Hasil untuk "Norway"

David C. Smith

P. Groisman, T. Karl, D. Easterling et al.

M. Blekesaune, J. Quadagno

Laura Mack, Norbert Pirk

Land-atmosphere exchange processes are determined by turbulent fluxes, which can be derived from eddy-covariance measurements. This method was established to quantify ecosystem-scale vertical atmosphere-vegetation exchange processes, but is also used to validate atmospheric turbulence theories with the ultimate aim to improve the representation of turbulence in numerical models. While the focus has long been on turbulence over idealized, homogeneous and flat surfaces, recent scientific developments are shifting towards investigating turbulent exchange processes in complex heterogeneous environments under non-idealized conditions, which pose particular challenges, e.g. advective fluxes between different surface types or non-stationarity of nighttime turbulence. This requires to rethink standard post-processing routines for determining turbulent fluxes from the high-frequency sonic and gas analyzer measurements. Here, we introduce the open-source R-package 'Reddy', which provides modular-built functions for post-processing, analysis and visualization of eddy-covariance measurements, including investigating spectra, coherent structures, anisotropy, flux footprints and surface energy balance closure. The 'Reddy' package is accompanied by a detailed documentation and a set of jupyter notebooks introducing new users hands-on to eddy-covariance data analysis. We showcase 'Reddy' based on measurements from three different sites in Norway: A case study during strong stratification over alpine tundra, for determining suitable averaging times during ice-cover transition at a boreal lake, and for fitting flux-variance relations for a permafrost peatland. 'Reddy' serves as extension of previously developed software packages, paving the way towards holistic turbulence data analysis in heterogeneous real-world environments.

K. A. Mork, ystein Olsen, Hans Terje Mysen

E. Post, N. Stenseth

Karoline Sørensen, Kristian H. Lind, Einar Berg et al.

ABSTRACT Suboptimal incision lines and a bone dehiscence exposure complicated the surgical outcome following a mandibular frenectomy in a previously orthodontically treated patient. The case report describes the surgical intervention used to treat the complication and documents the long‐term stability of periodontal health, complete root coverage, and thick gingival phenotype status.

Radoslaw Klimek

The requirements engineering (RE) phase is pivotal in developing high-quality software. Integrating advanced modelling techniques with large language models (LLMs) and formal verification in a logical style can significantly enhance this process. We propose a comprehensive framework that focuses on specific Unified Modelling Language (UML) diagrams for preliminary system development. This framework offers visualisations at various modelling stages and seamlessly integrates large language models and logical reasoning engines. The behavioural models generated with the assistance of LLMs are automatically translated into formal logical specifications. Deductive formal verification ensures that logical requirements and interrelations between software artefacts are thoroughly addressed. Ultimately, the framework facilitates the automatic generation of program skeletons, streamlining the transition from design to implementation.

Yuheng Huang, Lei Ma, Keizaburo Nishikino et al.

The pre-training paradigm plays a key role in the success of Large Language Models (LLMs), which have been recognized as one of the most significant advancements of AI recently. Building on these breakthroughs, code LLMs with advanced coding capabilities bring huge impacts on software engineering, showing the tendency to become an essential part of developers' daily routines. However, the current code LLMs still face serious challenges related to trustworthiness, as they can generate incorrect, insecure, or unreliable code. Recent exploratory studies find that it can be promising to detect such risky outputs by analyzing LLMs' internal states, akin to how the human brain unconsciously recognizes its own mistakes. Yet, most of these approaches are limited to narrow sub-domains of LLM operations and fall short of achieving industry-level scalability and practicability. To address these challenges, in this paper, we propose PtTrust, a two-stage risk assessment framework for code LLM based on internal state pre-training, designed to integrate seamlessly with the existing infrastructure of software companies. The core idea is that the risk assessment framework could also undergo a pre-training process similar to LLMs. Specifically, PtTrust first performs unsupervised pre-training on large-scale unlabeled source code to learn general representations of LLM states. Then, it uses a small, labeled dataset to train a risk predictor. We demonstrate the effectiveness of PtTrust through fine-grained, code line-level risk assessment and demonstrate that it generalizes across tasks and different programming languages. Further experiments also reveal that PtTrust provides highly intuitive and interpretable features, fostering greater user trust. We believe PtTrust makes a promising step toward scalable and trustworthy assurance for code LLMs.

Bianca Trinkenreich, Fabio Calefato, Geir Hanssen et al.

The adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs) is not only transforming software engineering (SE) practice but is also poised to fundamentally disrupt how research is conducted in the field. While perspectives on this transformation range from viewing LLMs as mere productivity tools to considering them revolutionary forces, we argue that the SE research community must proactively engage with and shape the integration of LLMs into research practices, emphasizing human agency in this transformation. As LLMs rapidly become integral to SE research - both as tools that support investigations and as subjects of study - a human-centric perspective is essential. Ensuring human oversight and interpretability is necessary for upholding scientific rigor, fostering ethical responsibility, and driving advancements in the field. Drawing from discussions at the 2nd Copenhagen Symposium on Human-Centered AI in SE, this position paper employs McLuhan's Tetrad of Media Laws to analyze the impact of LLMs on SE research. Through this theoretical lens, we examine how LLMs enhance research capabilities through accelerated ideation and automated processes, make some traditional research practices obsolete, retrieve valuable aspects of historical research approaches, and risk reversal effects when taken to extremes. Our analysis reveals opportunities for innovation and potential pitfalls that require careful consideration. We conclude with a call to action for the SE research community to proactively harness the benefits of LLMs while developing frameworks and guidelines to mitigate their risks, to ensure continued rigor and impact of research in an AI-augmented future.

C. Firth, Meera Bhat, Matthew A. Firth et al.

ABSTRACT Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) are globally distributed and concentrate in urban environments, where they live and feed in closer proximity to human populations than most other mammals. Despite the potential role of rats as reservoirs of zoonotic diseases, the microbial diversity present in urban rat populations remains unexplored. In this study, we used targeted molecular assays to detect known bacterial, viral, and protozoan human pathogens and unbiased high-throughput sequencing to identify novel viruses related to agents of human disease in commensal Norway rats in New York City. We found that these rats are infected with bacterial pathogens known to cause acute or mild gastroenteritis in people, including atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Clostridium difficile, and Salmonella enterica, as well as infectious agents that have been associated with undifferentiated febrile illnesses, including Bartonella spp., Streptobacillus moniliformis, Leptospira interrogans, and Seoul hantavirus. We also identified a wide range of known and novel viruses from groups that contain important human pathogens, including sapoviruses, cardioviruses, kobuviruses, parechoviruses, rotaviruses, and hepaciviruses. The two novel hepaciviruses discovered in this study replicate in the liver of Norway rats and may have utility in establishing a small animal model of human hepatitis C virus infection. The results of this study demonstrate the diversity of microbes carried by commensal rodent species and highlight the need for improved pathogen surveillance and disease monitoring in urban environments. IMPORTANCE The observation that most emerging infectious diseases of humans originate in animal reservoirs has led to wide-scale microbial surveillance and discovery programs in wildlife, particularly in the developing world. Strikingly, less attention has been focused on commensal animals like rats, despite their abundance in urban centers and close proximity to human populations. To begin to explore the zoonotic disease risk posed by urban rat populations, we trapped and surveyed Norway rats collected in New York City over a 1-year period. This analysis revealed a striking diversity of known pathogens and novel viruses in our study population, including multiple agents associated with acute gastroenteritis or febrile illnesses in people. Our findings indicate that urban rats are reservoirs for a vast diversity of microbes that may affect human health and indicate a need for increased surveillance and awareness of the disease risks associated with urban rodent infestation. The observation that most emerging infectious diseases of humans originate in animal reservoirs has led to wide-scale microbial surveillance and discovery programs in wildlife, particularly in the developing world. Strikingly, less attention has been focused on commensal animals like rats, despite their abundance in urban centers and close proximity to human populations. To begin to explore the zoonotic disease risk posed by urban rat populations, we trapped and surveyed Norway rats collected in New York City over a 1-year period. This analysis revealed a striking diversity of known pathogens and novel viruses in our study population, including multiple agents associated with acute gastroenteritis or febrile illnesses in people. Our findings indicate that urban rats are reservoirs for a vast diversity of microbes that may affect human health and indicate a need for increased surveillance and awareness of the disease risks associated with urban rodent infestation.

I. L. Bråte, R. Hurley, Karine Iversen et al.

Microplastic (MP) contamination is ubiquitous in the environment and many species worldwide have been shown to contain MP. The ecological impact of MP pollution is still unknown, thus there is an urgent need for more knowledge. One key task is to identify species suitable as sentinels for monitoring in key eco-compartments, such as coastal waters. In Norway, mussels (Mytilus spp.) have been monitored for hazardous contaminants through OSPAR since 1981. Norway has the longest coastline in Europe and adding MP to the Norwegian Mussel Watch is therefore important in a European and global context. The present study reports MP data in mussels (332 specimens) collected from multiple sites (n = 15) spanning the whole Norwegian coastline. MPs were detected at all locations, except at one site on the west coast. Among the most surprising findings, mussels from the Barents Sea coastline in the Finnmark region, contained significantly more MPs than mussels from most of the southern part of the country, despite the latter sites being located much closer to major urban areas. Only mussels from a site located very close to Oslo, the capital, contained levels similar to those observed in the remote site in Finnmark. In total an average of 1.5 (±2.3) particles ind-1 and 0.97 (±2.61) particles w.w. g-1 was found. The most common MPs were <1 mm in size, and fibres accounted for 83% of particles identified, although there was inter-site variability. Thirteen different polymeric groups were identified; cellulosic being the most common and black rubbery particles being the second. This study suggests Mytilus spp. are suitable for semi-quantitative and qualitatively monitoring of MPs in coastal waters. However, some uncertainties remain including mussel size as a confounding factor that may influence ingestion, the role of depuration and other fate related processes, and this call for further research.

U. Moksnes, G. Espnes

R. Krumsvik

D. Horstkotte, M. Hungary, A. Oto

Randi Næs, Johannes A. Skjeltorp, B. Ødegaard

D. B. Peakall, Lee R. Shugart

HAUGE, H. V. (1957). Vangsvatn and some other lakes near Voss. Folia Limnol. Scand., 9, pp. 1-189. HURU, H. (1977). [Hydrography and Phytoplankton in Lenavatn Lake, 1973 and 1974.—in Norwegian.] Cand.Real. thesis, University of Oslo, Oslo: 163 pp., mimsogr. JONSSON, B. (1975). [Brown Trout in Lonavatn Lake.—in Norwegian.] Cand.Real. thesis, University of Oslo, Oslo: 87 pp., mimeogr. JONSSON, B. (1976). Comparison of scales and otoliths for agedetermination in Brown Trout, Salmo trutta L. Norw. J. Zool., 24, pp. 295-301. JONSSON, B. (in press). Demographic strategy in a Brown Trout population. Zool. Scr. JONSSON, B. & MATZOW, D. (1974). The bird fauna at Voss today and fifty years ago.—in Norwegian with English summary. Fauna, 27, pp. 31-8. JONSSON, B. & RAD, O. (1974). Observation of hunting methods of the Goshawk.—in Norwegian with English summary. Fauna, 27, pp. 155-9. JONSSON, B. & SANDLUND, O. T. (1975). Notes on winter activity of two Diamesa species (Dipt., Chironomidae) from Voss, Norway. Norw. J. Ent., 22, pp. 1-6. JONSSON, B. & STENSETH, N. C. (1976). Regression of body length on scale size of Brown Trout, Salmo trutta L. Norw. J. Zool., 24, pp. 331^0. JONSSON, B. & STENSETH, N. C. (1977). A msthod for estimating fish length from otolith size. Rep. Inst. Freshwat. Res. Drottningholm, 56, pp. 81-6. JONSSON, B. & 0STLI, T. (in press). Demographic strategy in Char compared with Brown Trout in Lake Lane, western Norway. Rep. Inst. Freshwat. Res. Drottningholm. JONSSON, B. KVAMMEN, P. I., MATZOW, D., NILSSEN, J. P. & 0STLI, T. (1975). [Freshwater biological investigations in Lanavatn Lake.—in Norwegian.] Cand.Real. thesis, University of Oslo, Oslo: 41 pp., mimeogr. KVAMMEN, P. I. (1975). [Soft-bottom fauna in Lanavatn Lake.— in Norwegian.] Cand.Real. thesis, University of Oslo, Oslo: 118 pp., mimeogr. LARSEN, S. (1972). [Voss River system—future use of the water resources.—in Norwegian.] Vann (Oslo), 7, pp. 276-83. MATZOW, D. (1976). [Nutritional biology of Char, Salmo alpinus L., in Lonavatn Lake.—in Norwegian.] Cand.Real. thesis, University of Oslo, Oslo: 88 pp., mimeogr.

H. Lind, T. Nordfjærn, S. Jørgensen et al.

Arun T. M., Puneet Kaur, Stefano Bresciani et al.

Area of Marketing and Strategy, Indian Institute of Management Rohtak, Rohtak, India Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway Optentia Research Focus Area, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa Department of Management, University of Turin, Turin, Italy Faculty of Social Sciences, The Norwegian School of Hotel Management, Stavanger, Norway Department of Management, School of Business and Law, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway

Irina A. Kogan

Invariants withstand transformations and, therefore, represent the essence of objects or phenomena. In mathematics, transformations often constitute a group action. Since the 19th century, studying the structure of various types of invariants and designing methods and algorithms to compute them remains an active area of ongoing research with an abundance of applications. In this incredibly vast topic, we focus on two particular themes displaying a fruitful interplay between the differential and algebraic invariant theories. First, we show how an algebraic adaptation of the moving frame method from differential geometry leads to a practical algorithm for computing a generating set of rational invariants. Then we discuss the notion of differential invariant signature, its role in solving equivalence problems in geometry and algebra, and some successes and challenges in designing algorithms based on this notion.