Hasil untuk "Religion (General)"

Niko Kolodny

According to contractualism, very roughly, an action x of type X is wrong, at least in one unified and distinct way, iff and because any principle permitting actions of type X could be reasonably rejected. According to what I will call the “Thesis,” contractualism gives an account of relational morality, specifying when A owes it to some B not to x. This paper articulates how exactly contractualism gives an account of relational morality. This articulation in turn has several notable implications. Among these implications are that contractualism generates moral requirements that are owed to no one and that, because of this, contractualism may have a harder time giving an account of relational morality than might otherwise have been thought. The overarching point is that, while it might seem a matter of definition that contractualism is an account of what we owe to each other, there is a real question whether it can be.

Yan Zhao

Commented article: DENG, J. F. Study on Mencius’ theory of human nature and moral concepts. Trans/Form/Ação, Marília, SP, v. 47, n. 5, p. e02400198, 2024. Available at:  https://revistas.marilia.unesp.br/index.php/transformacao/article/view/15149.

Inese Radzins

This work argues that Simone Weil and Michel Henry appropriate two key insights from Marx—the critique of abstraction and the possibility of living labor—in order to philosophize subjectivity more actively. I place the two philosophers together because there is an uncanny similarity in their interpretations of Marx and specifically, in their use of his notion of praxis. The work begins with Weil’s and Henry’s criticism of philosophy for ignoring what is most human—praxis, or subjectivity. Following Marx’s First Thesis on Feuerbach, both argue that philosophy problematically abstracts subjectivity by objectifying it. In other words, philosophy too often identifies the subject as a thing that can be described, analyzed, and examined. Both assert that just as Capital deadens workers and their living laboring capacity, western philosophy is limited by various objectifications that function to deaden the individual, most notably a knowledge of consciousness. The two reject these objectifications and argue that Marx’s praxis offers another, more active, modality for considering subjectivity. The second half of this work focuses on what is unique to Weil and Henry: the suggestion that Marx’s living has not been adequately understood. Both suggest that Marx attends to praxis philosophically by creating a new method: one that emphasizes what Weil calls experiencing and Henry designates knowledge of life. Attending to this method provides the operative distinction in my work: the difference between a philosophy that objectifies by relying on a knowledge of consciousness and a philosophy that attends to experiencing and depends upon a knowledge of life. The key for Weil and Henry is that Marx attends to the active dimension of subjectivity: real, lived, existence. For both, praxis and living labor point to a singular dimension of subjectivity that is irreducible to objectification, generalization or even to theorizing. In the concluding section I discuss how both thinkers’ interpretations of Marx provide a different modality for philosophy: the possibility of considering subjectivity subjectively by focusing on cultures that foster knowledge of life and promote the singular dimension that is living labor.

Jacques-Henri Vollet

It is widely held that assertions are partially governed by an epistemic norm. But what is the epistemic condition set out in the norm? Is it knowledge, truth, belief, or something else? In this paper, I defend a view similar to that of Stanley (2008), according to which the relevant epistemic condition is epistemic certainty, where epistemic certainty (but not knowledge) is context-sensitive. I start by distinguishing epistemic certainty, subjective certainty, and knowledge. Then, I explain why it's much more plausible to think that "certain", rather than "know", is context-sensitive. After that, I respond to an important worry raised by Pritchard, according to which the proposed view is too strong to accommodate our current practice of assertion. I then show that the main linguistic and conversational data advanced in the recent literature in favour of the knowledge condition are best explained by the certainty view. Finally, I offer two principled considerations: the certainty view is the only one compatible with three independently plausible claims and it fits very well with the common thought that knowledge does not entail certainty.

Ángel F. García-Fernández, Yuxuan Xia, Lennart Svensson

This paper shows that the Poisson multi-Bernoulli mixture (PMBM) density is a multi-target conjugate prior for general target-generated measurement distributions and arbitrary clutter distributions. That is, for this multi-target measurement model and the standard multi-target dynamic model with Poisson birth model, the predicted and filtering densities are PMBMs. We derive the corresponding PMBM filtering recursion. Based on this result, we implement a PMBM filter for point-target measurement models and negative binomial clutter density in which data association hypotheses with high weights are chosen via Gibbs sampling. We also implement an extended target PMBM filter with clutter that is the union of Poisson-distributed clutter and a finite number of independent clutter sources. Simulation results show the benefits of the proposed filters to deal with non-standard clutter.

Philosophies Editorial Office

The editorial team greatly appreciates the reviewers who have dedicated their considerable time and expertise to the journal’s rigorous editorial process over the past 12 months, regardless of whether the papers are finally published or not [...]

Judikael Castelo Branco

Este artigo compreende relações entre os termos elencados no título a partir do texto “Science, magie et philosophie” de Eric Weil. Para tanto, ele se estrutura em três diferentes momentos. No primeiro, procuramos os fundamentos dos argumentos de Weil ao recolocar a relação entre ciência e magia como visões de mundo que coincidem naquilo que uma mantinha como promessa e que a outra alcançou como realização. Depois, vemos a passagem da theôria da ciência antiga à teoria das ciências modernas e as questões em torno da possibilidade de uma visão compreensiva da realidade. Por fim, tomamos a questão do sentido da magia moderna, reconhecendo o seu caráter irrecusável e, ao mesmo tempo, à necessidade da filosofia como condição para pensar o dilema da coexistência das demandas de uma civilização modelada pela ciência com a persistência das questões do sentido da vida humana.

María Isabel Cifo Izquierdo, Verónica Alcaraz-Muñoz, Gemma Maria Gea-García et al.

Playing traditional games has a direct impact on the mood states of the players, and this is the reason why physical education is an ideal setting for teaching how to recognize them and be aware about how they can swing. The objective of the study was to determine if participating in traditional opposition games causes changes to the participants' mood states. A total of 102 students participated. Each participant recorded the intensity of the mood state experienced at the beginning and at the end of the sessions, using the validated Profile of Mood States (POMS) instrument. The pedagogical experience was planned as 4 sessions with 6 and 5 opposition games each: (a) with competition in mixed groups, equally and unequally mixed; (b) without competition in mixed groups, equally and unequally mixed; (c) with competition in same-gender groups; and (d) without competition in same-gender groups. When comparing the different mood states according to session (with or without competition), the mood states of the depression, fatigue, and vigor dimensions were significantly different (p < 0.05), with higher scores in the sessions with competition for the mood states of vigor (Mcompetition = 7.27 and Mno_competition = 3.10) and fatigue (Mcompetition = 4.08 and Mno_competition = 1.80). Also, when comparing the mood states depending on session grouping and group type, the results showed differences in the scores obtained for the dimensions fatigue and anger, and general mood state (p < 0.05). These differences were found at the start of the session and at the end, with the dimension fatigue being the only one with differences in both situations when comparing the same-gender, equally-mixed, and unequally-mixed groups for the two types of traditional opposition games compared. In addition, after an analysis of the mood states depending on gender was performed, the results and therefore the significant differences found, were very similar to those obtained according to group type. Lastly, it was concluded that the type of group (equal, mixed & same gender), and gender were decisive, causing variations in the mood states of the students. This provides valuable information for teaching professionals about the structuring and organization of PE sessions, aiming to promoting positive motor experiences.

Malik Mehdi Khalsan (America)

Among the issues that should be discussed and clarifying its truths and mysteries is the issue of the divine subject in terms of the properties of the duty of existence, which differs from what the enablers are characterized by in terms of need, composition, circumference, limitation, and how the formation of existence and its essence And since the effects of many questions call for the clarification of the following questions: Who created God? What is God? Where is God? Why do not we see God? Since the answers are no more than not convincing, and since the new generation demands a clear answer and limiting those answers to examples from reality, it is worthwhile for us to delve into this path, and to refute the examples and the statement; Although these topics require a background in logic, philosophy and some type of beliefs, we should use the method of adequate brevity as much as possible and limiting and clarifying issues so that any ambiguity and no compromise will be removed except with God Almighty.

Emanuele Orazi

We generalize the algorithm that establishes the correspondence between metric-affine Eddington-inspired Born-Infeld (EiBI) gravity and General Relativity (GR) to any bosonic matter sector. Along the way, a polished version of the proof of existence of a metric compatible frame associated to any metric-affine Ricci-Based Gravity (RBG) is presented. Particular attention is given to the problem of generating solutions of a RBG from the GR conterpart, providing a general recipe for the EiBI case. This extends previous results obtained for specific matter that included anisotropic fluids, scalar fields and electromagnetic fields.

Carl Dunlea, General Fusion Team, Chijin Xiao et al.

A description of an edge-biasing experiment conducted on the SPECTOR (Spherical Compact Toroid) plasma injector is presented, along with initial results. The insertion of a disc-shaped molybdenum electrode (probe), biased at up to +100V, into the edge of the CT (Compact Torus), resulted in up to 1kA radial current being drawn. Core electron temperature, as measured with a Thomson-scattering diagnostic, was found to increase by a factor of up to 2.4 in the optimal configuration tested. H_alpha intensity was observed to decrease, and CT lifetimes increased by a factor of up to 2.3. A significant reduction in electron density was observed; this is thought to be due to the effect of a transport barrier impeding CT fueling, where, as verified by MHD simulation, the fueling source is neutral gas that remains concentrated around the gas valves after CT formation.

Jordan P. LaBouff, M. Humphreys, M. Shen

Luis Cano

In 1947, Josemaría Escrivá was able to bring about a long-awaited aspect of the founding of Opus Dei: the admission of married members or those wishing to form a family. The crucial step occurred in September 1948, when − after having obtained recognition from the Holy See in that regard − he organized a gathering in which fifteen people participated. That’s where the first supernumeraries came from. This article focuses on the events of these days, in which St. Josemaría explained many details of the life of the supernumeraries. This reconstruction was made possible thanks to the notes and testimonies of some of the participants.

Olle Sundström

In this essay the Marxist-Leninist understanding of the concept ‘religion’ is analysed in relation to how it was applied to the so-called shamanism of the indigenous peoples of the Soviet North. The point of departure is the correspondence between the head of the Council for the Affairs of Religious Cults in the Soviet Far East and his superior in Moscow. Further, the legal consequences of the somewhat varying Soviet understandings of ‘religion’ for people adhering to indigenous worldviews and ritual traditions in the Far East is presented. The essay aims to exemplify how definitions of ‘religion’, as well as the categorising of something as ‘religion’ or not, rely on social and political circumstances, and whether one finds ‘religion’, as well as the entities classified as such, to be positive or negative for the individual and society.

Bruce W. Jordan, Yevgeny Zaytman

Let $K$ be a number field and ${\mathcal O}$ be the ring of $S$-integers in $K$. Morgan, Rapinchuck, and Sury have proved that if the group of units ${\mathcal O}^{\times}$ is infinite, then every matrix in ${\rm SL}_2({\mathcal O})$ is a product of at most $9$ elementary matrices. We prove that under the additional hypothesis that $K$ has at least one real embedding or $S$ contains a finite place we can get a product of at most $8$ elementary matrices. If we assume a suitable Generalized Riemann Hypothesis, then every matrix in ${\rm SL}_2({\mathcal O})$ is the product of at most $5$ elementary matrices if $K$ has at least one real embedding, the product of at most $6$ elementary matrices if $S$ contains a finite place, and the product of at most $7$ elementary matrices in general.

M. Doane, M. Elliott

Guillaume Métayer

Resumo: O artigo explora a pertinência filológica, o sentido e as questões da “bandeira das Luzes” “com os nomes de Petrarca, Erasmo, Voltaire” que Nietzsche afirma querer “levar adiante” em Humano, demasiado humano (I, §26). Ele procura fazer surgir a coerência tipológica de um homem das Luzes herdeiro do Renascimento, fundado sobre a ideia de uma mobilidade tanto nacional, social, quanto literária e filosófica. Nietzsche se inscreve nessa “história monumental” dos “espíritos livres”, filósofos-poetas, “libertadores” anti-escolásticos e reformadores de seu tempo, esboçando a figura do “bom europeu”.

Jorge Novella Suárez

<p>Mariano Ruiz-Funes fue catedrático de derecho penal, republicano, diputado a Cortes, ponente de la constitución del 31, dos veces ministro (Agricultura y Justicia) y precursor del derecho humanitario en su lucha frente al genocidio, denunciando y combatiendo a los negacionistas. Su crítica del totalitarismo está presente en sus escritos desde los inicios de los cuarenta hasta su muerte. En la cartografía del exilio español de 1939 y sus modelos de razón crítica, Ruíz-Funes une a su condición de exiliado y luchador contra la barbarie, la de testigo de su tiempo: contar lo que pasó. Una tarea intelectual motivada por ese <em>ethos </em>político en el que se reconocía la tradición humanitaria y liberal republicana.</p><p><strong>Palabras Clave:</strong> Derecho humanitario, penalista, Constitución de 1931, genocidio, totalitarismo, exilio, republicanismo liberal, compromiso, guerra, delito político.</p><p><strong>Abstract</strong>:</p><p>Mariano Ruiz-Funes was a Professor of Criminal Law, a Republican and a Congressman. He was one of the speakers in the committee for the 1931 Constitution. He also served as a Secretary of Agriculture and Commerce, was a forefather of Humanitarian Law with his fight against genocide, and fought the negationists. His criticism to totalitarianism is present in his writings from the beginning of the 1940s to his death. In the cartography of the Spanish exile of 1939, and in his models of critical reason, Ruiz-Funes adds to his condition of exile and fighter against barbarity the condition of a witness of his time: to tell what happened. This intellectual task was motivated by the political ethos characteristic of the humanitarian and liberal tradition of the Spanish Republic<em>.</em></p><p><strong>Keywords</strong><strong>:</strong> Humanitarian law, barrister, 1931 Constitution, genocide, totalitarianism, exile, liberal republicanism, compromise, war, political crime.</p>

Nava R. Silton, K. Flannelly, K. Galek et al.

D. Johnson, Christopher P. Scheitle, E. Ecklund

The religion-science relationship has been the focus of a growing body of research. Such analyses have often suffered from poorly specified concepts related to religion and to science. At the individual level, scholars often assume that an individual’s religiosity will affect her orientation towards science. But an orientation towards science consists of several sub-concepts, each of which may have a unique relationship, or lack thereof, with religiosity. We use observed measures from the 2008 General Social Survey to build latent variables representing science orientation sub-concepts and assess their relationships using structural equation modeling. We find that religiosity has no significant association with interest in or knowledge of science. Religiosity does, however, have a significant negative association with confidence in science. This suggests that the lack of faith in science held by religious individuals is not a product of interest or ignorance, but is instead based on theological or institutional reservations.