, GALAH, Gaia-ESO, RAVE, and LAMOST, using Gaia as reference. We have devised a multi-staged procedure that includes: i) the cross match between Gaia and the spectroscopic surveys using the official Gaia cross-match algorithm, ii) the normalization of uncertainties using repeated measurements or the three-cornered hat method, iii) the cross calibration of the RVs as a function of the main parameters they depend on (magnitude, effective temperature, surface gravity, metallicity, and signal-to-noise ratio) to remove trends and zero point offsets, and iv) the comparison with external high-resolution samples, such as the Gaia RV standards and the Geneva-Copenhagen survey, to validate the homogenization procedure and to calibrate the RV zero-point of the SoS catalogue. We provide the largest homogenized RV catalogue to date, containing almost 11 million stars, of which about half come exclusively from Gaia and half in combination with the ground-based surveys. We estimate the accuracy of the RV zero-point to be about 0.16-0.31 km/s and the RV precision to be in the range 0.05-1.50 km/s depending on the type of star and on its survey provenance. We validate the SoS RVs with open clusters from a high resolution homogeneous samples and we provide median RVs for 532 clusters recently discovered by Gaia data. The SoS is publicly available, ready to be applied to various research projects, such as the study of star clusters, Galactic archaeology, stellar streams, or the characterization of planet-hosting stars, to name a few.

Sayed Awad Mohamed, Ruey-Lin Chang, Cassandre Hartenstein et al.

Gonzalo Ezequiel Lus Bietti