Hasil untuk "Oriental languages and literatures"

Shirien Gaffar Mohammed Abdulrahim

This research looks into how well critical thinking teaching works when paired with full-spectrum English learning at the University of Hail in Saudi Arabia. For phase one, around 100 young men joined a trial that checked growth in logical reasoning - measured through the California Critical Thinking TEST CCTST - and their grasp of academic English using Academic English Proficiency Test AEPT scores. Instead of random groups, researchers ran a pre-and-post comparison backed by Analysis of Covariance ANCOVA math; after this number crunching came follow-up talks with a dozen learners and teachers to help make sense of the data patterns. The numbers showed a clear, big boost in CT scores (d=1..49), along with solid progress in Holistic English Language Development HELD skills (d=0.89) within the test group. Better thinking abilities came together with sharper language use - backed up by a strong link between them (r = 0.68, p < 0.001). Students’ comments hinted at more interest and confidence while learning this way. Yet, their insights also highlighted problems like unprepared instructors or rigid systems that slowed down long-term adoption. The findings show clear proof that CT speeds up learning a second language, fitting well with Vygotsky’s idea of social learning. Because of this link, colleges at the University of Hail ought to prioritize blended teaching strategies. Instead of sticking to old ways, combining methods offers a tested way to build flexible thinkers. By doing so, UoH moves closer to meeting goals outlined in Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 plan.

Tadmor, Eli

In Erra and Išum IV 3, the god Išum tells Erra, a deity of war and disease, “you changed your divinity and seemed like a man” (ilūtka tušannīma tamtašal amēliš). Scholars have interpreted the line in two different ways. The first is that Erra came to resemble mortals in his behavior. The second is that he became human-like in his physical form. This article weighs the two positions while drawing on (1) parallel passages in Ludlul bēl nēmeqi and Enūma eliš; (2) a revealing metaphor Išum uses elsewhere in Erra IV to describe Erra’s slaughter of Babylon’s inhabitants; and (3) a re-analysis on the meanings and uses of the word ilūtu (divinity), and argues that Erra is not said by Išum to have behaved like a mortal, but rather to have assumed human form. It then proposes, albeit tentatively and speculatively, that Erra’s human form is implied to be that of a usurper king who rose against the Babylonian king Adad-apla-iddina, with him then being Erra’s human avatar – the god of violence in mortal guise.

Reem Ali Jaber Al Madawi

يهدف هذا البحث إلى الكشف عن العلامات السيميائية، وتجلياتها في رواية 2012 للروائيّ السعوديّ فوزي صادق، معتمدًا على المنهج السّيميائيّ وآلياته؛ إذ تميّزت الشخصيات في هذه الرّواية بتعددها، وتنوّعها من حيث أنماطها، وأبعادها؛ مما شكّل الصّراع داخل الرواية التي تستحضر الماضي، وتستشرف المستقبل، فانطلق الكاتب من الشخصيات، وتعالقها مع المجتمع، فكانت الشّخصيّات الرّوائيّة تدير الأحداث، والوقائع بما يتناسب مع تنوّعها، ورؤيتها حسب ما جاء في تفاصيل الرواية، وجاءت هذه الدراسة لتكشف أنماط الشخصية، وملامحها ومدلولاتها من جميع جوانبها الجسمية والاجتماعية والفكرية، وعلاقتها بالزمكانية، ودراسة سيمياء الأسماء وبيان دال الشخصية من حيث توافق أسماء الشخصيات مع مدلولها وواقعها أو تعارضها معه، على اعتبار أن الاسم أو المؤشر يدل على هوية الشخصية كما تتحدد في الواقع المعيش؛ لأن الاسم هو تعبير لغوي عن هوية محددة لكل شخص فردي، وتساعد في الكشف عن مدلول الشخصيات من خلال عدة مستويات كالمستوى الوصفي، والمستوى الوظيفي، ومستوى البناء الداخلي والخارجي للشخصيات داخل الرواية وفق آليات المنهج السيميائي.

Noah Friesen, Oscar H. Ibarra, Jozef Jirásek et al.

The store language of an automaton is the set of store configurations (state and store contents, but not the input) that can appear as an intermediate step in an accepting computation. A one-way nondeterministic finite-visit Turing machine (fvNTM) is a Turing machine with a one-way read-only input tape, and a single worktape, where there is some number $k$ such that in every accepting computation, each worktape cell is visited at most $k$ times. We show that the store language of every fvNTM is a regular language. Furthermore, we show that the store language of every fvNTM augmented by reversal-bounded counters can be accepted by a machine with only reversal-bounded counters and no worktape. Several applications are given to problems in the areas of verification and fault tolerance, and to the study of right quotients. We also continue the investigation of the store languages of one-way and two-way machine models where we present some conditions under which their store languages are recursive or non-recursive.

Ihwan Mahmudi, Aisyah Imani, Chevira Yasin Indriyanti et al.

The study aimed to investigate the potential beneficial impact of portfolio assessment on the learning outcomes of Nahwu lessons of fourth-grade students at the Modern Islamic Boarding School of Al-Ikhlash Female in Kuningan, West Java. The study used an experimental methodology and a quantitative research approach. The research sample included all fourth graders. The research was carried out during the odd semester of academic year 2022. A quasi-experimental design used to evaluate the effectiveness of portfolio assessment, with the experimental class implementing portfolio assessment while the control class continued to use the standard evaluation method. The learning outcomes of the students in the control class produced an average score of 71.67. Comparing the experimental class’ score, which used portfolio assessment, it become clear that the students’ comprehension of the Nahwu material had significantly improved. These results showed that portfolio evaluations have a chance to improve fourth-grade students’ learning outcomes in Nahwu.

W. J. T. Mollema

Is it sensical to ascribe psychological predicates to AI systems like chatbots based on large language models (LLMs)? People have intuitively started ascribing emotions or consciousness to social AI ('affective artificial agents'), with consequences that range from love to suicide. The philosophical question of whether such ascriptions are warranted is thus very relevant. This paper advances the argument that LLMs instantiate language users in Ludwig Wittgenstein's sense but that ascribing psychological predicates to these systems remains a functionalist temptation. Social AIs are not full-blown language users, but rather more like Italo Calvino's literature machines. The ideas of LLMs as Wittgensteinian language users and Calvino's literature-producing writing machine are combined. This sheds light on the misguided functionalist temptation inherent in moving from equating the two to the ascription of psychological predicates to social AI. Finally, the framework of mortal computation is used to show that social AIs lack the basic autopoiesis needed for narrative façons de parler and their role in the sensemaking of human (inter)action. Such psychological predicate ascriptions could make sense: the transition 'from quantity to quality' can take place, but its route lies somewhere between life and death, not between affective artifacts and emotion approximation by literature machines.

Emily Clement, Enzo Erlich, Jérémy Ledent

Temporal logics are a powerful tool to specify properties of computational systems. For concurrent programs, Higher Dimensional Automata (HDA) are a very expressive model of non-interleaving concurrency. HDA recognize languages of partially ordered multisets, or pomsets. Recent work has shown that Monadic Second Order (MSO) logic is as expressive as HDA for pomset languages. In the case of words, Kamp's theorem states that First Order (FO) logic is as expressive as Linear Temporal Logic (LTL). In this paper, we extend this result to pomsets. To do so, we first investigate the class of pomset languages that are definable in FO. As expected, this is a strict subclass of MSO-definable languages. Then, we define a Linear Temporal Logic for pomsets, and show that it is equivalent to FO.

Tinikova Elena E.

Goals. The article attempts an analysis of miscegenation as a reason behind the Khakass population decline and the titular ethnic group’s assimilation. Despite there is an increasing number of publications examining various aspects of miscegenation among indigenous Siberians, such works dealing with the complex social process in Khakassia are scarce enough. The working hypothesis rest on the assertions as follows: the increased number of mestizos has led to significant changes in identities of descendants of interethnic marriages in recent decades; positions of the Khakass language as a means of everyday communication and cultural transmission have been weakened by the globalization and electronic communication development; the two put together may result in that the Khakass would lose their native language and culture on the way toward total assimilation. Materials and methods. The study focuses on official statistics data and outcomes of the author’s survey conducted in 2018, as well as on some bibliographic interviews with ethnic Khakass individuals and mestizos of Khakassia obtained in 2023. The snowball sampling method proved most instrumental in identifying further interviewees. Results. Present-day Khakassia witnesses quite a difficult situation: the increase in miscegenation and decrease of Khakass population trigger accelerated linguistic and cultural assimilation trends. The former have resulted from somewhat changed ethnic composition across the region, urbanization, and globalization. However, in the face of the mentioned circumstances, ethnic consciousness of the Khakass remains stable enough, the latter being manifested in the recognition of the Khakass language as mother tongue, in their understanding of the need to protect and develop traditional Khakass culture. But despite the efforts aimed at preserving Khakass, there is a real threat of its extinction. As compared to descendants of monoethnic marriages, mestizos tend to choose assimilation behavior strategies, which also entails dramatic risks for ethnic survival.

Pablo Barcelo, Alexander Kozachinskiy, Anthony Widjaja Lin et al.

We contribute to the study of formal languages that can be recognized by transformer encoders. We focus on two self-attention mechanisms: (1) UHAT (Unique Hard Attention Transformers) and (2) AHAT (Average Hard Attention Transformers). UHAT encoders are known to recognize only languages inside the circuit complexity class ${\sf AC}^0$, i.e., accepted by a family of poly-sized and depth-bounded boolean circuits with unbounded fan-ins. On the other hand, AHAT encoders can recognize languages outside ${\sf AC}^0$), but their expressive power still lies within the bigger circuit complexity class ${\sf TC}^0$, i.e., ${\sf AC}^0$-circuits extended by majority gates. We first show a negative result that there is an ${\sf AC}^0$-language that cannot be recognized by an UHAT encoder. On the positive side, we show that UHAT encoders can recognize a rich fragment of ${\sf AC}^0$-languages, namely, all languages definable in first-order logic with arbitrary unary numerical predicates. This logic, includes, for example, all regular languages from ${\sf AC}^0$. We then show that AHAT encoders can recognize all languages of our logic even when we enrich it with counting terms. We apply these results to derive new results on the expressive power of UHAT and AHAT up to permutation of letters (a.k.a. Parikh images).

Federico Cassano, John Gouwar, Francesca Lucchetti et al.

Over the past few years, Large Language Models of Code (Code LLMs) have started to have a significant impact on programming practice. Code LLMs are also emerging as building blocks for research in programming languages and software engineering. However, Code LLMs produce impressive results on programming languages that are well represented in their training data (e.g., Java, Python, or JavaScript), but struggle with low-resource languages that have limited training data available. Low resource languages include OCaml, Racket, and several others. This paper presents an effective approach for boosting the performance of Code LLMs on low-resource languages using semi-synthetic data. Our approach, MultiPL-T, translates training data from high-resource languages into training data for low-resource languages in the following way. 1) We use a Code LLM to synthesize tests for commented code from a high-resource language, filtering out faulty tests and code with low test coverage. 2) We use a Code LLM to translate Python code to a target low-resource language, and use tests to validate the translation. We apply this approach to generate tens of thousands of validated training items for Julia, Lua, OCaml, R, and Racket. Furthermore, we use an open model (StarCoderBase) with open training data (The Stack), which allows us to decontaminate benchmarks, train models without violating licenses, and run experiments that could not otherwise be done. With MultiPL-T generated data, we present fine-tuned versions of StarCoderBase and Code Llama for Julia, Lua, OCaml, R, and Racket. On established benchmarks (MultiPL-E), these models outperform other open Code LLMs. The MultiPL-T approach is easy to apply to new languages, and is significantly more efficient and effective than alternatives such as training longer.

Matteo Cimini

Rule formats can quickly establish meta-theoretic properties of process algebras. It is then desirable to identify domain-specific languages (DSLs) that can easily express rule formats. In prior work, we have developed Lang-n-Change, a DSL that includes convenient features for browsing language definitions and retrieving information from them. In this paper, we use Lang-n-Change to write a validator for the GSOS rule format, and we augment Lang-n-Change with suitable macros on our way to do so. Our GSOS validator is concise, and amounts to a few lines of code. We have used it to validate several concurrency operators as adhering to the GSOS format. Moreover, our code expresses the restrictions of the format declaratively.

Ömer Eğecioğlu, Benedek Nagy

We consider languages defined by signed grammars which are similar to context-free grammars except productions with signs associated to them are allowed. As a consequence, the words generated also have signs. We use the structure of the formal series of yields of all derivation trees over such a grammar as a method of specifying a formal language and study properties of the resulting family of languages.

Yudai Tanabe, Luthfan Anshar Lubis, Tomoyuki Aotani et al.

Programming with versions is a paradigm that allows a program to use multiple versions of a module so that the programmer can selectively use functions from both older and newer versions of a single module. Previous work formalized $λ_{\mathrm{VL}}$, a core calculus for programming with versions, but it has not been integrated into practical programming languages. In this paper, we propose VL, a Haskell-subset surface language for $λ_{\mathrm{VL}}$ along with its compilation method. We formally describe the core part of the VL compiler, which translates from the surface language to the core language by leveraging Girard's translation, soundly infers the consistent version of expressions along with their types, and generates a multi-version interface by bundling specific-version interfaces. We conduct a case study to show how VL supports practical software evolution scenarios and discuss the method's scalability.

B. Hutchinson

In this essay, I suggest that the study of comparative literature is subject to the same distorting pressures as the study of the Orient. “Comparativism,” as I call it, is like orientalism: both a description and a distortion. Constructing its critique in the process of comparing, it inherits deep foundations of historical, cultural, and geographical prejudgment. As with Said’s orientalism, the cornerstone of this construction is West-Eastern (and North-Southern) paternalism, but it is far from the only building block: other obstacles include predetermined views of genre, medium, and even language. There is little, in fact, that is not grist to the will of Western-educated critics. Eastern comparative methodologies, however, are no more innocent of power struggles than their Western counterparts; for one thing, the structural role of empire is shared by both West and East. Simply replacing one hemisphere with another will hardly recalibrate our critical compasses; wherever we are looking from, partiality of perspective is inevitable. The question, then, is whether comparativism constructs itself diversely in diverse circumstances, or whether its prejudices remain essentially the same despite the changing details of time and place. It is a matter, in other words, of the old comparative contest between similarity and difference. What do we talk about when we talk about comparing?

Hüseyin Yazıcı

Gibran Khalil Gibran lived a tempestuous life and, apart from having an important place in the world literature, is undoubtedly the most important name in the Arab migrant literature. He was a strange person with an enthusiastic personality and always had different perspectives on various issues. He was never a person who could easily accept criticism, and he was a unique person. Gibran was a pioneer of a form of literature, and his works, especially The Prophet, were and still are in great demand by readers. Naturally, some reasons occur behind the popularity of his works. With such interesting views as “One who does not write with the blood of one’s heart is a hypocrite,” “One who does not speak sincerely is dishonest,” and “One who does not sing from the heart just shouts,” Gibran fascinated many readers with a variety of feelings. He both provoked and encouraged people, as well as prepared them for catharsis. Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar said, “Whenever I read Tolstoy’s War and Peace, I found myself purified of every little selfish and stupid weakness. There is something in the great writer that washes the human spirit, like sleep.” Dostoevsky’s Crime and Punishment, Kafka’s Trial and many other works evoke the same feeling in people when they are read. This article discusses the effect Gibran Khalil Gibran has had on readers and thus reflects on the concept of catharsis, which was put forward by the Hungarian philosopher and literary scientist Georg Lukacs (d. 1971).

Kalpana Mahalingam, Anuran Maity

In this work, we explore the concept of Watson-Crick conjugates, also known as $θ$-conjugates (where $θ$ is an antimorphic involution), of words and languages. This concept extends the classical idea of conjugates by incorporating the Watson-Crick complementarity of DNA sequences. Our investigation initially focuses on the properties of $θ$-conjugates of words. We then define $θ$-conjugates of a language and study closure properties of certain families of languages under the $θ$-conjugate operation. Furthermore, we analyze the iterated $θ$-conjugate of both words and languages. Finally, we discuss the idea of $θ$-conjugate-free languages and examine some decidability problems related to it.

Ahmad Fauzi

Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan kepribadian guru secara umum dan guru bahasa Arab secara khusus. Berdasarkan kajian.kepustakaan, bahwa ada 36 kepribadian pedagogik yang perlu diketahui dan diamalkan oleh seseorang yang terjun dalam bidang profesi keguruan. Seyogianya Lembaga Pendidikan Tenaga Pendidik (LPTK} secara serius memperkenalkan kepribadian dimaksud kepada mahasiswanya.

Yusra Özalp, Sevim Arslan

Bu makalede kaleme aldığı hikâyelerle Sudan ve Arap dünyasının önemli temsilcileri arasında görülen Tayyib Sâlih’in Ved Hâmid Köyünün Hurma Ağacı adlı hikâyesinin teknik ve tematik açıdan tahlili yapılmıştır. Yapılan tahlilin daha iyi anlaşılması için ilk olarak eserin orijinal isminde yer alan Dûme kelimesinin üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu başlıkta Dûme ağacının palmiye türünde hurma meyvesine benzer meyve veren bir ağaç olduğu ve genel olarak Sudan ve çevresinde yetiştiği belirtilmiştir. Ardından ikinci başlıkta Dûme ağacının kutsallığı üzerinde durularak Kur’an-ı Kerim’den ilgili ayetlere yer verilmiştir ve Dûme ağacından yararlanılma alanlarına kısaca değinilmiştir. Akabinde üçüncü başlıkta bu hikâyenin tarihsel arka planı incelenmiştir. Bu başlık altında eserin ilk olarak ne zaman ve hangi dergide yayınlandığı hakkında bilgiler verilmiştir. Devamında yapılan tahlilin başarılı ve anlaşılır olmasını sağlamak amacıyla hikâyenin yazıldığı dönemde Sudan’da devam eden iç sorunlar ile bağımsızlık mücadelesine kısaca değinilerek hikâye ile bu olaylar arasında bir ilişki kurulmuştur. Son olarak dördüncü başlıkta ise bu hikâyenin teknik ve tematik açıdan tahlili üzerinde durulmuştur. Hikâyenin olay örgüsü, şahıs kadrosu, zaman ve mekân özellikleri, anlatım teknikleri, dil ve üslubu ve teması incelenerek edebi bir çözümleme yapılmıştır. Bununla birlikte bu başlıkta yazarın eserde eşine az rastlanır nitelikte kullandığı benzetmeler ile idrak fiilleri tablolar halinde incelenmiştir.