Accurate trajectory prediction is essential for autonomous driving systems to make safe and efficient decisions. Traditional global message-passing methods, though effective at capturing mutual interactions, suffer from an <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$O(N^{2})$ </tex-math></inline-formula> parameter complexity, which limits their scalability in high-density traffic environments. To address this, we propose a message-passing approach based on local neighborhoods, which reduces the complexity to <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$O(N \cdot K_{\max })$ </tex-math></inline-formula> by restricting each node’s interactions to its most relevant neighbors. On the Argoverse 1 motion forecasting benchmark, our model achieves a minADE6 of 0.739 and a minFDE6 of 1.133 with only 1.56M parameters, improving both metrics over a global message-passing baseline. On Argoverse 2, it attains a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathrm {minFDE}_{6}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of 1.196 and an MR6 of 12.2. These results demonstrate that local neighborhood message passing can simultaneously enhance prediction accuracy and computational efficiency, offering a scalable and practical solution for motion prediction in autonomous driving systems.
Transportation engineering, Transportation and communications
<i>Background</i>: This paper addresses a new class of scheduling problems in the context of machines subject to (unrecoverable) interruptions; i.e., when a machine fails, the current and subsequently scheduled work on that machine is lost. Each job has a certain processing time and a reward that is attained if the job is successfully completed. <i>Methods</i>: For the failure process, we considered the linear risk model, according to which the probability of machine failure is uniform across a certain time horizon. <i>Results</i>: We analyzed both the situation in which the set of jobs is given, and that in which jobs must be selected from a pool of jobs, at a certain selection cost. <i>Conclusions</i>: We characterized the complexity of various problems, showing both hardness results and polynomial algorithms, and pointed out some open problems.
Transportation and communication, Management. Industrial management
Urban transportation is transforming due to advancements in micro-mobility, including sustainable infrastructure, Internet of Things (IoT) applications, and tiny electric vehicles. Entrepreneurs are making the most of these advancements, creating novel means of transportation and negotiating intricate regulatory environments. This study uses a detailed systematic literature review to identify innovation and entrepreneurship opportunities in micro-mobility solutions. The study explores how technology transforms micro-mobility by introducing intelligent, app-based solutions, Internet of Things (IoT) connectivity, and battery innovations. Micro-mobility provides theoretical avenues for examining complex subjects like societal effects and sustainable business models. Technological integration, innovations, and entrepreneurship in micro-mobility solutions have practical implications for reshaping urban transportation. Micromobility solutions play a crucial role in the perspective of sustainability. Analyzing these implications promotes the evolution of micro-mobility solutions in cities by informing practical tactics for entrepreneurs and policymakers, in addition to advancing academic research. The works of literature in the English language available in the various databases are considered for theoretical exploration. The study's novelty is based on the structured literature review on innovations and entrepreneurship in micro-mobility solutions without any time limit. The findings will offer insights into the need to develop and improve micro-mobility solutions to impart sustainability in urban areas.
Transportation and communications, Transportation engineering
Electric vehicles (EVs), as promising components of the sustainable and eco-friendly transportation systems, are being widely adopted to reduce the consumption of fossil fuel and pollution of environments. EVs are usually equipped with wireless modules to support the vehicle to vehicle communications, by which an electric vehicular network (EVN) is formed. In EVN, some EVs are with insufficient battery energy and may exhaust the battery energy before arriving at their destinations, and these EVs are referred to as IEVs. More seriously, IEVs probably cannot find any fixed charging facilities nearby. With the development of mobile charging technology, some movable charging stations (MCSs) are deployed into EVN, and MCSs can actively navigate to charge IEVs. In this paper, an assignment rescheduling mechanism of movable charging stations (ARMM) is proposed, where the MCS assignments are dynamically rescheduled. In ARMM, in order to reduce the charging expenses of IEVs and enhance the proportion of charged IEVs, the assigned IEVs of some MCSs could be switched to other MCSs, while the charging positions of MCSs are selected by minimizing the charging expenses of IEVs and are dynamically altered. Besides, the incentives of assigned IEVs to reduce the charging expenses of unassigned IEVs are proven. Simulation results demonstrate the preferable performance of ARMM, i.e. ARMM can reduce the charging expenses of IEVs and enhance the proportion of charged IEVs effectively.
Katrien Storms, Christa Sys, Thierry Vanelslander
et al.
Abstract Reduced free time and increased fees for demurrage and detention create organizational challenges with respect to intermodal transport. As a result, actors within the maritime supply chains are confronted with greater complexity and higher risk of costs; and, therefore, often fall back on transportation by truck to and from the hinterland. That is why the present research examines the impact of this evolution on the bottom line of the involved actors from a maritime supply chain perspective. The research approach consists of reviewing the relevant literature, analyzing the available sector data obtained through interviews and professional experience, and validating the proposed solutions. Starting from the research results, the problem-solving discussions resulted in the following top three as feasible solutions: digitalization, extra ‘free time’ for hinterland locations, and more attention during the negotiation process.
Shipment of goods. Delivery of goods, Transportation and communications
Eiman Elghanam, Mohamed S. Hassan, A. Osman
et al.
Recently, electric vehicles (EVs) have been introduced as an alternative method of transportation to help mitigate environmental issues, such as carbon emissions and fuel consumption, caused by conventional transportation systems. The implementation of effective EV charging systems is essential to motivate mass adoption of EVs. Accordingly, fast and reliable communications between the charging systems and the EVs are vital for efficient management of the charging process. Different radio access technologies (RATs) are discussed in the literature to enable communication between the highly mobile EVs and the charging subsystems, to collect and exchange information such as state of charge (SoC), users’ locations, and charging decisions between the different network entities. This information can be used to coordinate charging plans and select the optimal routes for moving vehicles. This paper presents a survey of existing literature on vehicular communications for EV charging coordination and management. The communication requirements and feasible communication technologies for vehicular communication are first discussed in details. A review of the physical layer security strategies is then presented and the role of the different RATs in EV charging coordination and management is described and studied.
Mahmood A. Al-Shareeda, Murtadha A. Alazzawi, Mohammed Anbar
et al.
Vehicle Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) have recently become an active research area. This is because of its important applications in the transportation field in which vehicles have severe position during activities of daily living in persons. In this paper, the basic background of the VANET from the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS), Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs), VANET standard and VANET characteristics are discussed. Second, the architecture from components and communications of the system are presented. Then, the critical challenges and future perspectives in this field are comprehensively reviewed. This paper could serve as a guide and reference in the design and development of any new techniques for VANETs. Moreover, this paper may help researchers and developers in the selection of the main features of VANET for their goals in one single document.
Cássio Leandro do Carmo, Archimedes Azevedo Raia Junior
Este artigo busca investigar a segurança viária em trechos urbanos de rodovias, por meio da verificação da prevalência das condições de infraestrutura rodoviária e socioeconômicas das áreas urbanas onde as rodovias estão inseridas, na ocorrência de vítimas graves e fatais em acidentes de trânsito. Para isto, é feito um estudo de caso nas rodovias federais brasileiras. De 2010 a 2014, 77.059 pessoas morreram ou ficaram gravemente feridas em acidentes de trânsito em rodovias federais brasileiras inseridas em ambientes urbanos. Essas rodovias foram segmentadas a cada dez quilômetros e as vítimas graves ou fatais contabilizadas por trecho. Em sessenta e quatro segmentos mais perigosos foram verificadas as condições de infraestrutura, com utilização da Pesquisa CNT de Rodovias. Apenas 20,4% destes segmentos apresentaram pavimento, geometria e sinalização em condições adequadas. Uma seleção aleatória de 118 trechos foi realizada entre aqueles onde houve vítimas e as classificações dos centros urbanos e das condições gerais da rodovia foram encontradas, segundo os critérios do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) e da Confederação Nacional do Transporte (CNT). Foi constatado que os segmentos em grandes centros urbanos com alto desenvolvimento econômico e condições regulares de infraestrutura viária tiveram maiores Razões de Prevalência (RP).
The emergence of intelligent connected vehicles (ICVs) is expected to contribute to resolving traffic congestion and safety problems; however, it is inevitable that ICV safety issues in mixed traffic (involving ICVs and human driven vehicles) will be a critical challenge. The numerical simulation of scenarios involving a mix of different driving profiles is expected to be an important safety assessment tool in the process of testing and validating ICVs, especially regarding extreme scenarios, including car collisions, which are rarely captured in real-world datasets. In this study, we propose a novel approach for car collision generation in numerical simulations based on the assumption that car collision occurrences are mostly associated with certain specific driver profiles. Using a dataset provided by the Next Generation Simulation (NGSIM) project, NGSIM 101 dataset, we identify three different driver profiles: aggressive, inattentive, and normal drivers. We then replicate car collision occurrences by varying the percentages of these three driver profiles in the simulated environment, allowing us to establish a relationship between driver profiles and car collision occurrences. We also investigate the severity of car collisions and classify them with respect to the driver profiles of the cars involved in the collisions. Our approach of replicating car collision occurrences in numerical simulations will facilitate the testing and validation of ICVs in the future, especially regarding the testing of ICV functionalities in dealing with traffic accidents.
Transportation engineering, Transportation and communications
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET) are also known as intelligent transportation systems. VANET ensures timely and accurate communications between vehicle to vehicle (V2V) and vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) to improve road safety and enhance the efficiency of traffic flow. Due to its open wireless boundary and high mobility, VANET is vulnerable to malicious nodes that could gain access into the network and carry out serious medium access control (MAC) layer threats, such as denial of service (DoS) attacks, data modification attacks, impersonation attacks, Sybil attacks, and replay attacks. This could affect the network security and privacy, causing harm to the information exchange within the network by genuine nodes and increase fatal impacts on the road. Therefore, a novel secure trust-based architecture that utilizes blockchain technology has been proposed to increase security and privacy to mitigate the aforementioned MAC layer attacks. A series of experiment has been conducted using the Veins simulation tool to assess the performance of the proposed solution in the terms of packet delivery ratio (PDR), end-to-end delay, packet loss, transmission overhead, and computational cost.
Part I: Theory -- Historical Overview -- Introduction to the Theory of Games -- Repeated Games -- Multistage Games -- Zero-Sum Differential Games -- Nonzero-Sum Differential Games -- Evolutionary Games -- Mean-Field Games -- Stochastic Games -- Learning in Games -- Network Games -- Cooperative Dynamic Games -- Numerical Methods -- Part II: Applications -- Part IIA: Economics -- Resource Economics -- Environment Economics and Climate Change -- Industrial Organization. Macroeconomics -- Energy Markets -- Health Economics -- Auctions -- Mechanism Design -- Part IIB: Management Science -- Operations Management -- Marketing -- Finance -- Accounting -- Part IIC: Engineering -- Robust Designs -- Aerospace -- Transportation -- Security -- Power Systems & Smart Grids -- Communications Networks (Pricing, Congestion Control, Routing, Flow Control) -- Part IID: Pursuit-Evasion Games -- Part IIE: Biology (Applications of Evolutionary Game Theory) -- Part IIF: Social Networks. .
As India's economy grows, so too does the number of people who can afford to own vehicles. A downside of this rapid increase in private vehicle ownership is a corresponding increase in traffic congestion, air pollution, and carbon emissions. Although affordability may be one reason for the shift toward commuting via private vehicles, another contributing factor could be the quality of public transportation. The objective of this paper is to determine whether private vehicle ownership in large urban areas in India is influenced by the presence of high quality dedicated public transit systems. Consumer expenditure survey data acquired from the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) for the year 2009–2010 were used to develop a vehicle ownership model for 26 Indian cities with a population of at least one million. The results show that the availability of public transportation has a negative correlation to motorcycle/moped ownership but has no strong effect on car ownership. These results should encourage governments in developing economies to invest in high-quality dedicated public transit systems.
Countries seek to use the knowledge and capital of the private sector to minimise the gap between the transport infrastructure needs and the capacity of their budgets. A form of private investor involvement is usually a public-private partnership PPP. However, success in implementing the PPP projects requires appropriate economic, legal and institutional conditions. The article presents results of research aimed at identifying the PPP success factors in Poland and assessing the strength of impact of individual factors on the implementation of projects. An analysis of the subject literature was carried out, based on which the success factors were determined. Next, econometric modelling methods were applied (correlation and regression), which were used to measure the degree of correlation between the variables and showed the relationships of variables to each other.
Risk of pedestrian-vehicle crashes increased with distraction of pedestrians at roadway crossings. Aims of the study included analysing distracted pedestrian crossing behavior, identifying factors that influence pedestrian crossing speed at a midblock crosswalk, and determining the influence of road cross-section (RCS) on pedestrian walking speed.Three cities in Oregon State in the USA were included in the study: Corvallis, Albany, and Eugene. A combination of digital video and researcher field notes were used to obtain the data at each site. A total of 1045 pedestrian crossings from 23 midblock crossings were observed and analysed to determine the association of distraction type, road cross-section, and other in situ factors with pedestrian walking speed. Data analysis was conducted in two stages. First, the effect of each distraction type (looking at a handheld device, talking on a cell phone, wearing headphones, walking in a pair, walking in a group, and other distractions) on the pedestrian walking speed was examined. The results showed that average walking speed was 4.8 ft./s (1.46 m/s). Pedestrians walking with headphones crossed more quickly (0.91 ft./s) (0.28 m/s) than those with no distractions (5.14 ft./s) (1.57 m/s). In addition, talking on a cell phone was not significantly correlated with walking speed. Moreover, the other four distraction types were associated with decreasing the walking speed by 0.29 ft./s (0.09 m/s) to 0.83 ft./s (0.25 m/s). Second, the influence of pedestrian distraction, crosswalk configuration, land use, compliance rate, and pedestrian demographics on the pedestrian walking speed were examined in this study. Findings indicated that distracted pedestrian in two road cross-sections would require more crossing time than an elderly pedestrian. Pedestrian safety is a key concern in transportation research, and improved understanding of the factors contributing to pedestrian fatalities could enable safer roadways to be designed.
Abstract Effective natural hazard risk assessment requires the characterisation of both hazards and vulnerabilities of exposed elements. Volcanic hazard assessment is at an advanced state and is a considerable focus of volcanic scientific inquiry, whereas comprehensive vulnerability assessment is lacking. Cataloguing and analysing volcanic impacts provide insight on likely societal and physical vulnerabilities during future eruptions. This paper reviews documented disruption and physical damage of critical infrastructure elements resulting from four volcanic hazards (tephra fall, pyroclastic density currents, lava flows and lahars) of eruptions in the last 100 years. We define critical infrastructure as including energy sector infrastructure, water supply and wastewater networks, transportation routes, communications, and critical components. Common trends of impacts and vulnerabilities are summarised, which can be used to assess and reduce volcanic risk for future eruptions. In general, tephra falls cause disruption to these infrastructure sectors, reducing their functionality, whilst flow hazards (pyroclastic density currents, lava flows and lahars) are more destructive causing considerable permanent damage. Volcanic risk assessment should include quantification of vulnerabilities and we challenge the volcanology community to address this through the implementation of a standardised vulnerability assessment methodology and the development and use of fragility functions, as has been successfully implemented in other natural hazard fields.