In the now famous Külob inscriptions from Taǧikistān, the son of Euthydemos I of Baktria, Prince Demetrios, is celebrated as “glorious in victory” (παῖς καλλἰνικος), a testament to his role in the defense against the encroaching Antiochos III: a precocious sign of the military aspect of his royal persona. He would go on to campaign far and wide in India, and his coins closely associated him with either Dionysos or Alexander the Great. Scholars have long interpreted this evidence as an attempt from the Baktrian kings to tap into the symbolic capital of the Makedonian founder to compete for imperial validity against the Seleukids. This paper argues for a broader interpretative contest, suggesting that the Indian campaigns of Demetrios can be more properly understood within an age-long discourse of Empire and universal rule of Near Eastern origin, which found its most elaborated expression under the Achaemenids. Furthermore, it brings into the picture the ethnohistorical record to suggest a new approach to Hellenistic royalty at large through the prism of sacred (divine) kingship.
The aim of the article is to analyse trends in the field of digital management of graphic archives in the context of the rapidly changing information environment, to consider issues of data security and accessibility. To raise the issue of popularising the study of the bookplate as an independent genre in the fine arts and as a historical document that attests to the era, events and people. The history of ex-libris goes back to ancient times, with the appearance of the text and its first owner. This history is multifaceted, diverse and touches on various aspects of the worldwide development of human culture. The development of bookplate collecting and the study of bookplates dates back to the Middle Ages, from which time we can trace the history of the transformation of the bookplate from a bookmark with a protective function to an independent art object and collector’s item.
This paper examines several modern methods of organising and preserving an ex-libris collection, providing an overview of the key technologies involved in these processes, drawing on contemporary and historical research. The research results are primarily intended for use in the collections of the Pushkin Museum in Chișinău and are based on the largest ex-libris collection in the country, which includes over 15,000 items. The collection needs to be described, systematised and assigned in order to prepare it for further research and exhibitions.
Importance. A landmark event in the history of Russia in the last third of the 18th century was the development of private printing houses, which destroyed the state and church monopoly on printing publications. The work of publishing houses played a decisive role in satisfying the spiritual needs of the broad masses of the population, contributed to the secularization of the national book culture. At the same time, the richness and diversity of fiction, educational and scientific literature, produced both in Russian and in foreign languages, thoroughly influenced the emergence and dissemination of new information and facts, increased the level of education of all segments of the reading population. Despite the existence of extensive research on the book publishing of this period, there is a well-known imbalance in the description of the activities of famous domestic printers and their foreign colleagues. Meanwhile, it was foreign specialists (I.M. Hartung, J.J. Weitbrecht, etc.) who played a key role in opening the first private printing houses in Russia. The study of their activities contributes to the increment of knowledge on the Russian book culture history, allows you to consider unknown pages of Russian book publishing and book trade.Research Methods. The main sources of the study are the materials of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (Fund 17, Fund 248), as well as legislative acts and orders of that time that influenced the book trade.Results and Discussion. Being a characteristic feature of the development of information culture in the first half of the 18th century, censorship could not stop the transformative role of books in the history of Russia. As a result of the intensification of book printing in the country, the emergence of free book trade, the successful operation of new education models, interest in printed products has noticeably increased. Book business has ceased to be only a capital occupation and has become the property of the whole country. By allowing everyone to start printing houses at will, the state equated them with factories, which facilitated the processes of creating and developing their own printing business.Conclusion. The activity of private book publishers in Russia in the second half of the 18th century created opportunities for the formation of the national book market, filling it with various scientific, fiction and educational literature. Thus, the printers contributed to the dissemination of the widest knowledge among the Russian population, increased the variety and quality of the literature sold.
The article is devoted to the analysis of the main stages in the development of the history of plastic surgery as one of the important sections of surgery that deals with aesthetic aspects of human health and has always been an integral part of medicine. The purpose of the article is to identify and characterize the main periods of the formation and development of plastic surgery. While writing the article, comparative historical and analytical methods of historical and medical research were used. The main results consist in presenting the stages of development of plastic surgery, starting from the era of the Ancient World, and ending with Modern times. A description of the contribution to plastic surgery of the most prominent representatives of this field is presented. In conclusion, it is concluded that there are three periods of plastic surgery development: the empirical period (II century BC - mid-XIX century), the period of formation of the foundations of plastic surgery (mid-XIX century - 1950s), the modern period (1960s - present).
This article collects the main guidelines of our master's thesis in Specific Didactics, at the Universidad Nacional delLitoral, entitled ‘The teaching of the temporal dimension in Ancient history textbooks. A study oftheirconstruction and use’.The aim was to understand how temporality is constructed and developed, as a theoretical category, in six selectedtextbooks for the teaching of Ancient history, published in three different normative contexts.The objectives pursued were, included, but not limited, to identify and describe concepts and representations of temporality in ancient history textbooks; to elaborate hypotheses on what criteria have been followed in the treatment of temporality and the selection/proposal of resources/activities ofeach one; to analyzeand compare the treatment of temporality in different Ancient history textbooks (according to the publisher and the year of publication); and to understand the theories supporting the different proposals analyzedand what type of relationship they establish between researched/taught history.
Theory and practice of education, History (General)
Ivan Pavlů, Tereza Machová, Alžběta Pchálková-Bártová
This paper presents an overview of the latest information about the beginnings of the technology of pottery making in the area of the forest-steppe belt in Siberia and the Russian part of Eastern Europe all the way to the Ural Mountains. From a continental point of view, a brief spatiotemporal diagram presents a completely different background of the beginnings of pottery in our lands and also in corresponding parts of Southeast Europe, where the origin of pottery has traditionally been linked to the Neolithisation of Europe. The earliest pottery technology in China dates back to 20 000 BP, followed by all the subsequent data from the Far East area to Lake Baikal. The earliest pottery culture, Jomon, which had been developing in Japan for more than ten thousand years, is not included here. In the Russian part of Eastern Europe, pottery technology starts developing only after 8 000 BP. Typologically uniform and mostly unchangeable development of beaker-shaped pottery, mostly with a pointed bottom, is common for both these areas. This development continues in Scandinavia and adjacent areas of the Baltic and in Atlantic Europe. In the central parts of Europe, similar shapes only occur sporadically in the earliest period. However, the earliest Eurasian pottery had influenced the development of later prehistoric periods. Numerous settlement groups on the Eurasian continents were characterised by two traditions that are archaeologically recognisable. In simple terms, one of the traditions was agricultural, the other conservative.
The purpose of the article is to carry out a reflection on the subject of reception of ancient Egyptian ritual dances in the research field of national choreology and to identify the artistic and stylistic peculiarities of their performance. Methodology. Reflexive analysis has been used to determine in certain types of ancient Egyptian ritual dances of some stable attributes of their existence, the hermeneutic method allows an attempt to interpret the latter taking into account the religious and mythological worldview of the ancient Egyptians, historical makes it possible to comprehend the formation and functioning of ritual dances against the background of cultural and historical development of the Ancient Egypt. Scientific novelty. For the first time in the domestic art criticism, an attempt was made to study ancient Egyptian ritual dances and it is based on the analysis of head-sab (Pharaoh’s run), “underfoot”, “Eternity Feast” and dances in honor of the goddess Hathor to reveal their artistic and stylistic features. Conclusions. Ancient Egyptian ritual dances were formed under the influence and in the context of the formation of religious and mythological beliefs, which are based on the requiem cult and deification of the pharaoh’s power throughout the history of ancient Egypt. They begin to take shape even in the pre-dynastic period, acquiring specific features in a particular the cosmogonic concept. The compositional decision and the rational organization of ritual dances corresponded to established canonical principles, meaningful within the limits of the dominant “theological discourse” (J. Assman). Created in time and space with the help of such attributes as posture, jump, movement, gesture, step, rhythm, plasticity, ancient Egyptian ritual dances in their religious form were intense spiritual work and the Egyptians spiritual creativity, and in artistic form they represented an organically-syncretic unity of perfect dance forms, among which are the “dance of the stars” performed by the priests, the “feast of Eternity”, dances head-sab (Pharaoh’s run) and “underfoot”, dances in honor of the goddess Hathor.
El manuscrito 6513 de la Biblioteca Nacional de España contiene una extensa colección de textos producidos en escuelas jesuitas durante los siglos XVI y XVII.
Entre estos materiales se encuentra una amplificación retórica de la fábula esópica del asno que, disfrazado con una piel de león, fue descubierto por una raposa. En el presente artículo se edita y analiza esta breve pieza, a fin de mostrar que el texto se inspira en la fábula del león y la raposa incluida en los progymnasmata publicados por Bartolomé Bravo, S. I.
First identified by the Egyptians in 2640 BC, podagra (acute gout occurring in the first metatarsophalangeal joint) was later recognized by Hippocrates in the fifth century BC, who referred to it as 'the unwalkable disease'. The term is derived from the Latin word gutta (or 'drop'), and referred to the prevailing medieval belief that an excess of one of the four 'humors' – which in equilibrium were thought to maintain health – would, under certain circumstances, 'drop' or flow into a joint, causing pain and inflammation. Throughout history, gout has been associated with rich foods and excessive alcohol consumption. Because it is clearly associated with a lifestyle that, at least in the past, could only be afforded by the affluent, gout has been referred to as the 'disease of kings'. Although there is evidence that colchicine, an alkaloid derived from the autumn crocus (Colchicum autumnale), was used as a powerful purgative in ancient Greece more than 2000 years ago, its first use as a selective and specific treatment for gout is attributed to the Byzantine Christian physician Alexander of Tralles in the sixth century AD. Uricosuric agents were first used at the end of the 19th century. In the modern era, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are usually the drugs of choice for treating acute gout. Perhaps the most important historical advance in the treatment of hyperuricemia was the development of xanthine oxidase inhibitors, which are effective in reducing plasma and urinary urate levels and have been shown to reverse the development of tophaceous deposits.
Domestic horses represent a genetic paradox: although they have the greatest number of maternal lineages (mtDNA) of all domestic species, their paternal lineages are extremely homogeneous on the Y-chromosome. In order to address their huge mtDNA variation and the origin and history of maternal lineages in domestic horses, we analyzed 1961 partial d-loop sequences from 207 ancient remains and 1754 modern horses. The sample set ranged from Alaska and North East Siberia to the Iberian Peninsula and from the Late Pleistocene to modern times. We found a panmictic Late Pleistocene horse population ranging from Alaska to the Pyrenees. Later, during the Early Holocene and the Copper Age, more or less separated sub-populations are indicated for the Eurasian steppe region and Iberia. Our data suggest multiple domestications and introgressions of females especially during the Iron Age. Although all Eurasian regions contributed to the genetic pedigree of modern breeds, most haplotypes had their roots in Eastern Europe and Siberia. We found 87 ancient haplotypes (Pleistocene to Mediaeval Times); 56 of these haplotypes were also observed in domestic horses, although thus far only 39 haplotypes have been confirmed to survive in modern breeds. Thus, at least seventeen haplotypes of early domestic horses have become extinct during the last 5,500 years. It is concluded that the large diversity of mtDNA lineages is not a product of animal breeding but, in fact, represents ancestral variability.