Hasil untuk "Ural-Altaic languages"

Andreas Kalkun

Appropriation or mere translation? Seto songs in Estonian Translation and adaptation are common phenomena in folklore. However, when translation is undertaken by folklorists in positions of power and driven by ideological motives, the matter becomes problematic. The relationship between Estonian folkloristics and Seto folklore has been both variable and complex. For historical reasons, the Setos themselves have not had a voice in the processes of publishing or translating folklore. This article examines three cases of translation that demonstrate how even seemingly “innocent” acts of translation can amount to cultural appropriation. Although the cases originate from different periods and reflect differing ideological or scholarly agendas, they reveal similar mechanisms of appropriation. Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald drew upon Seto folklore to substantiate his theory of the development of Estonian song and to prove the authenticity of the epic Kalevipoeg. Seto song culture provided Kreutzwald with an ideal opportunity to lend empirical support to his theories. He regarded the alteration and translation of Seto songs as an editorial process intended to uncover their original form. Jakob Hurt translated Seto lyric-epic songs for his popular anthology of folk songs intended “for all Estonians”. Once rendered in Estonian, these songs began a new life in school textbooks and popular publications as Estonian folk songs. Soviet folkloristics, in turn, employed invasive methods to produce ideologically acceptable folklore. During the Stalinist period, folklorists under pressure commissioned Seto women to compose politically suitable songs. A selection of these was published in school textbooks as examples of Soviet Estonian folklore – initially alongside the Seto-language originals, and later solely in Estonian.

Tiiu Jaago

"The first record of Estonians singing – or more?". This article explores three key questions: how folklorists have interpreted the account of warriors’ singing and dancing in Saxo Grammaticus’s Gesta Danorum; how 20th-century researchers have conceptualized the facts about Estonians presented in Saxo’s work; and what insights have been gained from using folk songs to study depictions of Estonia’s past during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Saxo Grammaticus describes a battle near the island of Öland in 1170, where Christian Danes and Swedes faced off against Estonian and Curonian pirates. The description suggests that the pirates prepared for battle by singing and dancing, among other things. This account has emerged in the history of Estonian folklore studies as the earliest record of Estonians singing. However, dancing has received significantly less attention, owing to the classification of folklore by genre. Singing was a favoured topic in 20th-century folkloristics, while interest in dance was relegated to the periphery of the field. Returning to Saxo’s text, it provides insights into the cultural environment of the time, where singing and dancing were used to express sentiments and readiness for battle. In light of medieval dance culture, it is worth considering whether the mention of dancing in Saxo’s work could indicate a precursor to singing games, especially since the medieval dance ‘reigen’ is etymologically linked to the old Estonian folk song known as ‘regilaul’ (runosong). Saxo’s text inspired Jaan Jõgever (1860–1924) to seek connections between the imagined songs from the time of the Battle of Öland and the Estonian folk songs recorded in the 19th century. Through stylistic analysis of these songs, he uncovered a diversity of mentalities within Estonian war-related folk songs. Furthermore, in his analysis of Saxo’s text, Jõgever emphasised that before the 13th century, Estonians did not live in the cultural isolation characteristic of the 19th century. This view differed from that of Baltic-German researchers, and Jõgever considered it important to incorporate this perspective when studying Estonian history and educational conditions.

Santeri Junttila

The dictionary of Estonian dialects (EMS) lists oht as three lexical items: oht1 (= South Estonian oht) ‘1 peril, danger, menace; jeopardy, risk, hazard; 2 distress’; oht2 ‘(herbal) medicine, drug, antidote’; and the partitive-only ohtu ‘-like, -ish, resembling, as good as’. Mägiste (1929) has connected oht1 to Votic and Ingrian ohto ‘enough’ and further with Estonian oher (in literary language ohter) ‘abundant, plentiful; liberal, bountiful; rich; opulent; profuse’, explaining the meaning ‘distress’ as derived from ‘abundance of distress’. I equate the Estonian, Votic and Ingrian words with the Finnish and Karelian ehto ‘condition; alternative, choice, possibility; sufficient, abundant’, derived from the Proto-Finnic verb *ehti-, meaning ‘have time, arrive in time, forestall; get ready, finish; turn green, ripen; decorate; wear’ in different Finnic dialects. Estonian ohtu has developed from ‘alternative of’, perhaps under the influence of Middle Low Saxon achte ‘like, in -ish way’; the derivative oher has arisen from the ‘abundant’ semantics. The Finnic equation is made possible by positing the change *e– > *o– before a second syllable o in Votic, Estonian and South Estonian. The same change has occurred in Estonian onu ‘uncle’, cf. Finnish eno ‘maternal uncle’, and in two words with initial h-: Estonian hobu ‘horse’, cf. Finnish hepo id., and Estonian orm ‘string or loop of a birch-bark shoe’, cf. Finnish hermo ‘nerve’. In addition, I propose a borrowing from Old Norse ótti < Proto-Scandinavian *ohtō ‘fear’. Mingled with the inherited *ohto (< *ehto) ‘choice, possibility’, the loanword has acquired the meaning ‘possibility of sth. fearful, i.e. danger, menace, risk’, making in turn the inherited *ohto – meaning ‘choice or help against evil’ – still visible in Old Literary Estonian oht, and further ‘(herbal) medicine, drug, antidote’. Another possibility is to explain oht2 through the verb ohutama1 ‘heal, attack evil forces with witchcraft’ derived from the borrowed *ohto ‘fear’ (the homonymous ohutama2 ‘pester’ is derived from oht1).

Olev Liivik

"The literary nomenklatura of Soviet Estonia: CC ECP nomenklatura and the managers of literary life in the Soviet Republic." This article looks at the meaning of the term nomenklatura, the positions within the Soviet Estonian literary life that were included in the Communist Party nomenkla­tura, the day-to-day practices used when dealing with “nomenklatural writers,” and the most prominent “nomenklatural writers” during the post-Stalin era. The term nomenklatura has a number of meanings in the Soviet context. Firstly, it was a (secret) list of key positions to which people were appointed and from which they were removed by a decision of a specific party committee; secondly, it was a set of bureaucratic procedures; and thirdly, the people who filled these positions. As a specific instrument of power, the nomenklatura ensured the Communist Party a control over the leading cadres in whatever sphere of activity they operated while their position belonged to the list of the party nomenklatura. Thus, the party had at every administrative level their own nomenklatura list. The Central Committee of the Estonian Communist Party (hereafter CC ECP) had roughly 2000 positions included in the nomenklatura that were considered important at the national level. Furthermore, the nomenklatura at this level was subdivided into the Bureau, Secretariat and “accounting” lists. These individual lists, as well the CC ECP nomenklatura as a whole, were never fixed; instead, the composition of the lists and the number of the positions changed frequently. In the field of literature, the CC ECP nomenklatura included about twenty positions that were more or less tied to the Writers’ Union of the Estonian SSR; these included positions at the Writers’ Union itself, at the journals Looming and Keel ja Kirjandus, and at the newspaper Sirp ja Vasar. The role of the CC ECP mostly, but not exclusively, involved formal procedures, such as the approval of decisions or nomenklatura appointments, but also the activities that preceded it. This article demonstrates that the involvement of the CC ECP was evident in scouting and selecting suitable candidates for certain positions, as well as in seeking support for their appointment from a circle of leading writers. However, this varied greatly depending on the subdivision to which the position belonged. Especial attention was paid by Communist Party functionaries to the positions which belonged to the Bureau list and to the Chairman of the Writers’ Union, in particular. The three most important literary leaders of the post-Stalin era – Juhan Smuul, Paul Kuusberg and Vladimir Beekman – were also hand-selected by the CC ECP. In addition to being members of the Communist Party, they had a number of desirable qualities that made them suitable to be promoted to the Chairman of the Writers’ Union. Their strengths, such as Smuul’s personality and talent as a writer, Kuusberg’s administrative capability, and Beekman’s poise and good education, could be shaped to produce an ideal – or at least close to ideal – literary leader for Soviet Estonia.

I. Novak

The article reports the results of an analysis of the distribution of front fricative consonants in the Middle Karelian group of Karelian sub-dialects. The study area was chosen due to its position at a transition between Karelian supradialects, where two opposite sibilant presentation systems collide. Intensive migrations of Karelians inside the study area have generated a fairly sophisticated situation with the phenomenon in question: which consonant variant is used depends on quite a few factors (opening or closing position in the word, presence of the vowel i in the immediate vicinity, front or back vocalism of the word, quality of the second component in consonant blends), which appear in different combinations across the distribution range. Application of the cognate analysis algorithm of LingvoDoc linguistic platform to the thematic dictionaries, which were made using the “Programs for collecting material for the dialectal atlas of the Karelian language” filled out in the mid-20th century in 146 settlements in Karelia, permitted determining which specific word beginning and middle phonetic positions influence the distribution of possible variants of front fricatives in the Middle Karelian sub-dialect group. Visualization of the results in a map brings about the conclusion about the areal nature of the dialect differentiating phonetic phenomenon, on the one hand, and demonstrates that the main sibilant distribution isoglosses do not coincide with the boundaries of Karelian dialects and supradialects in the traditional division, on the other.

Yang Yu, Fangzhao Wu, Chuhan Wu et al.

Aleksei Kelli, Kadri Vider, Arvi Tavast et al.

Uuring keskendub isikuandmeid sisaldavate keeleandmete jagamisele, mis kujutab endast isikuandmete töötlemist. Rahvusvahelises praktikas ei ole üheselt selge, kuidas jaguneb vastutus isikuandmete töötlemise eest konkreetse teadlase ja teadusasutuse vahel. Näiteks erineb Prantsusmaa ja Saksamaa mudel Eesti, Leedu ja Soome mudelist. Omalaadset lähenemist pakub Kreeka mudel. Üldiselt vastutab isikuandmete töötlemise eest tööandja (organisatsioon ehk juriidiline isik). Samas on teadustööl oma spetsiifika, mida iseloomustab akadeemiline vabadus ja ka teadlaste mobiilsus. Olukorra muudab keerukamaks keeleandmete jagamine läbi teadusvõrgustike nagu CLARIN. Käesolevas uuringus analüüsivad autorid kohustuste ja vastutuse jaotust teadlase ja teadusasutuse (sh teadusvõrgustike) vahel. Autorid analüüsivad samuti, kuidas peaks isikuandmete kaitse perspektiivist toimuma andmete jagamine. Oluline on selgitada, kas andmete andja ja saaja on mõlemad vastutavad töötlejad (kaasvastutavad töötlejad) ning kuidas jaguneb vastutus andmete jagamisel. Analüüsi autorid on interdistsiplinaarse ja rahvusvahelise taustaga, kattes erinevaid õigusvaldkondi (andmekaitse, tööõigus, lepinguõigus) ja jurisdiktsioone (Eesti, Itaalia, Kreeka, Leedu, Prantsusmaa, Saksamaa, Soome) ning keeletehnoloogiat. *** Legal framework for the sharing of linguistic data containing personal data: Obligations and responsibilities of the researcher and the research organization The study focuses on the sharing of linguistic data containing personal data, which is the processing of personal data. Therefore, the requirements of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) must be complied with. Compliance with these requirements is the responsibility of the controller, who may use the assistance of processors to process the data. In international practice, it is not clear how the responsibility for the processing of personal data is divided between a specific researcher and a research institution. For example, the French and German models differ from the Estonian, Lithuanian and Finnish models. The Greek model offers a unique approach. In general, the employer (organization or legal entity) is responsible for the processing of personal data. At the same time, research has its own specificity, which is characterized by academic freedom and as well as mobility of researchers. The situation is further complicated by the sharing of language data through research networks such as CLARIN. In the present study, the authors analyze the division of duties and responsibilities between the researcher and the research institution (including research networks). The authors also analyze how data sharing should take place from a personal data protection perspective. It is important to clarify whether the data provider and the data recipient are both controllers, joint controllers or the recipient is the processor and how the responsibility for data sharing is shared. The authors of the analysis have an interdisciplinary and international background, covering different areas of law (data protection, labor law, contract law) and jurisdictions (Estonia, Italy, Greece, Lithuania, France, Germany, Finland) and language technology.

L. A. POKROVSKAYA , Bülent HÜNERLİ

Gagauzs are an Orthodox Christian Turkic group. They live in countries such as Bulgaria, Greece, Moldova and Ukraine. Gagauz people living in Moldova can receive education in Gagauz language, because they have certain rights. The written language of Moldovan Gagauz is based on the Komrat-Çadır Lunga dialect. There is also the Valkaneş dialect, which is accepted as the southern mouth. The Comrat-Çadır Lunga dialect which is the central dialect and the Valkaneş dialect are actually based on the dialect differences in Bulgaria, where the Gagauz people lived for a while. In our study, the factors behind these dialect differences in the historical plan will be examined.

Reyhan HABİBLİ

The improvement of the legislation in the onymic system is one of the actual problems serving to the development of onomastics according to the demand of the time. The basic means of the regulation in the sphere of the onomastics is the codification of the official forms of these names. Codification (codifying) in onomastics is the systematization of the normative juridical acts connected with the proper names by improvement them from the point of view of form and content and regulation of the language norms. The social and political changes in the society cause the formation of the different disputed speech situations and as a result of it increase the applied problems demanding the special linguistic and interdisciplinary explorations. To regulate these conflicts mostly demands juridical interference. The object of the article is the proper names in the Azerbaijan language. The purpose of the investigation is to determine the principles of the codification activity, analyze the functions carrying out by the proper names, propose motions for the systematization and coordination of the problems in the sphere of Azerbaijan onomastics. The methodological base of the article consists of the systematic analysis, descriptive, complex and classification methods. The article deals with the study of the specification of the usage of the proper names in the juridical sphere as a language unit, codification of the name forms, the factors substantiating this process and the main directions of the onomastic activity.

M. Hudson, Martine Robbeets

Abstract Abstract While earlier research often saw Altaic as an exception to the farming/language dispersal hypothesis, recent work on millet cultivation in northeast China has led to the proposal that the West Liao basin was the Neolithic homeland of a Transeurasian language family. Here, we examine the archaeolinguistic evidence used to associate millet farming dispersals with Proto-Macro-Koreanic, analysing the identification of population movements in the archaeological record, the role of small-scale cultivation in language dispersals, and Middle–Late Neolithic demography. We conclude that the archaeological evidence is consistent with the arrival and spread of Proto-Macro-Koreanic on the peninsula in association with millet cultivation in the Middle Neolithic. This dispersal of Proto-Macro-Koreanic occurred before an apparent population crash after 3000 BC, which can probably be linked with a Late Neolithic decline affecting many regions across northern Eurasia. We suggest plague (Yersinia pestis) as one possible cause of an apparently simultaneous population decline in Korea and Japan.

Isabel Zins

This article deals with language comprehension strategies of German language speakers with receptive skills in Hungarian. This study explores how they come to terms with understanding two short Hungarian texts. To achieve this goal, I chose an introspective method of thinking aloud to visualize internal processes and strategies of comprehension. The results show that contextual knowledge and general knowledge of the world are highly important when it comes to (text) comprehension. In addition, the pronunciation of words must be properly memorized for the participants to be able to recognize them. Furthermore, the so-called “lack of contrast” plays an important role in the results, meaning that the participants often find the words familiar but are not able to access their meanings.

Martine Robbeets, A. Savelyev

The Transeurasian languages are among the most fervently debated language families in modern linguistics, their data contributing extensively to our current understanding of how genealogical and areal linguistics can complement each other as twin faces of diachronic linguistics. The term “Transeurasian” refers to a large group of geographically adjacent languages, stretching from the Pacific in the East to the Baltic, the Black Sea, and the Mediterranean in the West, that includes up to five uncontroversial linguistic families: Japonic, Koreanic, Tungusic, Mongolic, and Turkic. It is distinguished from the more traditional term “Altaic,” which we here reserve for the linguistic grouping consisting of Tungusic, Mongolic, and Turkic languages only. Figure 1 displays the distribution of the Transeurasian languages....

M. Knüppel

In this article, the author addresses the problem of taboos in the Yukaghir languages. These taboos (words as well as phonetic transformations) have not been sufficiently investigated, since their samples are only given in the existing literature. Some of the taboos were already mentioned by V. I. Iochel’son, while others were discussed by I. Nikolaev and G. D. S. Anderson. Yukaghir languages share most patterns of tabooization with the neighboring Altaic languages.

B. Brosig

Professor Gyorgy Kara, an outstanding member of academia, celebrated his 80th birthday recently. His students and colleagues commemorate this occasion with papers on a wide range of topics in Altaic Studies, with a focus on the literacy, culture and languages of the steppe civilizations.

L. A. Araeva, Араева Людмила Алексеевна, Ursula Valer’evna Kereksibesova et al.

This article is about the language situation that has developed in Kosh-Agach district of the Republic of Altay, where Altaians, Kazakhs and Russians coexist. In everyday life, residents of this district use Altai, Kazakh and Russian words, which does not limit their comfortable communication. The above-mentioned situations demonstrate a tolerant attitude towards different cultures. The study substantiates the thesis that stereotyped situations are manifested at the level of ordinary consciousness in each of the languages functioning in the district. Thus, propositional structures that direct a speaker’s thought are realized in verbalizedjudgments using familiar words from Russian, Kazakh and Altaic languages. Analysis of everyday speech material can be used in teaching Russian. Such an approach will make it possible to understand the causes of the use of words from different languages, to reveal the specificity of inflectional and agglutinative languages, as well as to realize the uniqueness of the language situation in the district of Kosh-Agach.

Ahmatjan Tash, Alexander Sugar

D. Prior

Professor Gyorgy Kara, an outstanding member of academia, celebrated his 80th birthday recently. His students and colleagues commemorate this occasion with papers on a wide range of topics in Altaic Studies, with a focus on the literacy, culture and languages of the steppe civilizations.

J. Janhunen

Professor Gyorgy Kara, an outstanding member of academia, celebrated his 80th birthday recently. His students and colleagues commemorate this occasion with papers on a wide range of topics in Altaic Studies, with a focus on the literacy, culture and languages of the steppe civilizations.

Á. Kempf, C. Atwood

V. Subich, N. Mingazova, Raheem Ali Al-foadi