Various spatial-gradient extensions of standard viscoelastic rheologies of the Kelvin-Voigt, Maxwell's, and Jeffreys' types are analyzed in linear one-dimensional situations as far as the propagation of waves and their dispersion and attenuation. These gradient extensions are then presented in the large-strain nonlinear variants where they are sometimes used rather for purely analytical reasons either in the Lagrangian or the Eulerian formulations without realizing this wave-propagation context.The interconnection between these two modeling aspects is thus revealed in particular selected cases.
This study numerically investigates the aerodynamic forces and flow-induced noise generated by SAE-T4, Ahmed, and Hybrid forebody shapes with a squareback vehicle configuration using SBES-FW-H. The results show significant differences in lift coefficients and the presence of a horseshoe vortex at the mirror, with smaller eddies that interact with A-pillar vortices, resulting in pronounced pressure fluctuations and noise generation on the side window for the three configurations. Surprisingly, negligible differences in aerodynamic drag and radiated sound are predicted despite these effects.
The homogenization of one-dimensional acoustic or elastic structures of finite extent is considered. A new homogenization method based on transfer matrices is derived. The new homogenization method may account for variable cross sectional area and for Willis coupling, which couples the stress-strain and momentum-velocity constitutive relations. The homogenization method is then demonstrated by considering acoustic waves normally incident upon a rigidly-backed double-layered wall and plane waves propagating in a duct with a section of exponentially-growing cross-sectional area.
Motivated by specific data and accuracy requirements for building numerical databases of turbulent flows, data compression using spatio-temporal sub-sampling and local re-simulation is proposed. Numerical re-simulation experiments for decaying isotropic turbulence based on sub-sampled data are undertaken. The results and error analyses are used to establish parameter choices for sufficiently accurate sub-sampling and sub-domain re-simulation.
In this paper, a modified normalized Rortex/vortex identification method named Omega_R is presented to improve the original Omega_R method and cure the bulging phenomenon on the iso-surfaces caused by the original Omega_R method. Detailed mathematical explanations and the relationship with the Q criterion are described. In addition, the new developed formula does not require two original coordinate rotations, and the calculation is greatly simplified. The numerical results are demonstrated to show the effectiveness of the new modified normalized Rortex/vortex identification method.
The input of the hydraulically induced shear traction into the elasticity equation is estimated for the entire fracture surface. It is established that, except for negligibly small vicinities of a pointed source and of the fluid front, the relative input of the viscous shear does not exceed 10 - 4 of the input of the conventionally accounted term. The estimation is true for Newtonian, as well as non-Newtonian thinning fluids. This implies that there is no need to account for viscous shear not only in the form of conventional near-front asymptotics and fracture conditions, but also in factors entering them.
We present a numerical scheme for immiscible two-phase flows with one compressible and one incompressible phase. Special emphasis lies in the discussion of the coupling strategy for compressible and incompressible Euler equations to simulate inviscid liquid-vapour flows. To reduce the computational effort further, we also introduce two approximate coupling strategies. The resulting schemes are compared numerically to a fully compressible scheme and show good agreement with these standard algorithm at lower numerical costs.
An numerical iterative framework for global modal stability analysis of compressible flows using a parallel environment is presented. The framework uses a matrix-free implementation to allow computations of large scale problems. Various methods are tested with regard to convergence acceleration of the framework. The methods consist of a spectral Cayley transformation used to select desired Eigenvalues from a large spectrum, an improved linear solver and a parallel block-Jacobi preconditioning scheme.
Numerical solution of non-steady problems of supersonic inflow of a binary mixture of a rarefied gas on a normally posed wall with mirror and diffuse reflection laws is obtained on the basis of the kinetic Boltzmann equation for the model of hard sphere molecules. For calculation of collision integrals we apply the projection method, developed by Tcheremissine for a one-component gas and generalized by the author for a binary gas mixture in the case of cylindrical symmetry. We demonstrate a good qualitative agreement of our results with other authors for one-component gases.
Until now it was not a success to identify a universal triggering mechanism for the formation of the observed cyclon-anticyclon vortex asymmetry phenomenon or the corresponding breaking of chiral vortex symmetry in the rotating medium. In this paper the new linear universal instability mechanism of breaking chiral vortex symmetry due to the super threshold medium rotation frequence in the presence of linear Eckman friction is established. A new non stationary solution to the problem of the disc oscillations in fluid in the connection with experiments on the rotating superfluid helium-II has been found.
Tadeusz Kulczycki, Mateusz Kwaśnicki, Bartłomiej Siudeja
In the paper we numerically study positions of high spots (extrema) of the fundamental sloshing mode of liquid in an axisymmetric tank. Our approach is based on a linear model reducing the problem to appropriate Steklov eigenvalue problem. We propose a numerical scheme for calculating sloshing modes and a novel method of making images of oscillating fluid. We also describe the relation of the high spot problem to the celebrated hot spots conjecture.
A new model for the drag coefficient of a sphere in a concentrated system is described. It is based upon a cell-averaged model for the Stokes regime combined with a physically motivated extrapolation to arbitrary Reynolds number. It can be used as an alternative to the isolated particle drag coefficient in Euler-Lagrange modelling of solid-liquid multi-phase flow.The corresponding drag force also provides a dynamic bed equation for use in Euler-Euler modelling.
Chih-Chang Yeh, Shun-Fu Chang, Ting-Ying Huang
et al.
IntroductionSynovial macrophages, which can release proinflammatory factors, are responsible for the upregulation of cartilage-breakdown proteases and play critical roles in cartilage degradation during the progression of osteoarthritis (OA). In addition, shear stress exerts multifunctional effects on chondrocytes by inducing the synthesis of catabolic or anabolic genes. However, the interplay of macrophages, chondrocytes, and shear stress during the regulation of cartilage function remains poorly understood. We investigated the mechanisms underlying the modulation of human chondrocyte urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) expression by macrophages and shear stress.MethodsHuman chondrocytes were stimulated by peripheral blood-macrophage- conditioned medium (PB-MCM), or exposure of chondrocytes cultured in PB-MCM to different levels of shear stress (2 to 20 dyn/cm2). Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to analyze uPA gene expression. Inhibitors and small interfering RNA were used to investigate the mechanism for the effects of PB-MCM and shear stress in chondrocytes.ResultsStimulation of human chondrocytes with PB-MCM was found to induce uPA expression. We demonstrated that activation of the JNK and Akt pathways and NF-κB are critical for PB-MCM-induced uPA expression. Blocking assays by using IL-1ra further demonstrated that IL-1β in PB-MCM is the major mediator of uPA expression in chondrocytes. PB-MCM-treated chondrocytes subjected to a lower level of shear stress showed inhibition of MCM-induced JNK and Akt phosphorylation, NF-κB activation, and uPA expression. The PB-MCM-induced uPA expression was suppressed by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) agonist. The inhibitor or siRNA for AMPK abolished the shear-mediated inhibition of uPA expression.ConclusionsThese data support the hypothesis that uPA upregulation stimulated by macrophages may play an active role in the onset of OA and in the shear-stress protection against this induction.
The neuropeptide galanin and its receptors (GalR) are found to be up-regulated in brains suffering from nerve injury, but the specific role played by galanin remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the neuroprotective role of galanin after shear stress induced nerve injury in the primary cultured cortical neurons of rats. Our results demonstrated that no significant changes in cell death and viability were found after galanin treatment when subjected to a shear stress of 5 dyn/cm2 for 12 h, after increasing magnitude of shear stress to 10 dyn/cm2 for 12 h, cell death was significantly increased, while galanin can inhibit the nerve injury induced by shear stress with 10 dyn/cm2 for 12 h. Moreover, Gal2-11 (an agonist of GalR2/3) could also effectively inhibit shear stress-induced nerve injury of primary cultured cortical neurons in rats. Although GalR2 is involved in the galanin protection mechanism, there was no GalR3 expression in this system. Moreover, galanin increased the excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs), which can effectively inhibit the physiological effects of shear stress. Galanin was also found to inhibit the activation of p53 and Bax, and further reversed the down regulation of Bcl-2 induced by shear stress. Our results strongly demonstrated that galanin plays a neuroprotective role in injured cortical neurons of rats.
In this paper, we present an extensive study of linearly forced isotropic turbulence. By using an analytical method, we identified two parametric choices that are new to our knowledge. We proved that the underlying nonlinear dynamical system for linearly forced isotropic turbulence is the general case of a cubic Lienard equation with linear damping (Dumortier and Rousseau 1990).
Iterative coarse-graining procedure based on Wyld's perturbation expansion is applied to the problem of Navier-Stokes turbulence. It is shown that the low-order calculation gives the fixed-point Reynolds number $ Re_{fp}$ (coupling constant) almost identical to the Reynolds number of the recently discovered transition to anomalous scaling of the moments of {\bf "velocity derivatives"}. Using this result as a dynamic constraint, it is argued that in the vicinity of the fixed point (integral scale) the high-order non-linearities, generated by the procedure, are irrelevant. The infra-red divergencies do not disappear but are are contained in the derived equations for the symmetry-breaking large-scale flows (turbulence models or "condensates"), which are source of the small-scale turbulence.
High speed impinging jets have been the focus of several studies owing to their practical application and resonance dominated flow-field. The current study focuses on the identification and visualization of the resonant modes at certain critical impingement heights for a Mach 1.5 normally impinging jet. These modes are associated with high amplitude, discrete peaks in the power spectra and can be identified as having either axisymmetric or azimuthal modes. Their visualization is accomplished through phase-locked Schlieren imaging and fast-response pressure sensitive paint (PC-PSP) applied to the ground plane.
The application of fluid shear stress on leukocytes is critical for physiological functions including initial adhesion to the endothelium, the formation of pseudopods, and migration into tissues. The formyl peptide receptor (FPR) on neutrophils, which binds to formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) and plays a role in neutrophil chemotaxis, has been implicated as a fluid shear stress sensor that controls pseudopod formation. The role of shear forces on earlier indicators of neutrophil activation, such as L-selectin shedding and α(M)β(2) integrin activation, remains unclear. Here, human neutrophils exposed to uniform shear stress (0.1-4.0 dyn/cm(2)) in a cone-and-plate viscometer for 1-120 min showed a significant reduction in both α(M)β(2) integrin activation and L-selectin shedding after stimulation with 0.5 nM of fMLP. Neutrophil resistance to activation was directly linked to fluid shear stress, as the response increased in a shear stress force- and time-dependent manner. Significant shear-induced loss of FPR surface expression on neutrophils was observed, and high-resolution confocal microscopy revealed FPR internalized within neutrophils. These results suggest that physiological shear forces alter neutrophil activation via FPR by reducing L-selectin shedding and α(M)β(2) integrin activation in the presence of soluble ligand.