Hasil untuk "Women. Feminism"

Jennifer Cohen, Yana Rodgers

Background. Long COVID symptoms (which include brain fog, depression, and fatigue) are mild at best and debilitating at worst. Some U.S. health surveys have found that women, lower income individuals, and those with less education are overrepresented among adults with long COVID, but these studies do not address intersectionality. Methods. We use 10 rounds of Household Pulse Survey (HPS) data from 2022 to 2023 to perform an intersectional analysis using descriptive statistics that evaluate the prevalence of long COVID and the interference of long COVID symptoms with day-to-day activities. We also estimate multivariate logistic regressions that relate the odds of having long COVID and activity limitations due to long COVID to a set of individual characteristics and intersections by sex, race/ethnicity, education, and sexual orientation and gender identity. Results. Women, some people of color, sexual and gender minorities, and people without college degrees are more likely to have long COVID and to have activity limitations from long COVID. Intersectional analysis reveals a striking step-like pattern: college-educated men have the lowest prevalence of long COVID while women without college educations have the highest prevalence. Daily activity limitations are more evenly distributed across demographics, but a different step-like pattern is present: fewer women with degrees have activity limitations while limitations are more widespread among men without degrees. Regression results confirm the negative association of long COVID with being a woman, less educated, Hispanic, and a sexual and gender minority, while results for the intersectional effects are more nuanced. Conclusions. Results point to systematic disparities in health, highlighting the need for policies that increase access to quality healthcare, strengthen the social safety net, and reduce economic precarity.

Amy Louise Gilliland

IntroductionThis study applies the Benner interpretation of the Dreyfus Model of Skill Acquisition to birth doulas.MethodsSixty-five doulas participated in open-ended interviews in five waves between 2002 and 2022. Constructivist grounded theory methods were used to collect and analyze the data. Participants attended over 25 births, spoke English fluently, and did not utilize any medical skills. The doulas ranged in age from 22 to 65 and practiced in a variety of areas and settings in the United States, Canada, and the Netherlands.ResultsThe Benner model was relevant. Birth doulas grow similarly to nurses from novice to expert, including the development of intuition. However, the skill set is different. As they improved in skill acquisition, birth doulas showed advancement in information processing; confidence; decision-making; communication; self-awareness; client and staff relationships; professional detachment; definition of an ideal birth; management of witnessing medical maltreatment and feelings of overwhelm; the ability to read client cues; anticipation of labor events and staff responses; managing the challenges of a professional doula lifestyle; sense of identity, the maturation of expert intuition; and awareness of when they had power to influence a situation. Swiftness in development depended on the variety of birth experiences and locations; the doula's ability to reflect and find meaning; and life and career background.ConclusionBirth doula work is more complex and multifaceted than previously thought and requires growth in specific skill sets to be successful. Effective birth doula work requires sophisticated emotion management, analytical and communication skills, in addition to labor support skills. Public perception that anyone can be a doula is erroneous. It is a separate profession from obstetrical nursing, although some skills may overlap. Rather than continually training new people, programs could concentrate on removing the challenges to continuing birth doula work. Doula programs should address the challenges of each stage, thus encouraging greater expertise and retention and growth of an experienced workforce.

Ana Valdivia

Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) is driving significant environmental impacts. The rapid development and deployment of increasingly larger algorithmic models capable of analysing vast amounts of data are contributing to rising carbon emissions, water withdrawal, and waste generation. Generative models often consume substantially more energy than traditional models, with major tech firms increasingly turning to nuclear power to sustain these systems -- an approach that could have profound environmental consequences. This paper introduces seven data ecofeminist principles delineating a pathway for developing technological alternatives of eco-societal transformations within the AI research context. Rooted in data feminism and ecofeminist frameworks, which interrogate about the historical and social construction of epistemologies underlying the hegemonic development of science and technology that disrupt communities and nature, these principles emphasise the integration of social and environmental justice within a critical AI agenda. The paper calls for an urgent reassessment of the GenAI innovation race, advocating for ecofeminist algorithmic and infrastructural projects that prioritise and respect life, the people, and the planet.

Lucie Jardot

Guro Lindebjerg, Malene Augestad, Ragnhild-Marie Nerheim

I denne artikkelen undersøker vi kjønns- og mangfoldsbalansen i norske medier basert på en kvantitativ analyse gjennomført av Retriever på oppdrag fra Stiftelsen Fritt Ord. Analysen omfatter 8 000 redaksjonelle oppslag publisert i 2024 og inkluderer 11 500 identifiserte talspersoner. Funnene viser en tydelig ubalanse: Menn dominerer som både kilder og artikkelforfattere, og denne dominansen øker med alder. Kvinner og personer med utenlandsk navneopprinnelse får sjeldnere slippe til i posisjoner med definisjonsmakt, som toppledere, jurister og kommentatorer. Samtidig viser resultatene at kvinnelige og yngre journalister oftere velger kvinnelige og yngre kilder, og at journalister med utenlandsk navneopprinnelse oftere inkluderer kilder med tilsvarende bakgrunn. I artikkelen argumenterer vi for at mangfold i redaksjonene bidrar til større mangfold i nyhetsdekningen, og for at kjønns- og representasjonsbalanse ikke bare handler om likestilling, men også om demokratisk legitimitet og tillit til mediene.

Rachel L. Boutté, Ashley Johnson, Neha J. Goel et al.

Abstract Background Body image has predominantly been examined among young White women. As a result, the guiding theories in this area of study are based on implicit assumptions that this population’s experience is normative. These assumptions include thinness as the ideal body type and the lack of consideration of body shape, skin tone, and hair texture in body image. As a result, research examining body image among Black women has been limited by using theoretical constructs that do not fully capture the lived experiences of this population. The purpose of the study was to investigate the role of the racialized beauty aesthetic in Black women’s body image. Methods Eight focus groups were conducted with 30 Black women aged 18–29 with a Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥ 25-kg/m2. Focus groups used a semi-structured interview guide to assess race, beauty ideals, pressures to meet the beauty ideals, and the social costs and benefits of obtaining the ideals. We used a constructivist grounded theory approach to develop a conceptual model. This method's steps include initial, focused, and theoretical coding. Results Results indicated that the standardization of Eurocentric beauty standards resulted in the stigmatization and devaluation of Black women based on appearance. Participants described being stigmatized on the basis of their appearance and feeling devalued due to the prevalence of negative stereotypes about Black women’s appearance and behavior. Experiences of gendered racism resulted in racialized body dissatisfaction. Participants coped with these experiences by engaging in shifting behaviors to reduce the appearance of stigmatizing marks or by rejecting normative Whiteness. Both coping methods came with costs and benefits; participants expressed that they felt they were in a no-win situation, which had adverse health consequences. These findings resulted in the development of the Black Feminist Model of Body Image. Conclusions Consideration of Black women’s body image in the context of their intersectional marginalized identities highlights how Eurocentric beauty standards are used to perpetuate the stigmatization of Black women. This work implies that efforts to improve the health of Black women must seriously consider the role of body image and racialized body dissatisfaction on their mental and physical health.

Gregory Tierney, Ross Tucker, James Tooby et al.

Objectives: To identify a head acceleration event (HAE) severity measure associated with HIA1 removals in elite level rugby union. Methods: HAEs were recorded from 215 men and 325 women with 30 and 28 HIA1 removals from men and women, respectively. Logistical regression were calculated to identify if peak power, maximum principal strain (MPS) and or Head Acceleration Response Metric (HARM) were associated with HIA1 events compared to non-cases. Optimal threshold values were determined using the Youden Index. Area under the curve (AUC) were compared using a paired sample approach. Significant differences were set at p<0.05. Results: All three severity measures were associated with HIA1 removals in both the mens and womens game. Power performed greatest for HIA1 removals in both the mens and womens games, based on overall AUC, sensitivity, and specificity values. HARM and MPS were found to perform lower than PLA in the womens game based on AUC comparisons (p=0.006 and 0.001, respectively), with MPS performing lower than PAA (p=0.001). Conclusion: The findings progress our understanding of HAE measures associated with HIA1 removals. Peak power, a measure based on fundamental mechanics and commonly used in sports performance, may be a suitable HAE severity measure.

Jane Hsieh, Angie Zhang, Seyun Kim et al.

Platform-based laborers face unprecedented challenges and working conditions that result from algorithmic opacity, insufficient data transparency, and unclear policies and regulations. The CSCW and HCI communities increasingly turn to worker data collectives as a means to advance related policy and regulation, hold platforms accountable for data transparency and disclosure, and empower the collective worker voice. However, fundamental questions remain for designing, governing and sustaining such data infrastructures. In this workshop, we leverage frameworks such as data feminism to design sustainable and power-aware data collectives that tackle challenges present in various types of online labor platforms (e.g., ridesharing, freelancing, crowdwork, carework). While data collectives aim to support worker collectives and complement relevant policy initiatives, the goal of this workshop is to encourage their designers to consider topics of governance, privacy, trust, and transparency. In this one-day session, we convene research and advocacy community members to reflect on critical platform work issues (e.g., worker surveillance, discrimination, wage theft, insufficient platform accountability) as well as to collaborate on codesigning data collectives that ethically and equitably address these concerns by supporting working collectivism and informing policy development.

Lucia Ximena Coll Saravia

The Covid-19 pandemic has exposed certain societal weaknesses, including the lack of scientists in the media and the readiness of the public to believe in fake news. "Neutralina" is a science communication personality created on Instagram (@neutralina.lu) in response to the observed need for scientific outreach done by women in Peruvian and Latin American society. The objectives of this project include normalizing the presence of women in science, fighting against stereotypes and fake news, and disseminating scientific knowledge. Neutralina has attracted a sizable young audience and is expanding beyond Instagram into other formats such as podcasts, real-life conferences, and roundtable discussions. Statistics detailing its growth will be presented, alongside strategies employed to engage the young audience.

Sonja Hyrynsalmi, Ella Peltonen, Fanny Vainionpää et al.

In the extant literature, there has been discussion on the drivers and motivations of minorities to enter the software industry. For example, universities have invested in more diverse imagery for years to attract a more diverse pool of students. However, in our research, we consider whether we understand why students choose their current major and how they did in the beginning decided to apply to study software engineering. We were also interested in learning if there could be some signs that would help us in marketing to get more women into tech. We approached the topic via an online survey (N = 78) sent to the university students of software engineering in Finland. Our results show that, on average, women apply later to software engineering studies than men, with statistically significant differences between genders. Additionally, we found that marketing actions have different impacts based on gender: personal guidance in live events or platforms is most influential for women, whereas teachers and social media have a more significant impact on men. The results also indicate two main paths into the field: the traditional linear educational pathway and the adult career change pathway, each significantly varying by gender

Ludivine Panzani

Kovila P. L. Coopamootoo, Magdalene Ng

There are indications in literature that women do not engage with security and privacy (SP) technologies, meant to keep them safe online, in the same way as men do. To better understand this gender gap, we conduct an online survey with N=604 U.K. participants, to elicit SP advice source preference and usage of SP methods and technologies. We find evidence of un-equal SP access and participation. In particular, advice from intimate and social connections (ISC) is more prevalent among women, while online content is preferred by men. ISC do not closely associate with nor predict the use of SP technologies, whereas online sources (such as online forums, reviews, specialist pages and technology adverts) and training do. Men are also more likely to use multiple advice sources, that enhances the likelihood of using SP technologies. Women are motivated to approach ISC due to their perceptions of the advisor (such as IT related expertise, experience and trustworthiness) while men approach ISC to evaluate options and seek reassurance for their own practices. This research raises questions about the equity of online safety opportunities and makes recommendations.

Margherita Bertè, Kyriaki Kalimeri, Daniela Paolotti

Women remain underrepresented in the labour market. Although significant advancements are being made to increase female participation in the workforce, the gender gap is still far from being bridged. We contribute to the growing literature on gender inequalities in the labour market, evaluating the potential of the LinkedIn estimates to monitor the evolution of the gender gaps sustainably, complementing the official data sources. In particular, assessing the labour market patterns at a subnational level in Italy. Our findings show that the LinkedIn estimates accurately capture the gender disparities in Italy regarding sociodemographic attributes such as gender, age, geographic location, seniority, and industry category. At the same time, we assess data biases such as the digitalisation gap, which impacts the representativity of the workforce in an imbalanced manner, confirming that women are under-represented in Southern Italy. Additionally to confirming the gender disparities to the official census, LinkedIn estimates are a valuable tool to provide dynamic insights; we showed an immigration flow of highly skilled women, predominantly from the South. Digital surveillance of gender inequalities with detailed and timely data is particularly significant to enable policymakers to tailor impactful campaigns.

Caroline Cantanhede Lopes

Resumo Este artigo tem como objeto o programa radiofônico de consultório sentimental Madame D’anjou, apresentado pela redatora e militante comunista Deocélia Vianna entre os anos de 1952 e 1953. A hipótese aqui apresentada é que, por meio dos problemas levantados pelas ouvintes, é possível compreender questões relevantes para as mulheres daquele período, divididas nas seguintes categorias: sexualidade, trabalho, direitos, rádio e saúde. As fontes utilizadas são as cartas de ouvintes e os roteiros da atração, sob guarda do CEDOC/Funarte, no arquivo pessoal de Deocélia Vianna.

Samhita Honnavalli, Aesha Parekh, Lily Ou et al.

Women are often perceived as junior to their male counterparts, even within the same job titles. While there has been significant progress in the evaluation of gender bias in natural language processing (NLP), existing studies seldom investigate how biases toward gender groups change when compounded with other societal biases. In this work, we investigate how seniority impacts the degree of gender bias exhibited in pretrained neural generation models by introducing a novel framework for probing compound bias. We contribute a benchmark robustness-testing dataset spanning two domains, U.S. senatorship and professorship, created using a distant-supervision method. Our dataset includes human-written text with underlying ground truth and paired counterfactuals. We then examine GPT-2 perplexity and the frequency of gendered language in generated text. Our results show that GPT-2 amplifies bias by considering women as junior and men as senior more often than the ground truth in both domains. These results suggest that NLP applications built using GPT-2 may harm women in professional capacities.

Olivia B. Newton, Jihye Song

Gender diversity in open source software development continues to be a topic of growing interest among researchers, practitioners, and organizations. To date, research has revealed disparities in participation between developers on the basis of gender, with women being significantly underrepresented in open source development. Using a large data set curated for studies of diversity in open source projects, we contribute to this body of work by characterizing the relationship between gender-based participation differences and group composition in GitHub. We found that contributors identified as women and contributors of unknown gender have a shorter tenure in open source projects compared to those identified as men. Additionally, at the team level, we found that project teams with mixed-gender composition were associated with lower turnover and teams with greater disparity in the distribution of platform tenure were associated with higher turnover. Finally, our case study reveals that when looking at the entire team, GitHub users were more likely to remain in a project rather than leave after contributing but when looking at women specifically, users were more likely to leave rather than remain after contributing to a project.

Abdullah Alqarni, Wei Wen, Ben C. P. Lam et al.

Objective: To examine the moderation effects of hormonal factors on the associations between vascular risk factors and white matter hyperintensities (WMH) in men and women, separately. Methods: WMH were automatically segmented and quantified in the UK Biobank dataset (N = 18,294). Generalised linear models were applied to examine 1) the main effects of vascular (body mass index, hip to waist ratio, pulse wave velocity, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, hypertension, smoking status) and hormonal (testosterone levels, contraceptive pill, hormone replacement therapy, menopause) factors on WMH, and 2) the moderation effects of hormonal factors on the relationship between vascular risk factors and WMH volumes. Results: In men with testosterone levels one standard deviation (SD) higher than the mean value, increased body mass index and pulse wave velocity, and smoking were associated with higher WMH volumes. The association between body mass index and WMH was more significant in the periventricular white matter regions, whilst the relationship between pulse wave velocity and WMH was restricted to deep white matter regions. Men with low testosterone levels (one SD below the mean level) showed a significant association between hypercholesterolemia and higher deep WMH volumes. Hypertensive women showed higher WMH volumes than women without hypertension regardless of whether hormone replacement therapy was used. However, higher WMH volumes, especially in the deep white matter regions, were found in women who did not use hormone replacement therapy or use it for a shorter duration. Conclusion: These findings highlighted the importance of considering hormonal risk factors in the prevention and management of WMH.

Emanuele Brugnoli, Rosaria Simone, Marco Delmastro

The media attention to the personal sphere of famous and important individuals has become a key element of the gender narrative. Here we combine lexical, syntactic and sentiment analysis to investigate the role of gender in the personalization of a wide range of political office holders in Italy during the period 2017-2020. On the basis of a score for words that is introduced to account for gender unbalance in both representative and news coverage, we show that the political personalization in Italy is more detrimental for women than men, with the persistence of entrenched stereotypes including a masculine connotation of leadership, the resulting women's unsuitability to hold political functions, and a greater deal of focus on their attractiveness and body parts. In addition, women politicians are covered with a more negative tone than their men counterpart when personal details are reported. Further, the major contribution to the observed gender differences comes from online news rather than print news, suggesting that the expression of certain stereotypes may be better conveyed when click baiting and personal targeting have a major impact.

Kushagra Chatterjee, Prajakta Nimbhorkar

In the popular edge problem, the input is a bipartite graph $G = (A \cup B,E)$ where $A$ and $B$ denote a set of men and a set of women respectively, and each vertex in $A\cup B$ has a strict preference ordering over its neighbours. A matching $M$ in $G$ is said to be {\em popular} if there is no other matching $M'$ such that the number of vertices that prefer $M'$ to $M$ is more than the number of vertices that prefer $M$ to $M'$. The goal is to determine, whether a given edge $e$ belongs to some popular matching in $G$. A polynomial-time algorithm for this problem appears in \cite{CK18}. We consider the popular edge problem when some men or women are prioritized or critical. A matching that matches all the critical nodes is termed as a feasible matching. It follows from \cite{Kavitha14,Kavitha21,NNRS21,NN17} that, when $G$ admits a feasible matching, there always exists a matching that is popular among all feasible matchings. We give a polynomial-time algorithm for the popular edge problem in the presence of critical men or women. We also show that an analogous result does not hold in the many-to-one setting, which is known as the Hospital-Residents Problem in literature, even when there are no critical nodes.

Claire Carter