Hasil untuk "Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence"

Katrin Wendt-Potthoff, Chenxi Mi, Pouyan Ahmadi et al.

Abstract Background Microplastic (MP) pollution has garnered global attention due to its ubiquity in marine and freshwater systems, as well as its potential—though still uncertain—risks to human health. While MP concentrations in drinking water remain relatively low, safeguarding reservoir-based drinking water supplies against potential contamination remains a pressing concern. In this study, we applied a rigorously validated, two-dimensional hydrodynamic model (CE-QUAL-W2) to Germany’s largest drinking water reservoir, the Rappbode Reservoir, to examine MP retention under realistic inflow, meteorological, and operational conditions. Our primary aim was to quantify how varying particle settling velocities (0.1–1.0 m d⁻1) influence MP transport, sedimentation, and breakthrough to the raw water outlet over a 2-year simulation period. Results We demonstrate that reservoir-scale retention efficiency rises sharply with increasing MP settling velocity, with near-complete retention (> 95%) achieved at settling velocities of 0.9 m d⁻1 or higher. Conversely, slower-sinking particles (≤ 0.3 m d⁻1) exhibit significant downstream export, indicating that weak sedimentation can negate the reservoir’s inherent trapping capacity even under long residence times (~ 1 year). Furthermore, episodic phenomena such as stratification breakdown or shortcut currents can rapidly redistribute or mobilise MP particles, bypassing much of the reservoir volume and potentially delivering MP particles directly to outflows. These findings highlight the critical roles of both hydrodynamics (stratification, mixing, and lateral transport) and particle-specific traits such as settling velocity in determining MP fate. Conclusions By integrating comprehensive field-derived meteorological inputs and a validated numerical framework, this study provides novel insights into MP retention in drinking water reservoirs and underscores the vulnerability of such systems to episodic transport events. Our approach offers a robust tool for reservoir managers and policy-makers to anticipate MP contaminant pathways, optimise withdrawal strategies, and develop early warning systems for drinking water preparation. This work thus advances both the scientific understanding of MP dynamics in lentic systems and supports more informed, adaptive water-resource management.

Xi Long, Paul P. Plucinsky, Terrance J. Gaetz et al.

We present results from the Chandra X-ray Observatory Large Project (878 ks in 28 observations) of the Large Magellanic Cloud supernova remnant N132D. We measure the expansion of the forward shock in the bright southern rim to be $0.\!^{\prime\prime}10 \pm 0.\!^{\prime\prime}02$ over the $\sim14.5$ yr baseline, which corresponds to a velocity of $1620\pm400~\mathrm{km\,s^{-1}}$ after accounting for several instrumental effects. We measure an expansion of $0.\!^{\prime\prime}23 \pm 0.\!^{\prime\prime}02$ and a shock velocity of $3840\pm260~\mathrm{km\,s^{-1}}$ for two features in an apparent blowout region in the northeast. The emission-measure-weighted average temperature inferred from X-ray spectral fits to regions in the southern rim is $0.95\pm0.17$ keV, consistent with the electron temperature implied by the shock velocity after accounting for Coulomb equilibration and adiabatic expansion. In contrast, the emission-measure-weighted average temperature for the northeast region is $0.77\pm0.04$ keV, which is significantly lower than the value inferred from the shock velocity. We fit 1-D evolutionary models for the shock in the southern rim and northeast region, using the measured radius and propagation velocity into a constant density and power-law profile circumstellar medium. We find good agreement with the age of $\sim2500$ years derived from optical expansion measurements for explosion energies of $1.5-3.0 \times 10^{51}\,\mathrm{erg}$, ejecta masses of $2-6 \,\mathrm{M_{\odot}}$ and ambient medium densities of $\sim0.33-0.66$ $\mathrm{amu~cm}^{-3}$ in the south and $\sim0.01-0.02$ $\mathrm{amu~cm}^{-3}$ in the northeast assuming a constant density medium. These results are consistent with previous studies that suggested the progenitor of N132D was an energetic supernova that exploded into a pre-existing cavity.

Łukasz Dębowski

We inspect the deductive connection between the neural scaling law and Zipf's law -- two statements discussed in machine learning and quantitative linguistics. The neural scaling law describes how the cross entropy rate of a foundation model -- such as a large language model -- changes with respect to the amount of training tokens, parameters, and compute. By contrast, Zipf's law posits that the distribution of tokens exhibits a power law tail. Whereas similar claims have been made in more specific settings, we show that the neural scaling law is a consequence of Zipf's law under certain broad assumptions that we reveal systematically. The derivation steps are as follows: We derive Heaps' law on the vocabulary growth from Zipf's law, Hilberg's hypothesis on the entropy scaling from Heaps' law, and the neural scaling from Hilberg's hypothesis. We illustrate these inference steps by a toy example of the Santa Fe process that satisfies all the four statistical laws.

Massimo Preziuso, Franziska Koefer, Michel Ehrenhard

Abstract In the European Union (EU), the revised Payment Services Directive (PSD2) aims to provide more convenient and customized financial products through open banking (OB) platforms. However, little attention has been paid to the role of OB in improving the financial well-being of the growing number of the EU’s underserved groups, which currently constitute approximately a quarter of its population. This study examines how the PSD2 and OB impact inclusive finance in the EU based on the perspectives of the Netherlands’ ecosystem, one of the leaders in the EU’s financial technology (FinTech) landscape. A fundamental distinction can be drawn between the OB users and the ecosystem’s players. Regarding the impact of financial services on the users’ inclusivity, while the PSD2 strengthens the infrastructure necessary for financial inclusion, many challenges remain, mainly because it was not designed for this purpose. This study identifies several areas of improvement that include adjustments to the know your customer and anti-money laundering processes for underserved customers, innovative ways to communicate the PSD2’s potential, and the regulation of technology providers’ activities to build trust. Meanwhile, from the ecosystem’s position, there is a need to strengthen and improve microfinance regulation according to the opportunities provided by the PSD2 to support microfinance institutions (MFIs) in scaling up and reaching underserved clients across borders with innovative services. OB improvements can also be achieved by organizations formed by MFIs and FinTechs in collaboration with banks. Such hybrid institutions will combine the best features of each of them: knowledge of the needs of local underserved clients from MFIs, technological innovations from FinTechs, and large and trusted customer bases, infrastructures, and access to institutional investments and governments from banks. Finally, an EU inclusive OB sector depends on the centrality of trusted regulators as coordination bodies.

Iwan Sukamto, Yuwono Prianto

Mayoritas distribusi tanah di Indonesia dikuasai oleh perseroan. Hanya 2,7 juta hektare yang dialokasikan bagi masyarakat, sementara 94,8 persen dikuasai oleh perseroan. Ketimpangan distribusi lahan itu memunculkan permasalahan sektor ketahanan pangan. Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang implementasi dan konsistensi kaidah hukum terkait distribusi tanah dalam rangka ketahanan pangan. Untuk itu digunakan penelitian hukum normatif yang berbasis pada data sekunder yang dikumpulkan dan dianalisis secara kualitatif dengan menggunakan logika deduktif. Implementasi kebijakan tentang distribusi tanah dalam menunjang ketahanan pangan mengalami banyak hambatan dan kendala, karena tidak mampu mengakomodasikan faktor faktor strategis di bidang pertanahan, sehingga mengakibatkan ketidakselarasan peraturan perundang undangan yang berdampak pada lambannya distribusi tanah pertanian Kata Kunci: distribusi tanah, ketahanan pangan, ketimpangan, reformasi agraria.  

Amit Kumar, Debasisha Mishra

Motivated by the very recent work of Gao, Y., Chen, J., Wang, J., Zou, H. [Comm. Algebra, 49(8) (2021) 3241-3254; MR4283143], we introduce two new generalized inverses named weak Drazin (WD) and weak Drazin Moore-Penrose (WDMP) inverses for elements in rings. A few of their properties are then provided, and the fact that the proposed generalized inverses coincide with different well-known generalized inverses under certain assumptions is established. Further, we discuss additive properties, reverse-order law and forward-order law for WD and WDMP generalized inverses. Some examples are also provided in support of the theoretical results.

Jorge Ulises Rojas-Guevara, Gabriel Bohórquez, Mauricio Gaviria et al.

El entrenamiento de los caninos de trabajo emplea diversos mecanismos de condicionamiento, los cuales permiten un rendimiento posterior superior, contrarrestando el sistema de drogas ilícitas, las organizaciones criminales, los grupos armados organizados (GAO) y residuales (GAOr), garantizando la seguridad y convivencia ciudadana en Colombia. Por lo anterior, se propone un enfoque cualitativo empleando una revisión sistemática de la literatura, con el objetivo de analizar el rol de la tecnología y aparatos para adiestrar caninos detectores, entre los años 2000 y 2020 dentro de las bases de datos Scopus, Elsevier y Scielo. Como resultados, se observa un aumento en la producción de artículos entre los años 2000 y 2019 (pasando de seis artículos a 86, respectivamente). Además, dentro de las herramientas empleadas en los estudios se encuentran las cajas; clickers; collares electrónicos y carruseles, los cuales discriminan el olor, utilizando sistemas de refuerzo, con diferencias dependiendo del tipo de estudio, el número de animales y el objetivo de entrenamiento. Como conclusión, es necesario desarrollar prototipos adecuados según las necesidades de entrenamiento en cada contexto, continuando con estudios que integren efectivamente los estímulos y los sistemas de recompensa para impactar los resultados en el rendimiento del perro de trabajo.

Raimunda Nonata Monteiro, Enaile do Espírito Santo Iadanza, Helena Maria Martins Lastres

El presente Dossier titulado Amazonia: Cultura, Educación y Memoria, es la segunda parte de la compilación de textos iniciada con el Dossier Amazonia Brasileña: ocupación y políticas socioambientales en la transición de los siglos XX al XXI. Esta edición reúne cinco artículos que discuten vivencias, imaginarios y expresiones culturales de pueblos tradicionales e indígenas. Es posible percibir visiones del mundo que expresan las especificidades y la diversidad de saberes, haceres y resistencias de grupos sociales representativos de las poblaciones amazónicas. Se describen cosmovisiones, pertenencias y representaciones sociales, así como las rupturas ocasionadas por las transformaciones impuestas por el "progreso". Los autores de este Dossier nos sumergen en la vida de comunidades y pueblos y nos proporcionan una pequeña inmersión en concepciones del mundo que forman los multiversos culturales de la Amazonia. También muestran que la Historia de la región se enseña mediante narrativas que ignoran las existencias y lugares (lugar sin lugar), generalizan y homogeneizan la Amazonia, reducida a las percepciones de los colonizadores.

Md Nazmul Alam, Joseph R. Matson, Patrick Sohr et al.

Heterostructures including the members of the 6.1Å semiconductor family (AlSb, GaSb, and InAs) are used in infrared optoelectronic devices as well as a variety of other applications. Short-period superlattices of these materials are also of interest for creating composite materials with designer infrared dielectric functions. The conditions needed to create sharp InAs/GaSb and InAs/AlSb interfaces are well known, but the AlSb/GaSb interface is much less well-understood. In this article, we test a variety of interventions designed to improve interface sharpness in AlSb/GaSb short-period superlattices. These interventions include substrate temperature, III:Sb flux ratio, and the use of a bismuth surfactant. Superlattices are characterized by high-resolution x-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. We find that AlSb/GaSb short-period superlattices have a wide growth window over which sharp interfaces can be obtained.

Ana Keuly Luz Bezerra, José Machado Moita Neto

A matemática tem modelado bem os sistemas físicos apenas por não apresentar modelos únicos dos fenômenos. Aqui descrevemos quatro tipos de modelos matemáticos com grande impacto na descrição do mundo físico. Enquanto nas ciências duras estes modelos são simples instrumentos para explicar o mundo físico, quando aplicados para a realidade social perdem seus contornos precisos e transformam-se em modos de compreensão da realidade. O objetivo deste estudo é construir uma tipologia de problemas jurídicos a partir destes modelos matemáticos de maior destaque. A análise foi feita a partir de julgados extraídos de tribunais diversos a fim de correlacioná-los com as teorias suscitadas neste ensaio. Em síntese, descreve-se alguns aspectos do mundo jurídico por comparação com modelos matemáticos existentes. Por óbvio não se esgota a complexidade do direito pela redução a quatro modos de enxergá-lo.

ЕЛЕНА СЕРГЕЕВНА ШЕХОВЦОВА, ВЕРА ГЕННАДЬЕВНА БУЛЫГИНА

Статья посвящена исследованию индивидуально-психологических особенностей саморегуляции у лиц с расстройствами личности и акцентуированными личностными чертами. Целью работы является конкретизация данных о регулятивных нарушениях с учетом характера совершенных правонарушений для повышения доказательности экспертных выводов и индивидуализации наказания, а также построения моделей вторичной психпрофилактики. Были исследованы 134 лица мужского пола, из них 94 – с расстройствами личности, 20 – с акцентуированными личностными чертами и 20 – без психической патологии. Методический комплекс, позволяющий определить степень нарушения способности руководить своими действиями, включал: методики «Сравнение похожих рисунков» Дж. Кагана, «Ситуационный анализ», «Новый опросник толерантности к неопределенности», «Словесно-цветовая интерференция» Дж. Струпа, «Стиль саморегуляции поведения». Статистическая обработка данных включала метод дескриптивной статистики и частотный анализ; t-критерий Стьюдента для независимых выборок; непараметрический критерий U-Манна – Уитни, непараметрический критерий Краскела – Уоллиса для сравнения трех независимых выборок. Установлено, что у лиц с расстройствами личности, совершивших агрессивно-насильственные правонарушения, регулятивные нарушения сопряжены со способностью адекватно прогнозировать последствия и предлагать социально приемлемые альтернативы разрешения проблемной ситуации. Показано, что в ситуациях информационного дефицита и при содержании противоречивой информации, наличии перцептивных помех или повышенной эмоциональной насыщенности ситуации вероятность нарушения осознанной регуляции поведения существенно увеличивается. Соответственно, для решения задач пенитенциарной науки и практики представляется целесообразным опираться на выявленные в рамках данного исследования показатели, которые могут не только являться предикторами дизрегуляции поведения и агрессивного реагирования, но и выступать в качестве мишеней психокоррекционной работы.

Stephen D. Cohle

Cystic tumour of the atrioventricular node is the smallest tumour that can cause sudden cardiac death. This lesion arises from foregut endodermal rests which become enfolded into the heart during embryogenesis. Typically causing heart block, the tumour can cause sudden death despite pacemaker placement. Sudden death in such cases can be caused by arrhythmogenic ectopic foci arising from impaired electrical impulse propagation through the abnormal atrioventricular junction conducting tissue.

Jeferson Dytz Marin, Nelson Gularte Ramos Neto

A necessidade de elaborar uma teoria da decisão surge para o pós-positivismo como condição de sua existência. A indeterminação normativa, que, para o posi-tivismo jurídico era sinônimo de liberdade no ato decisório, significa para o novo paradigma a premente busca pela legitimidade das decisões judiciais, haja vista que não há vinculação necessária entre imprecisão linguística e inexistência de resposta correta. Esta não pode ser entendida como uma mera decorrência lógica daquela, mas sim como uma opção que a teoria (positivista) do Direito toma para solução do “problema”. A partir da teoria da decisão dworkiniana, constrói-se uma resposta correta não discricionária exigida pela noção de responsabilidade política do julgador. Entende-se que a proposta interpretativa de Ronald Dworkin pode ser erigida a um conceito geral de Direito como interpretação. À coerência com o passado —o sistema legislativo e as decisões judiciais— se soma a pos-sibilidade de futura extensão a casos semelhantes, motivo pelo qual o princípio que se extrai da decisão deve também ser demonstrado como universalizável.

Bartłomiej Błaszczyk

Despite 128 years, the case of Jack the Ripper’s murders is still fascinating and tempting new generations of investigators willing to solve its mystery. However, from practical point of view it seems to be more important not to find a real Ripper, but rather take a glimpse into what the investigation looked like and where the mistakes were made. A brief review of the investigation leads to a conclusion that many of the mistakes made over 100 years ago still appear when it comes to an investigative process, such as improper selection of evidence at the crime scene or taking political tendencies under consideration rather than searching for the truth. The case shows that a man is the most important part of the investigation, and modern technology can only suport it, but it will never replace a human intellect and its ability to think in a logic way.

Helge Kragh

The Hubble law, widely considered the first observational basis for the expansion of the universe, may in the future be known as the Hubble-Lemaître law. This is what the General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union recommended at its recent meeting in Vienna. However, the resolution in favour of a renamed law is problematic in so far as concerns its arguments based on the history of cosmology in the relevant period from about 1927 to the early 1930s. A critical examination of the resolution reveals flaws of a non-trivial nature. The purpose of this note is to highlight these problems and to provide a better historically informed background for the voting among the union's members, which in a few months' time will result in either a confirmation or a rejection of the decision made by the General Assembly.

José Ignacio Santiviago

En los planos teórico y filosófico del Derecho, el tema de las lagunas ha generado análisis y controversias entre juristas que, a su vez, han dado pie a la generación de nuevos análisis y nuevas controversias. Es como una red que ha venido ampliándose con cada opinión. Cada pensador aporta nuevas críticas, nuevas perspectivas, nuevas respuestas y siempre –explícita o implícitamente– plantea nuevos problemas y abre nuevas interrogantes. Quizás por falta de investigación sobre su origen o porque sencillamente es de autor anónimo no sabemos quién acuñó esta metáfora denominada lagunas en el derecho; pero sospechamos que ella se pierde en los tiempos en los que el movimiento codificador de finales del siglo XVIII y comienzos del XIX y las escuelas teóricas que desarrollaron y sostuvieron este movimiento (escuela de la exégesis y jurisprudencia de conceptos), comenzaron a ser centro de diversas críticas por la soberbia de creer que habían alcanzado el ideal de producir ordenamientos jurídicos perfectos2 y de creer haber condensado todo el derecho posible en los códigos. Como quiera que sea, desde una perspectiva pragmática, la metáfora de las «lagunas» es útil, porque el aprendiz en el conocimiento del Derecho entiende rápidamente que se trata de comportamientos que no se hallan previstos como hipótesis en normas jurídicas y que, por tanto, carecen de calificación deóntica y de consecuencia normativa dentro del sistema jurídico.

Kamal Hajian

Recently, a general method for calculating conserved charges for (black hole) solutions to generally covariant gravitational theories, in any dimensions and with arbitrary asymptotic behaviors has been introduced. Equipped with this method, which can be dubbed as "solution phase space method," we calculate mass and angular momentum for the Kerr-dS black holes. Furthermore, for any choice of horizons, associated entropy and the first law of thermodynamics are derived. Interestingly, according to insensitivity of the analysis to the chosen cosmological constant, the analysis unifies the thermodynamics of rotating stationary black holes in 4 (and other) dimensions with either AdS, flat or dS asymptotics. We extend the analysis to include electric charge, i.e. to the Kerr-Newman-dS black holes.

Mireia Martínez Barrabés

El sistema de patentes tiene como objetivos destacados, entre otros, el fomentar la investigación y la competencia a través de dos vías fundamentales: en primer lugar, mediante la concesión de derechos y privilegios a los inventores y, en segundo lugar, mediante la exclusión que esos derechos reconocen y que limitan que otros puedan utilizar o desarrollar las invenciones ya creadas. En este artículo se analizan las excepciones que afectan a la investigación y a su protección jurídica en el ámbito de la biomedicina. En particular, se analiza el contenido flexible y los problemas jurídicos derivados de la aplicación del artículo 27.3 a) ADPIC en el que se excluye de la materia patentable a los métodos para el tratamiento de personas o animales, es decir, los métodos de tratamiento médico y veterinario. Sin embargo, de su texto se desprende con rotundidad que los productos o procedimientos utilizados durante el tratamiento médico sí que son patentables de pleno derecho al no estar comprendidos dentro de la categoría de “métodos para el tratamiento”. Sobre la base de la jurisprudencia del órgano administrativo integrado en la Oficina Europea de Patentes dada su inexistencia en el seno de la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC), este artículo se centra en la tarea de interpretar dicho precepto y de precisar los contornos de su implementación y del alcance material de la excepción objeto de estudio. Este ejercicio conduce a examinar si las soluciones o criterios adoptados por los Estados miembros varían considerablemente entre sí o si, por el contrario, las posturas adoptadas se caracterizan por su similitud en base a consideraciones basadas en la protección de la salud pública, a las necesidades de incentivar la innovación o en el grado de desarrollo económico de cada país

Affonso Penna

Editorial do primeiro número da Revista, assinado por seu diretor, o Dr. Afonso Pena, também presidente do Estado de Minas Gerais à mesma época. Conservamos a ortografia da época

Philip Langbroek, Tina Linden, van der

Court decisions are reasoned to legitimize them. Lay people seem to understand little of the work of the courts. One of the questions for court administrators and judges is: for whom do judges write their judgments? Is it possible to analyze judicial justification texts with a view to the audiences they address? We answered that question by developing a methodology for the analysis of judgment justification texts, investigating judicial writing behavior. This paper focuses on the methodological hurdles we had to take and the mistakes we made and had to correct. Research reports in all articles on socio-legal research offer a positive and linear description of the research. This article wants to show that trial and error during the research process were inevitable and maybe could have been avoided if we would have had more experience with this type of research. We hope students and other researchers may profit from our experience. Las decisiones judiciales se razonan para legitimarlas. Los profanos en la materia parecen entender poco de la labor de los tribunales. Una de las preguntas a administradores de tribunales y jueces es: ¿para quién redactan los jueces sus sentencias? ¿Es posible analizar los textos de justificación judiciales desde la perspectiva del público a quien se dirigen? Hemos respondido a esta pregunta mediante el desarrollo de una metodología para el análisis de textos de justificación judiciales, investigando el comportamiento de la escritura judicial. Este artículo se centra en los obstáculos metodológicos que tuvimos que sortear y los errores que cometimos y tuvimos que corregir. Los informes de investigación en todos los artículos de investigación sociojurídica ofrecen una descripción positiva y lineal de la investigación. Este artículo quiere demostrar que la prueba y el error eran inevitables durante el proceso de investigación eran inevitables, y podrían haberse evitado si hubiéramos tenido mayor experiencia en este tipo de investigación. Esperamos que estudiantes y otros investigadores puedan beneficiarse de nuestra experiencia. DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2533325