Hasil untuk "Urbanization. City and country"

Ayyoob Sharifi, Amir Reza Khavarian-Garmsir, Z. Allam et al.

The global population has rapidly urbanized over the past century, and the urbanization rate is projected to reach about 70% by 2050. In line with these trends and the increasing recognition of the significance of cities in addressing local and global challenges, a lot of research has been published on urban studies and planning since the middle of the twentieth century. While the number of publications has been rapidly increasing over the past decades, there is still a lack of studies analyzing the field's knowledge structure and its evolution. To fill this gap, this study analyzes data related to more than 100,000 articles indexed under the "Urban Studies” and "Regional & Urban Planning” subject categories of the Web of Science. We conduct various analyses such as term co-occurrence, co-citation, bibliographic coupling, and citation analysis to identify the key defining thematic areas of the field and examine how they have evolved. We also identify key authors, journals, references, and organizations that have contributed more to the field's development. The analysis is conducted over five periods: 1956–1975 (the genesis period), 1976–1995 (economic growth and environmentalism), 1996–2015 (sustainable development and technological innovation), 2016–2019 (climate change and SDGs), and 2020 onwards (post-COVID urbanism). Four major thematic areas are identified: 1) socio-economic issues and inequalities, 2) economic growth and innovation, 3) urban ecology and land use planning, and 4) urban policy and governance and sustainability. The first two are recurring themes over different periods, while the latter two have gained currency over the past 2–3 decades following global events and policy frameworks related to global challenges like sustainability and climate change. Following the COVID-19 pandemic, issues related to smart cities, big data analytics, urban resilience, and governance have received particular attention. We found disproportionate contributions to the field from the Global North. Some countries from the Global South with rapid urbanization rates are underrepresented, which may have implications for the future of urbanization. We conclude the study by highlighting thematic gaps and other critical issues that need to be addressed by urban scholars to accelerate the transition toward sustainable and resilient cities.

Pragya Meena, Vibhore Bakshi

Abstract In this study, we analyzed the transformation of coworking geography before and after COVID-19 across 335 locations in Pune and used kernel density to select two clusters for this research. This paper presents an empirical investigation of socioeconomic determinants and lifestyle factors in conjunction with Coworking spaces, along with the behavioral choice factors of coworking spaces as identified in the literature and primary surveys. Empirical investigations using Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) and Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) are conducted for two knowledge clusters in Kalyani Nagar and Baner, using variables from Census data, OpenStreetMap (OSM), Open Government data, and PCMC data. The analysis reveals that "Lifestyle choice factors", "Hotel Locations", and "Urban built growth rate" have significant impacts on Coworking spaces. Lastly, the paper proposes various recommendations that serve as an impetus for a better, more conducive environment for a prospering knowledge economy through effective and efficient policy measures.

Abdikarim Mohamed Ibrahim, Rosdiadee Nordin

LoRaWAN deployments rely on rough range estimates or simplified propagation models to decide where to place/mount gateways. As a result, operators have limited visibility into how rooftop choice, streets, and building shadowing jointly affect coverage and reliability. This paper addresses the problem of gateway placement in dense urban environments by combining a geometry accurate Digital Twin (DT) with a GPU accelerated ray tracing engine. Existing studies optimize placement on abstract grids or tune models with sparse measurements; few works evaluate LoRaWAN gateways on a full 3D city model using a realistic link budget. In this paper, we develop a DT with ITU radio materials and evaluate eight candidate rooftops for RAK7289 WisGate Edge Pro gateways under a sub-GHz link budget derived from the data sheet. For each rooftop, we obtain Signal-to-Noise Ratios (SNR) on a 5 meter grid, derive robust and edge coverage indicators, and apply a greedy maximum coverage algorithm to rank sites and quantify the benefit of incremental densification. Results show that a single rooftop gateway covers one fifth of the full Sunway twin (i.e., the DT) at a robust SNR threshold, and that six sites still leave large areas of single gateway or out of coverage cells in surrounding residential streets. The findings from this paper shows that DT and ray tracing tools enable network operators to bridge the gap of expensive real-world trials and planning to identify if the planned LoRaWAN gateway is sufficient or additional sites are required.

Reem Elsrogy, Manal Abou El-Ela, Mohamed Al-Sherbiny

Investigating visual cognition is essential for understanding how individuals consciously view and respond to urban environments, facilitating the desired outcomes in urban design. This literature review explores various methods for studying spatial-visual cognition to uncover how individuals navigate, perceive, and engage with their surroundings. A systematic search was conducted across three databases—Egyptian Knowledge Bank, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate—to identify 31 relevant papers that met the inclusion criteria from an initial set of 1,000 articles. Drawing from these scholarly sources, the review analyzes different approaches to studying visual cognition, focusing on methods such as free recall, cued recall, and estimation tasks, each offering unique insights into cognitive processing. Additionally, the review examines mobile eye-tracking, a more recent and advanced method that provides real-time data on visual attention during navigation. By comparing these methods, the review emphasizes the value of employing multiple techniques simultaneously to gain a comprehensive understanding of spatial-visual cognition, which is vital for effective urban design and planning. يعد التحقيق في الإدراك البصري أمرًا ضروريًا لفهم كيفية مشاهدة الأفراد للبيئات الحضرية واستجابتهم لها بوعي، مما يسهم في تحقيق النتائج المرجوة في تصميم المدن. تستعرض هذه المراجعة الأدبية أساليب مختلفة لدراسة الإدراك البصري المكاني بهدف الكشف عن كيفية تنقل الأفراد وإدراكهم وتفاعلهم مع محيطهم. تم إجراء بحث منهجي عبر ثلاث قواعد بيانات: بنك المعرفة المصري، جوجل سكولار، وريسرش جيت، حيث تم تحديد 31 ورقة بحثية ذات صلة استوفت معايير الاشتمال من أصل 1000 مقالة. استنادًا إلى هذه المصادر الأكاديمية، تحلل المراجعة أساليب مختلفة لدراسة الإدراك البصري، مع التركيز على طرق مثل الاستدعاء الحر، الاستدعاء الموجه، ومهام التقدير، حيث يقدم كل منها رؤى فريدة حول معالجة الإدراك. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، تستعرض المراجعة تقنية تتبع حركة العين عبر الأجهزة المحمولة، وهي طريقة حديثة ومتقدمة توفر بيانات لحظية حول الانتباه البصري أثناء التنقل. من خلال مقارنة هذه الأساليب، تؤكد المراجعة على قيمة استخدام تقنيات متعددة بشكل متزامن للحصول على فهم شامل للإدراك البصري المكاني، وهو أمر حيوي لتصميم وتخطيط حضري فعال.

Andrea Caragliu, Chiara F. Del Bo, Sumana Bandyopadhyay

This editorial introduces a special collection on urban inequalities and sustainability, encompassing thirteen papers across continents and disciplines. Using Zipf’s Law to analyze recurring themes, it highlights the centrality of population, poverty, climate, housing, and digital divides in shaping urban disparities. The collection underscores cities’ dual role as engines of growth and sites of inequality, offering evidence and reflections to guide policies for more equitable and sustainable urban futures.

Paul Gölz, Jan Maly, Ulrike Schmidt-Kraepelin et al.

In citizens' assemblies, a group of constituents is randomly selected to weigh in on policy issues. We study a two-stage sampling problem faced by practitioners in countries such as Germany, in which constituents' contact information is stored at a municipal level. As a result, practitioners can only select constituents from a bounded number of cities ex post, while ensuring equal selection probability for constituents ex ante. We develop several algorithms for this problem. Although minimizing the number of contacted cities is NP-hard, we provide a pseudo-polynomial time algorithm and an additive 1-approximation, both based on separation oracles for a linear programming formulation. Recognizing that practical objectives go beyond minimizing city count, we further introduce a simple and more interpretable greedy algorithm, which additionally satisfies an ex-post monotonicity property and achieves an additive 2-approximation. Finally, we explore a notion of ex-post proportionality, for which we propose two practical algorithms: an optimal algorithm based on column generation and integer linear programming and a simple heuristic creating particularly transparent distributions. We evaluate these algorithms on data from Germany, and plan to deploy them in cooperation with a leading nonprofit organization in this space.

Mithul Chander, Sai Pragnya Ranga, Prathamesh Mayekar

We introduce the {\em Atlas Urban Index} (AUI), a metric for measuring urban development computed using Sentinel-2 \citep{spoto2012sentinel2} satellite imagery. Existing approaches, such as the {\em Normalized Difference Built-up Index} (NDBI), often struggle to accurately capture urban development due to factors like atmospheric noise, seasonal variation, and cloud cover. These limitations hinder large-scale monitoring of human development and urbanization. To address these challenges, we propose an approach that leverages {\em Vision-Language Models }(VLMs) to provide a development score for regions. Specifically, we collect a time series of Sentinel-2 images for each region. Then, we further process the images within fixed time windows to get an image with minimal cloud cover, which serves as the representative image for that time window. To ensure consistent scoring, we adopt two strategies: (i) providing the VLM with a curated set of reference images representing different levels of urbanization, and (ii) supplying the most recent past image to both anchor temporal consistency and mitigate cloud-related noise in the current image. Together, these components enable AUI to overcome the challenges of traditional urbanization indices and produce more reliable and stable development scores. Our qualitative experiments on Bangalore suggest that AUI outperforms standard indices such as NDBI.

Stefan Siedentop

Germany is currently experiencing a renewed rise of suburbanisation and an associated increase in urban expansion in the peripheries of large cities. How this development—referred to below as the “fifth suburbanisation” in the history of this country—can be characterized in the light of earlier phases of intraregional deconcentration is the topic of this paper. The four historical reference phases are not to be understood as clearly distinguishable and successive developments. Their conceptualization is less temporal than structural-material, socio-spatial, institutional, cultural, economic and political-discursive. The focus is on characteristics of built environments typical of each phase, specific social and economic drivers, dominant housing and planning policies, socio-cultural meanings and values as well as social embedding and negotiation processes. Suburban development of the 2020s will take place in a socio-economically and institutionally changed process field, even though there is still little empirical evidence in this regard. Accordingly, this paper also aims to call for a discussion on new research desiderata and realistic policy designs for suburban spatial development in the 2020s. A historical contextualization of the current development and planning processes is considered essential.

Giuseppe Rainieri, Martina Carra, Anna Richiedei et al.

Active mobility plays a crucial role in reducing traffic congestion, improving air quality, promoting well-being, good health, and fostering social equality, all of which align with the concept of social sustainability within the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, assessing the impact of active mobility on social sustainability remains challenging due to the lack of clear identification of the specific SDGs influenced by it. This review analyses how previous articles quantify active mobility, its antecedents, and impacts. Additionally, it aims to find if any impacts can contribute to defining Social Sustainability. A Rapid Evident Assessment method was employed in this research in two databases: PsycINFO and Scopus. Out of the first pool of 61 papers, 19 articles were selected. The findings provide a comprehensive framework of the variables that influence active mobility and those influenced by it. Active mobility predominantly contributes to addressing the 11th, 10th and 3rd SDGs. Furthermore, the social sustainability quantification can benefit from assessing active mobility impacts. This work also identifies knowledge gaps, offering valuable guidance for future research in the field.

Kathleen Salazar-Serna, Lorena Cadavid, Carlos Franco

Deciphering travel behavior and mode choices is a critical aspect of effective urban transportation system management, particularly in developing countries where unique socio-economic and cultural conditions complicate decision-making. Agent-based simulations offer a valuable tool for modeling transportation systems, enabling a nuanced understanding and policy impact evaluation. This work aims to shed light on the effects of transport policies and analyzes travel behavior by simulating agents making mode choices for their daily commutes. Agents gather information from the environment and their social network to assess the optimal transport option based on personal satisfaction criteria. Our findings, stemming from simulating a free-fare policy for public transit in a developing-country city, reveal a significant influence on decision-making, fostering public service use while positively influencing pollution levels, accident rates, and travel speed.

Naoki Tamura, Kazuyuki Shoji, Shin Katayama et al.

We publicly release OpenUAS, a dataset of area embeddings based on urban usage patterns, including embeddings for over 1.3 million 50-meter square meshes covering a total area of 3,300 square kilometers. This dataset is valuable for analyzing area functions in fields such as market analysis, urban planning, transportation infrastructure, and infection prediction. It captures the characteristics of each area in the city, such as office districts and residential areas, by employing an area embedding technique that utilizes location information typically obtained by GPS. Numerous area embedding techniques have been proposed, and while the public release of such embedding datasets is technically feasible, it has not been realized. One reason for this is that previous methods could not embed areas from different cities and periods into the same embedding space without sharing raw location data. We address this issue by developing an anchoring method that establishes anchors within a shared embedding space. We publicly release this anchor dataset along with area embedding datasets from several periods in eight major Japanese cities.

Xinli Liu, Sijia Li, Xianhong Xu et al.

Martina Fuchs

Buchreezension

Cathy Chatel

This article offers a critique of the territorial categories used in Brazilian censuses by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, IBGE. The case studies presented illustrate the difficult compatibility between localized population data and a geographic approach to settlement. Numerous discrepancies appear when one compares field images (photographs) and satellite images that show the real forms of land use with official divisions that distinguish between urban and rural territories. These discrepancies are related to several factors: the legal definition of urban, the aggregation of data, and confusion between the city population (those concentrated in the capital of the municipality) and the total municipal urban population. Such discrepancies are also the consequence of historical processes and political, economic, and land issues. They affect the aggregate results of the census data (urban population, urbanization rate, etc.), as well as the local results for each municipality. The examples analyzed in this article show that the statistical and cartographic wealth disseminated by the IBGE could be better used, especially to obtain more coherent measures of « degrees of urbanity » and a better knowledge of the different forms and densities of settlement in the country.

Jakob Hüppauff

Merely safeguarding ecologically spatial functions is not (or no longer) sufficient to maintain their ability to function in the course of climate change and under increasing pressure of use. Rather, a fundamental change of perspective also in spatial planning practice is required to build up a resilience-proof spatial ecology, especially due to the tension between biomass production, carbon storage and biodiversity protection. In this context, biocapacity resilience is put forward for discussion as an impetus for a guiding vision of spatial development. Possible opportunities for the actors of spatial planning are elaborated to better fulfil their regional steering mandate in the sense of precautionary planning under the lens of global challenges despite limited resources.

Yansong Ning, Hao Liu, Hao Wang et al.

Accurate Urban SpatioTemporal Prediction (USTP) is of great importance to the development and operation of the smart city. As an emerging building block, multi-sourced urban data are usually integrated as urban knowledge graphs (UrbanKGs) to provide critical knowledge for urban spatiotemporal prediction models. However, existing UrbanKGs are often tailored for specific downstream prediction tasks and are not publicly available, which limits the potential advancement. This paper presents UUKG, the unified urban knowledge graph dataset for knowledge-enhanced urban spatiotemporal predictions. Specifically, we first construct UrbanKGs consisting of millions of triplets for two metropolises by connecting heterogeneous urban entities such as administrative boroughs, POIs, and road segments. Moreover, we conduct qualitative and quantitative analysis on constructed UrbanKGs and uncover diverse high-order structural patterns, such as hierarchies and cycles, that can be leveraged to benefit downstream USTP tasks. To validate and facilitate the use of UrbanKGs, we implement and evaluate 15 KG embedding methods on the KG completion task and integrate the learned KG embeddings into 9 spatiotemporal models for five different USTP tasks. The extensive experimental results not only provide benchmarks of knowledge-enhanced USTP models under different task settings but also highlight the potential of state-of-the-art high-order structure-aware UrbanKG embedding methods. We hope the proposed UUKG fosters research on urban knowledge graphs and broad smart city applications. The dataset and source code are available at https://github.com/usail-hkust/UUKG/.

Jianghua Liu, Mengxu Li, Yitao Ding

Tatiana Acevedo-Guerrero

Aedes aegypti, the primary vector for dengue, chikungunya and zika, breeds mainly in stored/stagnant water and thrives in contexts of rapid urbanization in tropical countries. Some have warned that climate change, in conjunction with urbanization, could drive the proliferation of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. In Colombia dengue has been endemic since the 1990s and the country had the highest number of cases of zika virus in the world after Brazil. Studies have found that domestic stored water contributes to high percentages of the total Ae. aegypti pupal population in Colombian urban sectors. In particular, neighborhoods where water service provision is intermittent are vulnerable to mosquito-borne diseases as water is stored inside households. This article draws on archival work, interviews, and entomological literature to reflect on the ways in which rapid urbanization in the context of armed conflict, infrastructural inequality, the absence of formal jobs, and specific water laws and regulations produce water and Aedes aegypti in the city. It offers an initial attempt to theorize water with larvae by focusing on two interrelated processes. First, the historical and geographic processes that underlie the production of stored water, which despite being treated can become a place of fertility where mosquitoes can flourish. Secondly, the processes by which water, mosquitoes, pathogens, and human bodies become interrelated. This entails thinking about some homes in Barranquilla as socioecological assemblages that are dynamically produced, socially and materially.

L. Jiao, Zhibang Xu, Gang Xu et al.

Abstract In the context of urbanization and sustainable development, efficient urban land use is essential, especially in China, the world's most populous country. Within this context, the law of urban scaling reveals the nonlinear scale relationship between urban indicators and urban population, which can be applied to adjust the bias of the raw or the per capita indices used in the measurement of local urban performance at different scales. However, the manner in which the urban scaling law applies to China and how it can be used to assess urban land use efficiency (ULUE) is still unclear. In this study, we employ scale-adjusted metropolitan indicators (SAMIs) to assess ULUE in Chinese cities. We first considered the urban population to calculate the land input performance (LIP) and land output performance (LOP), then we quantify ULUE and identify four related patterns. We further investigate the temporal and spatial variations of ULUE and explore the characteristics and policy implications of ULUE values. Results from our study indicate that ULUE assessments from the perspective of the urban scaling law can effectively correct the bias caused by the urban size, thereby allowing for an objective understanding of performance of cities in different sizes. From 2012 to 2016, ULUE of Chinese cities showed a steadily rising trend. The ULUE patterns of most cities remained unchanged and showed significant “path dependence.” However, the disparity in ULUE between regions is widening. Specifically, the cities in the south are better than those in the north, and the cities in the northeast have significantly deteriorated ULUEs. Some cities showed a high ULUE, especially Shenzhen, Hangzhou, and Wuhan. Spatial autocorrelation analysis suggests that geographically neighboring cities are likely to perform similarly regarding ULUE. In terms of policy implications, our work can provide a clear direction for development of cities in urban size and urban efficiency.

D. Dutta, Atiqur Rahman, S. Paul et al.