Hasil untuk "Mechanical drawing. Engineering graphics"

Tomas Guija-Valiente, Iago Suárez

AI-driven content generation has made remarkable progress in recent years. However, neural networks and human designers operate in fundamentally different ways, making collaboration between them challenging. We address this gap for Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) by equipping neural networks with tools commonly used by designers, such as axis alignment and explicit continuity control at command junctions. We introduce DesigNet, a hierarchical Transformer-VAE that operates directly on SVG sequences with a continuous command parameterization. Our main contributions are two differentiable modules: a continuity self-refinement module that predicts $C^0$, $G^1$, and $C^1$ continuity for each curve point and enforces it by modifying Bézier control points, and an alignment self-refinement module with snapping capabilities for horizontal or vertical lines. DesigNet produces editable outlines and achieves competitive results against state-of-the-art methods, with notably higher accuracy in continuity and alignment. These properties ensure the outputs are easier to refine and integrate into professional design workflows. Source Code: https://github.com/TomasGuija/DesigNet.

Judith Ackermann, Rahel Maué

This article explores how game design can serve as a method of forensic aesthetics by investigating and representing social realities through immersive, interactive experiences. It asks: How can practice-based design research, informed by forensic aesthetics, be used to develop immersive, narrative-based VR experiences that communicate marginalized mental health realities and challenge systemic stigma? Drawing on practice-based design research and artistic research, it presents the development of a VR experience (hopohopo), designed to raise awareness for Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD). Through usability and immersion testing the study demonstrates how informed, affective design can convey the lived realities of marginalized individuals. Rather than seeking legal judgment, hopohopo symbolically uncovers societal neglect of mental illness, using surreal aesthetics, narrative storytelling, and sensory immersion to evoke empathy and challenge stigma. This approach highlights the potential of games and game design as investigative and experiential tools within forensic aesthetics.

Carlo Franzato, Marcia Regina Diehl

The paper aims to describe the collaborative relationships that are woven into a design process open to a plurality of actors from various disciplinary, cultural and organisational backgrounds who play various roles. To this end, a Social Network Analysis (SNA) has been conducted on a participatory design process in a Brazilian school community, intended to develop a hyperlocal social network for sharing knowledge among the community and the inhabitants of the region. The analysis of the design process explores the visualisation potential of sociograms. As a result, the paper elaborates on the concept of ‘design networks’, a form of organisation that allows many codesign processes and especially participatory ones. It also identifies three processes that are articulated in these networks, namely, the processes of ‘designing’, ‘infrastructuring’ and ‘seeding’.

Thomas Loredo, Tamás Budavári, David Kent et al.

Cosmic demographics—the statistical study of populations of astrophysical objects—has long relied on tools from <i>multivariate statistics</i> for analyzing data comprising fixed-length vectors of properties of objects, as might be compiled in a tabular astronomical catalog (say, with sky coordinates, and brightness measurements in a fixed number of spectral passbands). But beginning with the emergence of automated digital sky surveys, ca. 2000, astronomers began producing large collections of data with more complex structures: light curves (brightness time series) and spectra (brightness vs. wavelength). These comprise what statisticians call <i>functional data</i>—measurements of populations of functions. Upcoming automated sky surveys will soon provide astronomers with a flood of functional data. New methods are needed to accurately and optimally analyze large ensembles of light curves and spectra, accumulating information both along individual measured functions and across a population of such functions. <i>Functional data analysis</i> (FDA) provides tools for statistical modeling of functional data. Astronomical data presents several challenges for FDA methodology, e.g., sparse, irregular, and asynchronous sampling, and heteroscedastic measurement error. Bayesian FDA uses hierarchical Bayesian models for function populations, and is well suited to addressing these challenges. We provide an overview of astronomical functional data and some key Bayesian FDA modeling approaches, including functional mixed effects models, and stochastic process models. We briefly describe a Bayesian FDA framework combining FDA and machine learning methods to build low-dimensional parametric models for galaxy spectra.

Ali Mohammad-Djafari, Ning Chu, Li Wang et al.

Neural Networks (NNs) have been used in many areas with great success. When an NN’s structure (model) is given, during the training steps, the parameters of the model are determined using an appropriate criterion and an optimization algorithm (training). Then, the trained model can be used for the prediction or inference step (testing). As there are also many hyperparameters related to optimization criteria and optimization algorithms, a validation step is necessary before the NN’s final use. One of the great difficulties is the choice of NN structure. Even if there are many “on the shelf” networks, selecting or proposing a new appropriate network for a given data signal or image processing task, is still an open problem. In this work, we consider this problem using model-based signal and image processing and inverse problems methods. We classify the methods into five classes: (i) explicit analytical solutions, (ii) transform domain decomposition, (iii) operator decomposition, (iv) unfolding optimization algorithms, (v) physics-informed NN methods (PINNs). A few examples in each category are explained.

Bianca Trinkenreich, Fabio Calefato, Geir Hanssen et al.

The adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs) is not only transforming software engineering (SE) practice but is also poised to fundamentally disrupt how research is conducted in the field. While perspectives on this transformation range from viewing LLMs as mere productivity tools to considering them revolutionary forces, we argue that the SE research community must proactively engage with and shape the integration of LLMs into research practices, emphasizing human agency in this transformation. As LLMs rapidly become integral to SE research - both as tools that support investigations and as subjects of study - a human-centric perspective is essential. Ensuring human oversight and interpretability is necessary for upholding scientific rigor, fostering ethical responsibility, and driving advancements in the field. Drawing from discussions at the 2nd Copenhagen Symposium on Human-Centered AI in SE, this position paper employs McLuhan's Tetrad of Media Laws to analyze the impact of LLMs on SE research. Through this theoretical lens, we examine how LLMs enhance research capabilities through accelerated ideation and automated processes, make some traditional research practices obsolete, retrieve valuable aspects of historical research approaches, and risk reversal effects when taken to extremes. Our analysis reveals opportunities for innovation and potential pitfalls that require careful consideration. We conclude with a call to action for the SE research community to proactively harness the benefits of LLMs while developing frameworks and guidelines to mitigate their risks, to ensure continued rigor and impact of research in an AI-augmented future.

Shalini Chakraborty, Sebastian Baltes

The IT industry provides supportive pathways such as returnship programs, coding boot camps, and buddy systems for women re-entering their job after a career break. Academia, however, offers limited opportunities to motivate women to return. We propose a diverse multicultural research project investigating the challenges faced by women with software engineering (SE) backgrounds re-entering academia or related research roles after a career break. Career disruptions due to pregnancy, immigration status, or lack of flexible work options can significantly impact women's career progress, creating barriers for returning as lecturers, professors, or senior researchers. Although many companies promote gender diversity policies, such measures are less prominent and often under-recognized within academic institutions. Our goal is to explore the specific challenges women encounter when re-entering academic roles compared to industry roles; to understand the institutional perspective, including a comparative analysis of existing policies and opportunities in different countries for women to return to the field; and finally, to provide recommendations that support transparent hiring practices. The research project will be carried out in multiple universities and in multiple countries to capture the diverse challenges and policies that vary by location.

Tomoyuki Suzuki, Kang-Jun Liu, Naoto Inoue et al.

Designers craft and edit graphic designs in a layer representation, but layer-based editing becomes impossible once composited into a raster image. In this work, we propose LayerD, a method to decompose raster graphic designs into layers for re-editable creative workflow. LayerD addresses the decomposition task by iteratively extracting unoccluded foreground layers. We propose a simple yet effective refinement approach taking advantage of the assumption that layers often exhibit uniform appearance in graphic designs. As decomposition is ill-posed and the ground-truth layer structure may not be reliable, we develop a quality metric that addresses the difficulty. In experiments, we show that LayerD successfully achieves high-quality decomposition and outperforms baselines. We also demonstrate the use of LayerD with state-of-the-art image generators and layer-based editing.

Mia Mohammad Imran, Tarannum Shaila Zaman

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used in empirical software engineering (ESE) to automate or assist annotation tasks such as labeling commits, issues, and qualitative artifacts. Yet the reliability and reproducibility of such annotations remain underexplored. Existing studies often lack standardized measures for reliability, calibration, and drift, and frequently omit essential configuration details. We argue that LLM-based annotation should be treated as a measurement process rather than a purely automated activity. In this position paper, we outline the \textbf{Operationalization for LLM-based Annotation Framework (OLAF)}, a conceptual framework that organizes key constructs: \textit{reliability, calibration, drift, consensus, aggregation}, and \textit{transparency}. The paper aims to motivate methodological discussion and future empirical work toward more transparent and reproducible LLM-based annotation in software engineering research.

Carla Binucci, Sabine Cornelsen, Walter Didimo et al.

We address the problem of computing a dynamic visualization of a geometric graph $G$ as a sequence of frames. Each frame shows only a portion of the graph but their union covers $G$ entirely. The two main requirements of our dynamic visualization are: $(i)$ guaranteeing drawing stability, so to preserve the user's mental map; $(ii)$ keeping the visual complexity of each frame low. To satisfy the first requirement, we never change the position of the vertices. Regarding the second requirement, we avoid edge crossings in each frame. More precisely, in the first frame we visualize a suitable subset of non-crossing edges; in each subsequent frame, exactly one new edge enters the visualization and all the edges that cross with it are deleted. We call such a sequence of frames a planar story of $G$. Our goal is to find a planar story whose minimum number of edges contemporarily displayed is maximized (i.e., a planar story that maximizes the minimum frame size). Besides studying our model from a theoretical point of view, we also design and experimentally compare different algorithms, both exact techniques and heuristics. These algorithms provide an array of alternative trade-offs between efficiency and effectiveness, also depending on the structure of the input graph.

Yagmur Gizem Avci, Ece Cinar, Cigdem Kaya

Design-driven scenarios can play a critical role in enhancing social and environmental well-being and creating sustainable solutions for better living conditions and sustainable futures. With this starting point, this study aims to use traditional knowledge as a source for sustainable development and a sustainable way of living by examining, empowering, and promoting local and traditional values through social innovation approach and design expertise. The main motivation of the study is to construct an intended link between traditional knowledge and a sustainable future for societies. The research was conducted by examining a multi-cultural local district in Turkey and its traditional and sustainable habits and proposing development ideas based on the social innovation literature and authors’ design expertise. The proposed ideas involve different approaches such as an ecosystem that promotes co-creation, women’s employment, symbiotic production processes, and digital marketing platforms for local products.

Enrica Ferrero, Giulia Ferrero

The purpose of this paper is using the potential of Systemic Methodology to define the contents of a sustainable training course for companies in the healthcare system. In-depth research of the current state in the art of the healthcare sector revealed the main critical points, on which to focus in order to develop project opportunities. The involvement of a cluster of companies as a reference case study, the bioPmed cluster, was crucial to properly implement the desk research. Comparing the state of the art with a tangible experience closer to the needs of MedTech companies, the training audience, was the goal of this important analysis phase. The paper is a starting point for a wider European project (Systema), which is involving international clusters and aims to realise the outputs of this research by designing a multi-stakeholder platform.

Daniela D’Avanzo, Salvatore Zingale

In the semiotic theory, the city is considered as a text, a weaving made of practices, ideas, discourses. This leads to questions about the dialectic between identity and alterity, which is often left aside by the design theories, that mainly focus on identity. What we call ‘identity of a place’ is its ability to synthetize the diversities that populate it. This paper presents some reflections based on the following scientific hypothesis: the in-depth study of orientation systems can also lead to the definition of the character of an urban space. Orientation systems should be thought not only to help people finding their destination, but also to build the user’s mental image of that place, making it recognizable and identifiable. The first objective of the research is to question both the environmental complexity and the cultural multiplicity of a place. To reach this objective, the adopted methodology has been the observation and analysis of an urban area in Rome, Ostiense.

Claudio Di Sipio, Riccardo Rubei, Juri Di Rocco et al.

Software engineering (SE) activities have been revolutionized by the advent of pre-trained models (PTMs), defined as large machine learning (ML) models that can be fine-tuned to perform specific SE tasks. However, users with limited expertise may need help to select the appropriate model for their current task. To tackle the issue, the Hugging Face (HF) platform simplifies the use of PTMs by collecting, storing, and curating several models. Nevertheless, the platform currently lacks a comprehensive categorization of PTMs designed specifically for SE, i.e., the existing tags are more suited to generic ML categories. This paper introduces an approach to address this gap by enabling the automatic classification of PTMs for SE tasks. First, we utilize a public dump of HF to extract PTMs information, including model documentation and associated tags. Then, we employ a semi-automated method to identify SE tasks and their corresponding PTMs from existing literature. The approach involves creating an initial mapping between HF tags and specific SE tasks, using a similarity-based strategy to identify PTMs with relevant tags. The evaluation shows that model cards are informative enough to classify PTMs considering the pipeline tag. Moreover, we provide a mapping between SE tasks and stored PTMs by relying on model names.

Helen Bidnichenko

This work is devoted to the analysis of features of linear surfaces of rotation and their application in various areas of human activity. The article carries out a geometric and practical study of the surfaces of a cone, a cylinder, and a single-cavity hyperboloid as representatives of linear surfaces of rotation. Their mathematical description is presented and geometric models are developed: visual image schemes in a rectangular coordinate system and two-picture complex drawings are created. Special attention is paid to the practical application of these surfaces in various fields, in particular in the fields of mechanical engineering and architecture. Due to its geometric shape, the conical surface of rotation is used when connecting parts, at the ends of shafts, in water fittings, etc. Objects of everyday life have the surface of a truncated cone: vases for flowers, buckets, funnels for pouring liquids, a lamp with a lampshade in the form of a cone, etc. In architecture, the conical surface has been used since ancient times as a roof for residential premises and ancient castles, for chimneys, lighthouse towers, etc. In Muslim cities, a cylindrical surface of rotation is used for the construction of minarets, which ends at the top with a conical roof, symbolizing the desire for heaven. The cylindrical surface was used for the construction of towers of ancient fortresses and modern buildings of various purposes. Products having the shape of a cylinder of rotation are widely used in engineering and military industry, medicine, computer graphics, etc. Numerous cooling towers, high-rise towers, etc., have the geometric shape of a single-cavity hyperboloid. In the article, the most characteristic vivid examples of the use of the surfaces of a cone, cylinder, and single-cavity hyperboloid are selected, their features are analyzed, and photographic images are presented.

Helen Bidnichenko

This work is devoted to the topical issue of geometric modeling of helical cylindrical surfaces and their practical application in various areas of human activity. The article presents a geometric and practical study of the surfaces of straight and oblique helicoids. Their geometric formation is presented graphically: visual image schemes are created and two-picture complex drawings are constructed. Special attention is paid to the practical application of these surfaces in various fields, in particular in mechanical engineering and architecture. As examples of spiral lines and surfaces in the natural environment, the shape of the DNA molecule, which is a two-way helical cylindrical line, is mentioned first of all. Thanks to this way of shaping the DNA molecule, many natural phenomena and objects have a helical shape. Therefore, natural patterns are used in man-made objects. In architectural structures, the geometric shape of a helical cylindrical line makes it possible to "collapse space" when designing stairs. The article provides examples of buildings with spiral staircases; made a schematic representation of the entrance to a multi-story garage in the form of an inclined ramp, which consists of several turns of a straight cylindrical helicoid. Designs of entertainment facilities are selected, which, depending on their height, are often made in the form of a one- or several-step helical surface. The surface of an oblique helicoid has such geometric features that it can transform rotational motion into translational motion. Therefore, it is used in various machines for moving loose bodies and viscous liquids in screw pumps and compressors, threads, etc. In the article, the most characteristic bright examples of helical cylindrical surfaces are selected, their features are analyzed, and photographic images are presented.

D. Garnier, M. Schmidt, Damien Rohmer

Biological shapes possess fascinating properties and behaviours that are the result of emergent mechanisms: they can evolve over time, dynamically adapt to changes in their environment, while also exhibiting interesting mechanical properties and aesthetic appeal. In this work, we bring and extend an existing biological‐inspired model of the Physarum polycephalum, aka the blob, to the field of computer graphics, in order to design porous organic‐like microstructures that resemble natural foam‐like cells or filament‐like patterns with variable local properties. In contrast to approaches based on static global optimization that provides only limited expressivity over the result, our method allows precise control over the local orientation of 3D patterns, relative cell extension and precise infill of shapes with well defined boundaries. To this end, we extend the classical agent‐based model for Physarum to fill an arbitrary domain with local anisotropic behaviour. We further provide a detailed analysis of the model parameters, contributing to the understanding of the system behaviour. The method is fast, parallelizable and scalable to large volumes and compatible with user interaction, allowing a designer to guide the structure, erase parts and observe its evolution in real‐time. Overall, our method provides a versatile and efficient means of generating intricate organic microstructures that have potential applications in fields such as additive manufacturing, design or biological representation and engineering.

Francisco del Cerro Velázquez, Ginés Morales Méndez

Spatial intelligence is an essential skill for understanding and solving real-world problems. These visuospatial skills are fundamental in the learning of different Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) subjects, such as Technical Drawing, Physics, Robotics, etc., in order to build mental models of objects or graphic representations from algebraic expressions, two-dimensional designs, or oral descriptions. It must be taken into account that spatial intelligence is not an innate skill but a dynamic skill, which can be enhanced by interacting with real and/or virtual objects. This ability can be enhanced by applying new technologies such as augmented reality, capable of illustrating mathematical procedures through images and graphics, which help students considerably to visualize, understand, and master concepts related to mathematical functions. The aim of this study is to find out whether the integration of the Geogebra AR (Augmented Reality) within a contextualized methodological environment affects the academic performance and spatial skills of fourth year compulsory secondary education mathematics students.

C. Balletti, M. Ballarin, F. Guerra