Hasil untuk "The Bible"

Y. C. Liang, A. Cathey, M. Hoelzl et al.

Future large-scale magnetic confinement fusion reactors require operational regimes that can avoid extreme heat fluxes onto the plasma-facing components. One promising regime is the X-point radiator (XPR), which relies on a highly radiative, cold and dense plasma volume forming above the X-point, and which can be accessed via impurity seeding. Experimentally, the height of the XPR can be controlled by adjusting the seeding rate and heating power. This contribution presents axisymmetric (2D) simulations of the XPR regime in ASDEX Upgrade using the nonlinear MHD code JOREK extended with a kinetic particle framework for the main species neutrals and nitrogen impurities. With the time-dependent simulations, the progression from attached divertors to a complete detachment with the XPR formation is shown, highlighting the effects of the neutrals and impurities separately. Amidst this progression, the formation and the loss of the high-field-side high-density are observed. After the XPR is well-formed at the height of 6.8 cm, the fuelling and seeding rates are adjusted so that the XPR remains stationary. From the stationary case, the seeding rate is then changed to see how the XPR location reacts. By increasing and decreasing the seeding rate, the XPR responds by moving upwards and downwards, respectively. These simulations show JOREK's capability of simulating time-varying XPR, which will provide a baseline for the transition to 3D simulations, so the MHD activities and their interaction with the XPR can be studied.

Adeela Bashir, Zhao Song, Ndidi Bianca Ogbo et al.

AI safety is an increasingly urgent concern as the capabilities and adoption of AI systems grow. Existing evolutionary models of AI governance have primarily examined incentives for safe development and effective regulation, typically representing users' trust as a one-shot adoption choice rather than as a dynamic, evolving process shaped by repeated interactions. We instead model trust as reduced monitoring in a repeated, asymmetric interaction between users and AI developers, where checking AI behaviour is costly. Using evolutionary game theory, we study how user trust strategies and developer choices between safe (compliant) and unsafe (non-compliant) AI co-evolve under different levels of monitoring cost and institutional regimes. We complement the infinite-population replicator analysis with stochastic finite-population dynamics and reinforcement learning (Q-learning) simulations. Across these approaches, we find three robust long-run regimes: no adoption with unsafe development, unsafe but widely adopted systems, and safe systems that are widely adopted. Only the last is desirable, and it arises when penalties for unsafe behaviour exceed the extra cost of safety and users can still afford to monitor at least occasionally. Our results formally support governance proposals that emphasise transparency, low-cost monitoring, and meaningful sanctions, and they show that neither regulation alone nor blind user trust is sufficient to prevent evolutionary drift towards unsafe or low-adoption outcomes.

Omnilingual SONAR Team, João Maria Janeiro, Pere-Lluís Huguet Cabot et al.

Cross-lingual sentence encoders typically cover only a few hundred languages and often trade downstream quality for stronger alignment, limiting their adoption. We introduce OmniSONAR, a new family of omnilingual, cross-lingual and cross-modal sentence embedding models that natively embed text, speech, code, and mathematical expressions in a single semantic space, while delivering state-of-the-art downstream performance at the scale of thousands of languages, from high-resource to extremely low-resource varieties. To reach this scale without representation collapse, we use progressive training. We first learn a strong foundational space for 200 languages with an LLM-initialized encoder-decoder, combining token-level decoding with a novel split-softmax contrastive loss and synthetic hard negatives. Building on this foundation, we expand to several thousands language varieties via a two-stage teacher-student encoder distillation framework. Finally, we demonstrate the cross-modal extensibility of this space by seamlessly mapping 177 spoken languages into it. OmniSONAR halves cross-lingual similarity search error on the 200-language FLORES dataset and reduces error by a factor of 15 on the 1,560-language BIBLE benchmark. It also enables strong translation, outperforming NLLB-3B on multilingual benchmarks and exceeding prior models (including much larger LLMs) by 15 chrF++ points on 1,560 languages into English BIBLE translation. OmniSONAR also performs strongly on MTEB and XLCoST. For speech, OmniSONAR achieves a 43% lower similarity-search error and reaches 97% of SeamlessM4T speech-to-text quality, despite being zero-shot for translation (trained only on ASR data). Finally, by training an encoder-decoder LM, Spectrum, exclusively on English text processing OmniSONAR embedding sequences, we unlock high-performance transfer to thousands of languages and speech for complex downstream tasks.

Nicholas J. Moore

The idea of a heavenly temple is widespread in the ancient world, including in the New Testament. Yet it has been a neglected theme in New Testament scholarship, certainly by comparison with the related yet less prominent themes of Christ as temple and community as temple. This article first outlines the extent of the theme in the New Testament. It then outlines reasons for this neglect before focusing on one: the mismatch between ancient conceptualisations of the universe and modern scientific cosmology. It explores and critiques a number of attempts to account for this gulf, a debate which continues to be influenced by Bultmann’s category of demythologisation. It finally argues that, even on a ‘mythological’ construal of the New Testament writers’ cosmology, the connection of temple with heaven speaks eloquently of the nature of God’s abode.

Haowei Zhang, Matthias Hölzl, Isabel Krebs et al.

The sawtooth-free hybrid scenario has been achieved recently in ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) with applied non-inductive current sources and auxiliary heating [A. Burckhart et al 2023 Nucl. Fusion 63 126056]. Control experiments in AUG suggest that the self-regulating magnetic flux pumping mechanism, characterized by anomalous current redistribution, is responsible for clamping the central safety factor (q_0) close to unity, thereby preventing the sawtooth onset. This work presents a numerical and theoretical investigation of flux pumping in the AUG hybrid scenario based on the two-temperature, visco-resistive, full magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model with the JOREK code. To quantitatively model the flux pumping, we choose realistic parameters, plasma configurations, and source terms based on AUG experiments. During the initial saturation stage of the unstable 1/1 quasi-interchange mode (on millisecond timescales), q_0 exhibits fast under-damped oscillation and reaches a value closer to unity, which is attributed to the self-regulation of core plasma and the fast dynamo effect on the order of V/m. On the longer resistive diffusion timescale of seconds, the slow negative dynamo effect on the order of mV/m induced by the 1/1 MHD instability plays an effective role in flux pumping, which provides quantitative agreement with experimental observations for the first time. The final saturated 1/1 MHD instability exhibits features of the quasi-interchange mode and tearing mode, and the associated convective plasma flow velocity is a few m/s. The toroidal negative electric field from the slow dynamo dominantly offsets the positive current drive and continuously redistributes the current density and pressure. As a result, q_0 is maintained close to unity due to the low-shear profiles of current density and pressure in the plasma core, and the system enters a sawtooth-free and quasi-stationary helical state.

Anna Escofet, Boris Kruglikov, Dennis The

For every parabolic subgroup $P$ of a Lie supergroup $G$, the homogeneous superspace $G/P$ carries a $G$-invariant supergeometry. We address the question whether $\mathfrak{g}=\text{Lie}(G)$ is the maximal supersymmetry of this supergeometry in the case of the exceptional Lie superalgebra $D(2,1;a)$. For each choice of parabolic $\mathfrak{p}\subset\mathfrak{g}$, we consider the corresponding negatively graded Lie subalgebra $\mathfrak{m}\subset\mathfrak{g}$, and compute its Tanaka--Weisfeiler prolongations, with reduction of the structure group when required, thus realizing $D(2,1;a)$ via symmetries of supergeometries. This gives 6 inequivalent supergeometries: one of these is a vector superdistribution, two are given by cone fields of supervarieties, and the remaining three are higher order structure reductions (a novel feature). We describe those supergeometries and realize $D(2,1;a)$ supersymmetry explicitly in each case.

K. Eder, W. Zholobenko, A. Stegmeir et al.

Coupling a high-performance burning plasma core to a detached boundary solution is critical for realizing magnetic confinement fusion power. Predictive simulations of the edge and scrape-off layer are therefore essential and must self-consistently account for turbulence and the interplay between the plasma, neutral gas, and impurities. We present results on controlled full detachment in ASDEX Upgrade with an X-point radiator (XPR), obtained with the edge turbulence code GRILLIX. Assuming a fixed nitrogen concentration (in terms of the electron density) in coronal equilibrium, two simulations are discussed: they exhibit dense nitrogen radiation fronts, located 5 and 12 cm above the X-point, accounting for 80 % of the input heating power. In validations against density, temperature, and bolometry measurements, the simulations show good agreement and reproduce the detached divertor conditions observed in the experiment. Neutral gas is critical for achieving detachment and modulating the height of the XPR front, in agreement with previous SOLPS-ITER transport modeling and analytical power balance studies. In addition, the front structure is highly dynamic due to turbulence, consisting of ionizing and radiative mantles surrounding intermittent cold spots of recombining plasma. Near the detachment front, density and temperature fluctuation amplitudes exceed the background by more than 400 %, compared to 40 % in an attached reference case. The radial electric field shifts inward, poloidal symmetry of the electrostatic potential is broken (inducing strong radial flows around the XPR), and radial particle and heat transport into the low-field side scrape-off layer increases. These effects may explain the ELM suppression observed in the H-mode XPR regime.

Negar Foroutan, Jakhongir Saydaliev, Ye Eun Kim et al.

Language identification (LID) is a critical step in curating multilingual LLM pretraining corpora from web crawls. While many studies on LID model training focus on collecting diverse training data to improve performance, low-resource languages -- often limited to single-domain data, such as the Bible -- continue to perform poorly. To resolve these imbalance and bias issues, we propose a novel supervised contrastive learning (SCL) approach to learn domain-invariant representations for low-resource languages. We show that our approach improves LID performance on out-of-domain data for low-resource languages by 3.2 percentage points, while maintaining its performance for the high-resource languages.

Büşra Elmas

Dispensationalism is a significant theological movement in the United States, especially within Evangelical Christianity. Dispensations refer to the periods that adherents of this belief separate in explaining world history. These periods are generally designated as seven eras in which the relationship between God and humanity was established in varying ways. The idea of dispensationalism was developed by John Nelson Darby. His literal and futuristic interpretation led him to distinguish the roles of Israel and the Church in the Bible prophecies. After Darby, C. I. Scofield played a crucial role in popularizing Darby’s ideas in the United States with the publication of his Scofield Reference Bible. This article examines the historical process of dispensationalism and focuses on its founder, John Nelson Darby, and his views on dispensationalism from a historical perspective. The article concludes that Darby’s dispensationalism is widely accepted by Evangelicals, that the rapture and the separation of the Church and Israel in the God’s divine plan have provided the theological basis for Evangelical Christians’ support for Israel and have had various effects on American popular culture.

Zhilong Yan, Aixin Zhang

This article explores the evolution of totemic symbolism in contemporary visual art and its profound link with religious concepts, particularly the image of God. It examines how artists reinterpret sacred themes through totems, reflecting both historical religious traditions and modern societal transformations. Through a review of totemic representations from ancient to contemporary artworks, this study illuminates the evolving portrayal of divine figures – from traditional religious icons to more personalised spiritual symbols. This evolution not only signifies changes in artistic expression but also suggests a deepening societal understanding of divinity. The analysis highlights the totem’s role as a mediator between the human and the divine, offering insights into the spiritual connections that transcend conventional religious frameworks. This research not only enriches the discourse on the relationship between art and religion but also underscores the dynamic interaction between cultural heritage and contemporary artistic exploration. Contribution: This study enriches the field of art history and religious studies by tracing the transformative representation of totems in art from ancient symbolism to modern reinterpretations. It underscores the totem’s role as a dynamic symbol in contemporary visual culture, facilitating deeper spiritual connections and dialogues across various cultural and religious landscapes. The findings of this study provide a nuanced understanding of how contemporary art mediates complex theological concepts, thus offering new perspectives on the intersection of art, religion and spirituality.

Hiroaki Shishido, The Dang Vu, Kazuya Aizawa et al.

Recent progress in high-power pulsed neutron sources has stimulated the development of the Bragg-dip and Bragg-edge analysis methods using a two-dimensional neutron detector with high temporal resolution to resolve the neutron energy by the time-of-flight method. The delay-line current-biased kinetic-inductance detector (CB-KID) is a two-dimensional superconducting sensor with a high temporal resolution and multi-hit capability. We demonstrate that the delay-line CB-KID with a $^{10}$B neutron conversion layer can be applied to high-spatial-resolution neutron transmission imaging and spectroscopy up to 100\,eV. Dip structures in the transmission spectrum induced by Bragg diffraction and nuclear resonance absorption in YbSn$_3$ single crystals. We successfully drew the orientation mapping of YbSn$_3$ crystals based on the analysis of observed Bragg-dip positions in the transmission spectrum.

جوزفين رزق الله

يناقش هذا البحث التجربة الروحية للفيلسوفة الفرنسية "سيمون فايل" (1909_1943)، كيف ارتبطت بفكرة المعاناة، والتي قدمت لها تحليلاً ميتافيزيقاً، من خلال رؤية صوفية عميقة، تظهر فيها ثقافتها الدينية، وتأثرها الشديد بالكتاب المقدس، كما يظهر فيها أيضاً تأثرها بالفلسفة الأفلاطونية، وأيضاً تتشابه فيها مع بعض الفلاسفة الوجوديين أمثال "كيركجور" و"نيتشه"، و"كامي"، كما أضافت "فايل" في تحليلها لمفهوم المعاناة مفهوماً جديداً هو مفهوم "الضيق Affliction"، الذي ربطت بينه وبين الحب الإلهي، ووصفته بأنه "جوهر المسيحية" من جانب، و"لغز الحياة الإنسانية" من جانب آخر، واعتبرته صورة لجدل المحبة بين الوجود الإلهي والوجود الإنساني، وفي إطار هذا التحليل تناولت "فايل" العلاقة بين الضيق والألم الجسدي، وناقشت أحوال الوجود الإنساني في حالة الضيق. وأكدت على أن الضيق لا بد من النظر إليه باعتباره بعداً للمحبة الإلهية، كما ظهر مفهوم الضيق عند "فايل" باعتباره مفارقة جمعت بين مجموعة من المتناقضات مثل الجمع بين المعقول واللامعقول، الحرية والضرورة، الألم والفرح، الاتصال والانفصال، وأخيراً غياب وحضور الوجود الإلهي. Abstract This paper discusses the spiritual experience of the French philosopher Simone Weil (1909-1943), and how it is related to the idea of ​​suffering of which she presented a metaphysical analysis through a deep mystical vision, showing her religious culture, her deep knowledge of the Bible, and her study of platonic philosophy. Her vision was also similar to existential philosophers like Kierkegaard, Nietzsche and Heidegger.  In her analysis of the idea of suffering, Weil added a new concept, affliction that she linked to divine love, and described it as "the essence of Christianity", and "The great enigma of human life". She considered affliction a kind of dialectic of love between God and man. In this regard, she also discussed the relationship between affliction and physical pain, and the conditions of human being in a state of affliction.  According to Weil, the concept of affliction was a paradox that combined a set of contradictions such as the reasonable and the unreasonable, freedom and necessity, pain and joy, connection and separation, and eventually the absence and presence of the divine.

Paba De Andrado

Isaiah 53 has been at the crossroads of Jewish-Christian polemical debate about the identity of the unnamed figure. This article emphasises that it is not the identity but the function of the Servant which is pivotal. This study examines relevant terms, imagery, and allusions in Isa 53 to determine intertextual links to cultic texts. It investigates the Servant’s association with the triple roles of priest, sacrifice and offerer/sinner while also considering his expiatory function. The study frames this cultic portrayal of the Servant as a response to the “templeless age.” The destruction of the temple in 587 B.C.E resulted in a dilemma for the deportees who sought to reconcile with their deity in a foreign land. The traumatic loss of the temple resulted in creative ideas of how to access God in the absence of a sanctuary. Isaiah 53 addresses the cultic void by shifting the site and means of expiatory atonement from a physical place (the temple) to a person (the Servant). https://doi.org/10.17159/2312-3621/2021/v34n3a15

Soufian El Yadmani, Robin The, Olga Gadyatskaya

Exploit proof-of-concepts (PoCs) for known vulnerabilities are widely shared in the security community. They help security analysts to learn from each other and they facilitate security assessments and red teaming tasks. In the recent years, PoCs have been widely distributed, e.g., via dedicated websites and platforms, and public code repositories such as GitHub. However, there is no guarantee that PoCs in public code repositories come from trustworthy sources or even that they do what they are supposed to do. In this work we investigate GitHub-hosted PoCs for known vulnerabilities discovered in 2017--2021. We discovered that not all PoCs are trustworthy. Some proof-of-concepts are malicious, e.g., they attempt to exfiltrate data from the system they are being run on, or they try to install malware on this system, and in some cases they have hard-coded reverse shell listener. To measure the prevalence of this threat, we propose an approach to detecting malicious PoCs. Our approach relies on the maliciousness symptoms we have observed in our PoC dataset: calls to malicious IP addresses, encoded malicious code, and included Trojanized binaries. With this approach, we have discovered 899 malicious repositories out of 47,285 repositories that have been downloaded and checked (i.e., 1.9% of the studied repositories have indicators of malicious intent). This figure shows a worrying prevalence of dangerous malicious PoCs among the exploit code distributed on GitHub.

The Dang Vu, Hiroaki Shishido, Kazuya Aizawa et al.

Samples were examined using a superconducting (Nb) neutron imaging system employing a delay-line technique which in previous studies was shown to have high spatial resolution. We found excellent correspondence between neutron transmission and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of Gd islands with sizes between 15 and 130 micrometer which were thermally-sprayed onto a Si substrate. Neutron transmission images could be used to identify tiny voids in a thermally-sprayed continuous Gd2O3 film on a Si substrate which could not be seen in SEM images. We also found that neutron transmission images revealed pattern formations, mosaic features and co-existing dendritic phases in Wood's metal samples with constituent elements Bi, Pb, Sn and Cd. These results demonstrate the merits of the current-biased kinetic inductance detector (CB-KID) system for practical studies in materials science. Moreover, we found that operating the detector at a more optimal temperature (7.9 K) appreciably improved the effective detection efficiency when compared to previous studies conducted at 4 K. This is because the effective size of hot-spots in the superconducting meanderline planes increases with temperature, which makes particle detections more likely.

Diego Alberto Uribe Castrillón

En un mundo dramático en el que el ser humano ha perdido la esperanza, la belleza es una opción que le permite al hombre acercarse a la identidad de su ser, a las razones para contemplar, en medio de las ruinas de un mundo sin sentido, una posibilidad para ser, para realizarse, para expresarse. La Liturgia, expresión de la fe se hace entonces espacio revelador de la intimidad del hombre y expresión de su anhelo de sentido, de paz, de alegría, de esperanza.

Seth D. Postell

Though the parallels between Joseph and David have been well noted, the numerous literary links between Joseph’s exemplary behaviour with Potiphar’s wife on the one hand and David’s disgraceful behaviour with Bathsheba on the other has gone by largely unnoticed. In this article, we analyse 2 Samuel 11–12 as a reflection story of Genesis 39, noting the numerous parallels and striking contrasts. Given the many allusions to Joseph in 1 Samuel, the reader expects to see only Joseph’s reflection in David’s mirror in 2 Samuel 11–12, but finds Potiphar’s wife looking back at David as well.

D. Carralero, S. Artene, M. Bernert et al.

In this work we carry out quantitative measurements of particle and heat transport associated to SOL filaments in a tokamak, and relate density shoulder formation to the advection of energy in the far SOL. For the first time, this attempt includes direct measurements of ion and electron temperatures for background and filaments. With this aim, we combine data from a number of equivalent L-mode discharges from the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak in which different probe heads were installed on the midplane manipulator. This approach is validated by a comparison with independent diagnostics. Results indicate an increase of heat transport associated to filaments after the shoulder formation. Several centimeters into the SOL, filaments are still found to carry a substantial fraction (up to one fifth) of the power ejected at the separatrix.

T. A. Wijkamp, A. Perek, J. Decker et al.

Synchrotron radiation observed in a quiescent TCV runaway discharge is studied using filtered camera images targeting three distinct wavelength intervals. Through the tomographic SART procedure the high momentum, high pitch angle part of the spatial and momentum distribution of these relativistic particles is reconstructed. Experimental estimates of the distribution are important for verification and refinement of formation-, decay- and transport-models underlying runaway avoidance and mitigation strategy design. Using a test distribution it is demonstrated that the inversion procedure provides estimates accurate to within a few tens of percent in the region of phase-space contributing most to the synchrotron image. We find that combining images filtered around different parts of the emission spectrum widens the probed part of momentum-space and reduces reconstruction errors. Next, the SART algorithm is used to obtain information on the spatiotemporal runaway momentum distribution in a selected TCV discharge. The momentum distribution is found to relax towards an avalanche-like exponentially decaying profile. Anomalously high pitch angles and a radial profile increasing towards the edge are found for the most strongly emitting particles in the distribution. Pitch angle scattering by toroidal magnetic field ripple is consistent with this picture. An alternative explanation is the presence of high frequency instabilities in combination with the formation of a runaway shell at the edge of the plasma.

O. Linder, J. Citrin, G. M. D. Hogeweij et al.

Neoclassical and turbulent heavy impurity transport in tokamak core plasmas are determined by main ion temperature, density and toroidal rotation profiles. Thus, in order to understand and prevent experimental behaviour of W accumulation, flux-driven integrated modelling of main ion heat and particle transport over multiple confinement times is a vital prerequisite. For the first time, the quasilinear gyrokinetic code QuaLiKiz has been applied for successful predictions of core kinetic profiles in an ASDEX Upgrade H-mode discharge in the turbulence dominated region within the integrated modelling suite JETTO. Neoclassical contributions are calculated by NCLASS; auxiliary heat and particle deposition profiles due to NBI and ECRH prescribed from previous analysis with TRANSP. Turbulent and neoclassical contributions are insufficient in explaining main ion heat and particle transport inside the $q=1$ surface, necessitating the prescription of further transport coefficients to mimic the impact of MHD activity on central transport. The ion to electron temperature ratio at the simulation boundary at $ρ_\mathrm{tor} = 0.85$ stabilizes ion scale modes while destabilizing ETG modes when significantly exceeding unity. Careful analysis of experimental measurements using Gaussian process regression techniques is carried out to explore reasonable uncertainties. In following trace W impurity transport simulations performed with additionally NEO, neoclassical transport under consideration of poloidal asymmetries alone is found to be insufficient to establish hollow central W density profiles. Reproduction of these conditions measured experimentally is found possible only when assuming the direct impact of a saturated $(m,n)=(1,1)$ MHD mode on heavy impurity transport.