Hasil untuk "Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages"

Alice Bravin

From the second half of the 1970s, some organizations of unofficial and independent artists and writers were created in the Soviet Union, which were officially recognized by Soviet authorities: in 1976 in the Moscow City Committee of Graphic Artists a section of painting was set up that united non-formal artists who exhibited their works in the halls in Malaia Gruzinskaia street; in 1981 in Leningrad the literary club “Klub-81” was created, a unique organization of unsanctioned writers under the direct control of the KGB; in 1985 an alternative literary association, the “Klub Poeziia”, was also founded in Moscow. These institutions represented a forum for discussions and interaction between the members of the unofficial culture, but at the same time they were under the jurisdiction of Soviet law and combined functions and features like any other official Soviet institution. The aim of this paper is to investigate the role and structures of these ambiguous and alternative organizations, on the border between official and non-official culture.

Marie Martine

Georges de Peyrebrune’s Victoire la Rouge, published in 1883, tells the story of a farm maid, who is repeatedly shunned by her rural community because of her three illegitimate pregnancies. Although it was generally well received by the French press, Peyrebrune’s depiction of illegitimate motherhood and infanticide in an explicit writing style sparked controversy. Victoire la Rouge, with its portrayal of motherhood as a violence exerted onto a woman’s body and consciousness, presents a powerful counter-narrative to contemporary discourses that tended to idealize and naturalize motherhood. The novel also scandalized critics because of its appropriation of a naturalist writing mode, considered unsuitable for a woman writer. This article explores how Peyrebrune responded to the public debates around the 1804 law on paternity recognition by eliciting the reader’s sympathy for a working-class woman excluded from her community for showing signs of her victimization at the hands of men and left with no possibility of obtaining justice. In doing so, it will both demonstrate the novel’s engagement with a wide range of social and literary discourses on motherhood and highlight its significance as an example of a woman writer reclaiming the right to intervene in the public sphere through aesthetic means.

Thomas A. Henzinger, Pavol Kebis, Nicolas Mazzocchi et al.

A quantitative word automaton (QWA) defines a function from infinite words to values. For example, every infinite run of a limit-average QWA A obtains a mean payoff, and every word w is assigned the maximal mean payoff obtained by nondeterministic runs of A over w. We introduce quantitative language automata (QLAs) that define functions from language generators (i.e., implementations) to values, where a language generator can be nonprobabilistic, defining a set of infinite words, or probabilistic, defining a probability measure over infinite words. A QLA consists of a QWA and a language aggregator. For example, given a QWA A, the infimum aggregator maps each language L to the greatest lower bound assigned by A to any word in L. For boolean value sets, QWAs capture trace properties, and QLAs capture hyperproperties. For more general value sets, QLAs serve as a specification language for a generalization of hyperproperties, called quantitative hyperproperties. A nonprobabilistic (resp. probabilistic) quantitative hyperproperty assigns a value to each set (resp. distribution) G of traces, e.g., the minimal (resp. expected) average response time exhibited by the traces in G (resp. by traces sampled according to G). We give several examples of quantitative hyperproperties and investigate three paradigmatic problems for QLAs: evaluation, nonemptiness, and universality. In the evaluation problem, given a QLA AA and an implementation G, we ask for the value that AA assigns to G. In the nonemptiness (resp. universality) problem, given a QLA AA, a threshold k, and a comparison in {>, >=} we ask whether AA assigns a value meeting the threshold to some (resp. every) language. We provide a comprehensive picture of decidability and complexity for these problems for QLAs with common aggregators as well as their restrictions to omega-regular languages and distributions generated by finite Markov chains.

Tijmen Pronk

Abstract This article discusses the rise of new tones in Baltic and Slavic languages. It draws attention to the underlying mechanisms in the rise of these new tones and adduces typological parallels for some of the sound changes involved. It is argued that two processes played a crucial role in tonogenesis in Baltic and Slavic: stress retraction and reanalysis of an earlier phonation contrast as a tonal contrast. Tone renewal as a result of stress retractions in a number of South Slavic dialects is argued to have resulted from language contact.

Marco Muresu

The paper focuses on Sardinia from the fall of Carthage (698) to the rise of its autonomous rulers, the iudikes, in the mid-9th c. During these centuries, the island managed to convey a sense of historical standing between different ‘worlds’: the Latin West, the Byzantine empire, and the Muslims in North Africa and Spain. Albeit traditionally considered as a proof of ‘periphery’ and ‘isolation’, Sardinia’s insularity condition and its development as an unconquered liminal polity among the major powers in the Western Mediterranean received renewed interest through the re-assessment of the archaeological, sigillographic and numismatic record. As such, the paper is an account of the key features of this transition and offers new perspectives on the island’s resilience within the formative phases of a Medieval Mediterranean that we increasingly understand in terms of its connectivity.

Valentina Noseda

Book Review

Ekaterina A. Mochalova

In the tenth grade we read Dostoevsky’s novel Crime and Punishment, where several real-life places in St. Petersburg are described. Few names of these places are written in full; the very fact that the action takes place in a designated place indicates realism and affects the characteristics (and sometimes the meaning) of it. However, Dostoevsky “encrypts” some of the addresses. In order to find the places not directly indicated, I decided to follow the footsteps of the heroes of this work, and after getting acquainted with the research on the topography of the novel, I went to St. Petersburg. After studying various archives, maps, and other sources, I was able to find the house of the Marmeladov family, which is not indicated in academic works. This study demonstrates a way of reasoning leading to an unambiguous conclusion and opening new meanings in the novel Crime and Punishment, such as the way of Raskolnikov’s thought, the reasons why Dostoevsky settled his characters on a certain street, and so on.

Nicole Nau, Birutė Spraunienė

This paper investigates the use of future tense in Latvian and Lithuanian in narratives that are located in the past. The data come from corpora of the contemporary languages as well as from folktales documented at the end of the th century. While the future is rarely used to tell a story, it does appear in certainfunctions in clauses that meet all or a part of the criteria for narrative clauses. We distinguish three groups of uses, with increasing degrees of narrativity: (a) imagined and evoked scenarios, including evoking habitual actions in the past; (b) a cluster of meanings around intention, imminence, and inception; (c) functions of text organization and grounding. Purely textual functions are only found in the folktales. Furthermore, switches to future tense in Baltic folktales show similar characteristics as switches from past to present tense in Romance languages.

Anna S. Akimova

The article presents the first publication of the draft autograph entitled “The Competitors.” It based on the text from a manuscript written by A.N. Tolstoy in 1909, which is now kept in the Institute of Russian Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences and contains poetry and prose, sketches and notes to the works of the 1910s. The novel “The Competitor” (singular) was published in the Saint Petersburg almanac “Love” in 1910. The textology of Tolstoy’s first works, the novel-stylizations “The Competitor” and “The Jasper Notebook”, did not attract the attention of researchers. Meanwhile the draft autograph contains not only the original version of the title of the story but also details of the description of manor’s life and characteristics of the main character uncle Kobelev. Preparing the text for publication, the author abandon them. The examples of author’s edits are studied in the introduction. The dynamic transcription helps us to show Tolstoy’s work on the images of the old hussar and his nephew. The comparison of the draft autograph with the published story makes it possible to describe the development of the text, to characterize the images of the main characters and the features of the image of the manor in the writer’s early prose. Tolstoy returned to the story “The Competitor,” corrected it and included in the collected works which attests to the value in the writer’s work one of the first texts devoted to the ‘manor theme’ and to the description of the estate’s life.

Arturo Carpi, Flavio D'Alessandro, Oscar H. Ibarra et al.

It is shown that for every language family that is a trio containing only semilinear languages, all bounded languages in it can be accepted by one-way deterministic reversal-bounded multicounter machines (DCM). This implies that for every semilinear trio (where these properties are effective), it is possible to decide containment, equivalence, and disjointness concerning its bounded languages. A condition is also provided for when the bounded languages in a semilinear trio coincide exactly with those accepted by DCM machines, and it is used to show that many grammar systems of finite index -- such as finite-index matrix grammars and finite-index ETOL -- have identical bounded languages as DCM. Then connections between ambiguity, counting regularity, and commutative regularity are made, as many machines and grammars that are unambiguous can only generate/accept counting regular or commutatively regular languages. Thus, such a system that can generate/accept a non-counting regular or non-commutatively regular language implies the existence of inherently ambiguous languages over that system. In addition, it is shown that every language generated by an unambiguous finite-index matrix grammar has a rational characteristic series in commutative variables, and is counting regular. This result plus the connections are used to demonstrate that finite-index matrix grammars and finite-index ETOL can generate inherently ambiguous languages (over their grammars), as do several machine models. It is also shown that all bounded languages generated by these two grammar systems (those in any semilinear trio) can be generated unambiguously within the systems. Finally, conditions on languages generated by finite-index matrix grammars and finite-index ETOL implying commutative regularity are obtained. In particular, it is shown that every finite-index EDOL language is commutatively regular.

Andrea Colledan, Ugo Dal Lago

In the realm of quantum computing, circuit description languages represent a valid alternative to traditional QRAM-style languages. They indeed allow for finer control over the output circuit, without sacrificing flexibility nor modularity. We introduce a generalization of the paradigmatic lambda-calculus Proto-Quipper-M, itself modeling the core features of the quantum circuit description language Quipper. The extension, called Proto-Quipper-K, is meant to capture a very general form of dynamic lifting. This is made possible by the introduction of a rich type and effect system in which not only computations, but also the very types are effectful. The main results we give for the introduced language are the classic type soundness results, namely subject reduction and progress.

E. Luchina

Languages differ in the way they code causal-noncausal alternations, in which an event is presented as either having an external causer or happening by itself. Some languages make no distinction between the two situations, while others make a morphosyntactic distinction. Yiddish, a Germanic language, differs from other genealogically close Germanic varieties: Yiddish codes causal-noncausal alternation similarly to the coterritorial Slavic languages with which it was in contact, for instance Polish and Russian. The two tendencies that make Yiddish similar to the Slavic languages in this respect are the rise of anticausative marking (direct calquing) and the development of a causative (preference for overt marking).

L. Kiseleva

This article is devoted to the main directions of the Slavic activities of the linguists of the Bashkir State University, namely scientific, educational, and cultural and elucidative. Within the framework of the scientific direction, comparative typological (in comparison with the Turkic languages) and sociolinguistic aspects are considered, and the results of the linguogeographic study of the Slavic languages (primarily Russian) are described. The specificity of the educational direction is based on the educational process, which involves the use of both traditional and new forms of studying and teaching foreign Slavic languages (Polish, Czech, Bulgarian, and Serbo-Croatian) within the walls of the Bashkir State University. The role of the mentioned and related disciplines (introduction to Slavic philology, comparative grammar of Slavic languages) in deepening the Slavic training of students of Russian studies is demonstrated. Attention is paid to relations with educational institutions in Slavic countries as an important factor in improving the quality of teaching foreign Slavic languages. The main parameters of the third direction — cultural and elucidative — are considered from the point of view of cooperation with the Slavic national cultural centres of the Republic of Bashkortostan, primarily the Polish Culture Centre and Education “Renaissance” and the Bulgarian Cultural Centre. The promising possibilities of this cooperation in terms of in-depth acquaintance of students with the history and culture of the country of the studied Slavic language are demonstrated. It is shown that cultural and elucidative work in the field of Slavic studies is integrated into scientific and educational activities and, combined, constitutes one of the facets of a single process aimed at maximizing student knowledge of foreign Slavic languages and fostering a tolerant attitude towards them.

L. Ilyina

This paper analyzes the theoretical and linguistic substantiation of the status, semantics, and functions of the verbal category of evidentiality suggested by R. Jakobson in his famous work “Shifters, Verbal Categories and the Russian Verb.” When studying the linguistic-typological classification of verbal categories and their organization in the scientific paradigm of the general linguistic theory of speech activity, the scholar distinguished a separate grammatical category of evidentiality. Its special function in a speech communicative act was identified as “indicating the source of information about the reported fact”, with illustrations of the morphological expression of different variants of the speaker’s evidence of the reported event provided. Jakobson examined the data of the two South Slavic languages, Bulgarian and Macedonian, and also the published descriptions of the indigenous languages of North America. However, of concern is his identification of the “indicated source of information about the reported fact” with the “transmitted fact of the message”, suggesting the morphologically expressed indication of some source of information to indicate the preceding speech communicative act, a previously received message. Jakobson refers to the source of information as “a message from some other person.” However, no explanation is provided regarding the basis and logic of attributing all “sources of information about a reported fact” to a “citation” source. This paper argues the Jakobson’s concept to serve as a theoretical basis for modern studies of the grammatical category of evidentiality. The significance of the verbal category of evidentiality is traced by describing the evidential verbal forms in the Selkup language.

Elona Mehilli Kolaj

Culture and language relate to each other, and teachers need to be trained to use different strategies in a diverse classroom.Nowadays, Albanian students and teachers find themselves in classrooms with different cultures, languages, and backgrounds. EFL teachers face various challenges when they teach multicultural classes. The multicultural classroom may at first be uncomfortable and challenging to both teachers and students. However, if managed well, it can provide the richest of environments for learning, both for students and teachers and it can be a major factor in helping students adjust to a new culture and be successful in the university context. The study has been conducted through quantitative design. The participants in this study were from the Catholic University “Our Lady of Good Counsel” in Albania.It attempts to aid teachers to respond positively to the demands of multicultural EFL teaching contexts. The expected outcome of this study would help teachers to manage multicultural classes and achieve higher results with their students.Teachersneed specific competencies to effectively teach in linguistically and culturally diverse classrooms and they have a special role in creating a methodology that addresses different cultures and different levels of students.

Kamilla Yusupova

The article is devoted to the topical issue of perception and compatibility of paronymic pairs among Greek students. In Greece, there are three departments of Slavic studies: the Department of Russian Language and Literature and Slavic Studies at the National and Kapodistrian University of the Athens, the Department of Languages, Literature and Culture of the Black Sea Countries of the Demokritus University of Thrace in Komotini and at the Department of Balkan Studies, Slavic and Oriental Studies of the University of Macedonia in Thessaloniki. Students study Russian, Bulgarian and other Slavic languages as foreign languages at these universities. Among the incoming students there are: Greeks (who do not know any Slavic language), who speak one of the Slavic languages (graduated from schools or other educational institutions in their countries) and bilinguals (who arrived or were born in Greece). The purpose of the study programs at these faculties is not only to teach students Russian as a foreign language, but also to give them a complete philological education. Despite the fact that there are quite a few dictionaries of paronyms, there is a lack of educational dictionaries, manuals and electronic resources in the Bulgarian and Russian languages for a foreign audience. Students have difficulties due to misunderstanding, the use of paronyms both in oral and written speech of the Russian and Bulgarian languages at advanced levels. Examples of paronyms with close-sounding semantic correspondences and differences in Russian, Bulgarian and Greek are given. When teaching a foreign language, one should take into account the linguistic and cultural characteristics of not only the native language of students, but also their knowledge of other languages in order to avoid interference. At the end of the article, methodological recommendations are given in the teaching of paronyms.

Đorđije M. Božović, Borko Kovačević

The paper examines expression of (non-)specificity in a Serbo-Croatian translation from Albanian, by analyzing motivation behind translator’s choices to diverge from the source expression of nominal morphosemantic categories such as number and degree. We argue that grammatical and semantic features of the target language, that are otherwise morphologically less transparent, in that way emerge through intertextual and interlinguistic practice, such as translation. As a language contact scenario, this allows for a possible explanation of the emergence of shared morphosyntactic features in the languages of the Balkans, the so-called "Balkanisms".

Olga Fedunina

The image of Death, embodied in the image of a beautiful maiden, is considered in the article through the analysis of references in the novel diptych by B. Akunin The Mistress of Death and The Lover of Death (the Erast Fandorin series) to one of the most important primary sources, the drama by A. Blok The Little Show-Booth. The study shows that Akunin's method of deformation was replaced by a postmodern deconstruction with a splitting into two images, of Columbine and of Maiden-Death, each of which is dominated by one of the hypostases of the heroine of The Little Show-Booth. These transformations appeal in their development to the opposition in Akunin’s novels of two points of view on fate, dialectically interacting, which correlate with the adventurous exposition and with the inevitability of personal destiny idea, oriented towards the “classical” tradition. The result of the analysis is a new formula of the genre of Akunin's novels, since their poetics goes out of the ordinary framework of criminal literature, as a transgressive phenomenon in the field of mass literature, as postmodern novel, in which the uncertain intertextuality accentuates, align with plot details, the problem of heroes’ self-identity.

Елена Павловна Серапионова

В рецензии рассказывается о вышедшем в Праге научном каталоге работ русского художника, выходца из крестьянской семьи Филиппа Андреевича Малявина, хранящихся в государственных и частных коллекциях Чешской Республики. Помимо собственно каталога работ в книгу вошли научные статьи, справочные материалы, указатели, библиография. Книга богато иллюстрирована. В статьях объясняются причины нахождения большого количества работ Малявина в Чехии, анализируется феномен русской послевоенной и послереволюционной эмиграции, раскрываются детали жизненного и творческого пути художника, его связи с Чехословакией. Рецензия поступила в редакцию 29.06.2021. Цитирование Серапионова Е. П. Живопись Ф. А. Малявина в чешских собраниях // Славянский альманах. 2021. No 3‒4. С. 475‒479. DOI: 10.31168/2073-5731.2021.3-4.7.02

Tomasz Pełech