Abstract Across the twentieth century, hundreds of women worked as nurses, cooks, cleaners, and teachers on Mexico’s railroads. They have been overlooked in histories of the railroads and Mexican industrialization more broadly, their limited number perhaps suggesting that their work is not of analytical importance in understanding processes of economic development and class formation. On the contrary, these women’s work constituted many of the most coveted labor rights of the postrevolutionary railroad workforce, itself a symbolic vanguard of Mexico’s working class and one of the most important beneficiaries of the expansion of social and economic rights ushered in by the Mexican Revolution. The gendered division of labor characteristic of the railroads was neither accidental nor insignificant. Railroads used the feminization of the work of social reproduction to write off structural failures and predictable shortcomings in welfare provision as failures of femininity. Women became scapegoats for the consistent violation of workers’ rights through underfunding and understaffing. In tracing this process, the article models a historiographical and methodological intervention with broader relevance. It suggests that the social and labor rights that expanded around the world in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries must be studied not only from the vantage of legal or political history, but as themselves questions of social and labor history. Making these rights real depended on socially reproductive work that has often been marginal in accounts of industrialization and economic development. It is impossible to understand the political economy of social and economic rights without understanding women’s work.
Yurii Kliat, Oleksandr Voitko, Polina Tolok
et al.
Мета роботи: Розроблення та наукове обґрунтування сучасного методичного підходу до оцінювання рівня економічної та воєнно-економічної безпеки України в умовах триваючої російсько-української війни, з урахуванням трансформації економіки у воєнний час, зміни структури загроз, впливу руйнування критичної інфраструктури, бюджетної мілітаризації, зовнішньої фінансової залежності та потреб оборонно-промислового комплексу.
Метод дослідження: Методи аналізу, синтезу, узагальнення, дедукції та індукції, а також методи експертного опитування.
Результати дослідження: Проведено аналіз варіативності поглядів щодо складових елементів економічної безпеки держави в системі національної безпеки, а також проведено порівняння результатів використаних математичних методів у підходах щодо розрахунку рівня воєнно-економічної безпеки України, визначено особливості поглядів експертів щодо остаточного виокремлення її складових, розраховано коефіцієнти важливості кожної складової у сукупності відповідно до потреб сьогодення, що формує можливість виділення воєнно-економічної складової як елемента економічної безпеки на законодавчому рівні.
Теоретична цінність дослідження: Матеріали статті можуть бути корисними і важливими для широкого кола фахівців, які займаються питаннями безпеки, оборонного планування, стратегічного аналізу та державного управління.
Тип статті: Теоретично-практичний, описовий, методичний.
AbstractStarting from the early 1930s, structural changes in the Bulgarian tobacco industry, prompted by the advent of the world economic crisis and German economic expansionism into Southeastern Europe, led to a deep restructuring of the labor processes, known in the terminology of the time as rationalization, in the Bulgarian tobacco industry. The introduction of the tonga rationalization technology had a deskilling and deeply gendered effect on the industry, making a significant number of skilled male workers redundant, disproportionately decreasing average male wages and leading, in turn, to a further feminization of an already majority-female workforce.The introduction of the new system provoked a strong response from the organized labor movement, which used a variety of tactics to fight against the new technology: from strikes to petitions to tripartite negotiations. Organized labor's reaction was deeply gendered, an aspect that only becomes truly visible if, in addition to gender and skill, we employ the analytical lens of scale. By following trade union policies on the local, national, and international levels, the article goes beyond the carefully crafted gender-neutral language in official documents to reveal tensions between the conservative attitudes of rank-and-file activists and the official trade union agenda. This is especially evident in communist labor politics, where Bulgarian trade union policies on the local and national levels provoked an intervention on the part of the Profintern between 1930 and 1931. The movement's internal contradictions resulted in a polyvalent, ambiguous, and non-linear trade union policy formed through the clash of and negotiations between local activists’ conservative notions of gendered work and family roles and the radical gender program of international communism.
Zahra Ahmadizadeh, Seyed Afshin Samaei, Hossein Alibakhshi
et al.
Objectives: Occupational performance occurs in a dynamic interaction between the people, their occupations, and context. Stroke could affect the individual’s occupational performance, which is the basis of social life.
This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting stroke patients’ occupational performance.
Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, 55 people with stroke participated. The patients completed the Canadian occupational performance measure (COPM), Barthel index, Brunnstrom stage, Montreal cognitive assessment, and a demographic questionnaire.
Results: The results showed a significant correlation between occupational satisfaction and performance with cognition, the activities of daily living (ADL), and the severity of impairment in the upper and lower extremities (P <0.01). The results of linear regression show that cognition level could significantly predict occupational performance (R= 0.83, P <0.01) and satisfaction (R= 0.81, P <0.01) after stroke.
Discussion: Results show that the cognitive level could predict occupational performance in patients with stroke. Performing daily living activities and lower limb impairment could predict satisfaction with occupational performance. Therefore, it is recommended that therapists consider the cognition in stroke patients through a proper therapeutic plan to prevent participation restrictions.
Medicine, Vocational rehabilitation. Employment of people with disabilities
Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are considered to be one of the biggest health problems as they continue to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. They cannot be completely prevented, but their incidence can be significantly limited. Preventive action is the most important measure in this case. Due to the frequent interaction between healthcare professionals and patients, the crucial importance of hand hygiene is therefore emphasised. Adherence to good disinfection and hand washing practices remains around 40%, which can be improved by using a variety of nudge tools to promote desired hygienic behaviour. We conducted an open observation of employees and visitors with participation. The aim of this study was to determine the actual status of hand disinfection in a selected healthcare facility amongst doctors, registered nurses, medical technicians, cleaners, and visitors or parents of children; then, we selected and introduced three nudge tools of desired hygiene behaviour and analysed their effectiveness; finally, we provided suggestions for the use of nudge tools of desired hygiene behaviour with the aim of influencing doctors, registered nurses, medical technicians, cleaners, and visitors or parents of children so that they disinfect their hands properly. The actual state of hand disinfection was determined on the basis of observation without introducing any changes; then, we separately introduced three nudge tools, posters with an inscription and picture, the scent of citrus, and flashing lights. The obtained results were analysed with the help of the SpeedyAudit Lite application, and the effectiveness of each nudge tool and the adequacy of hand disinfection by categories of people were compared. In general, posters with a picture and an inscription contributed the most to more consistent disinfection of employees’ hands, while the scent of citrus and flashing lights contributed slightly less.
The international literature on women and work calls on scholars to consider geographical, sociocultural, and institutional contexts governing women's employment dynamics over their life course. In Indonesia (and other lower middle‐income regions in Southeast Asia), female labor force participation is lower in urban areas than rural areas. The largest drop‐off occurs after marriage and childbearing. In this article, we argue that class and spatial context matters in examining the relationship between gender norms, gendered mobilities, and employment outcomes in mega‐urban settings. Using qualitative research, we probe beyond conventional demographic studies to explore the dynamics of married women's (decisions to stay, leave, change, or return to) employment in Greater Jakarta, Indonesia's largest urban core. Our participants were discouraged from employment participation by norms that prioritize married women's role as primary caregivers, and spatial and workplace/regulatory constraints. Our analysis underscores how the participants' employment‐related decisions consistently revolve around the concept of opportunity costs, defined as conflicts and tensions arise from mother's time away from children due to gender norms, lack of childcare and flexible formal employment options, and the long working and commuting hours in Greater Jakarta. Economic pressures for women to participate in the labor market are not matched by work–family policies, which are still rooted in entrenched ideals of women as wives and mothers.
El artículo aborda la emergencia de las redes agroalimentarias alternativas en México como luchas por lo común frente al agroextractivismo ecodestructivo, capitalista y patriarcal. Para tal efecto se exponen las relaciones de despojo, cercamiento y explotación de los comunes y los trabajos reproductivos anidadas en las lógicas del agroextractivismo. También aborda los trabajos de cuidado y de reproducción de la vida que sostienen las redes agroalimentarias alternativas en tanto formas ecopolíticas de interecodependencia y producción de lo común.
Palabras clave: Redes agroalimentarias alternativas; Agroextractivismo capitalista; Producción de lo común; Trabajos reproductivos y de cuidados
Special aspects of education, Labor market. Labor supply. Labor demand
Victor Seabra Lima Prado Costa, Davi Feliciano Nonnenmacher, Wesley Berger Fernandes
et al.
Este estudo buscou avaliar os benefícios que a música pode promover à saúde dos integrantes do Grupo Staccato, por meio de um questionário em escala Likert. Os participantes receberam um questionário anônimo em escala Likert sobre como avaliam a própria saúde mental e geral após contato com a música por intermédio do Grupo Staccato. Os dados foram tabulados e analisados utilizando estatística descritiva. A maioria dos participantes (n = 27) relatou sentir estresse (88,8%), ansiedade (85,2%) e tristeza (77,8%) com certa frequência, e uma parte substancial deles informou que concordava total ou parcialmente com as afirmações de que o Grupo Staccato era capaz de reduzir o estresse (77,7%) e a tristeza (81,4%). Os entrevistados relataram que o grupo de música teve um impacto positivo na qualidade de vida (85,1%), no bem-estar (96,3%) e nas interações sociais (77,8%). 40,7% dos entrevistados consideraram que o projeto de extensão foi de grande importância para a saúde geral. Este estudo pode apoiar o desenvolvimento de grupos de extensão em música no ambiente universitário como uma forma de promover benefícios para a saúde física e mental dos participantes e, consequentemente, reduzir o impacto de distúrbios que afetam diretamente a saúde pública.
Social Sciences, Labor in politics. Political activity of the working class
During the COVID-19 global health crisis, institutions, policymakers, and academics alike have called for practicing resilience to overcome its ongoing disruptions. This paper contributes a comparative study of the job search experiences of working-class and upper-middle-class job seekers, particularly in relation to their resilience practices during the pandemic. Drawing from in-depth interviews with 12 working-class and 11 upper-middle-class job seekers in the U.S., we unpack challenges resulting from both the pandemic and unemployment and job seekers' novel practices of navigating these challenges in their everyday disrupted life. Job seekers' ongoing negotiation with their resources, situations, and surroundings gives practical meanings to building everyday resilience, which we theorize as an ongoing process of becoming resilient. While job seekers across classes experienced similar challenges, working-class job seekers took on additional emotional labor in their everyday resilience due to their limited experience in the digital job search space, competition with higher-degree holding job seekers applying for the same jobs, limited social support networks, and at times, isolation. By foregrounding the uneven distribution of emotional labor in realizing the promise of resilience along class lines, this work cautions against the romanticization of resilience and calls for a more critical and nuanced understanding of resilience in CSCW.
Tainá de Jesus Alves Portela, Quiteria Larissa Teodoro Farias, Maristela Inês Osawa Vasconcelos
O estudo tem como objetivo descrever a experiência de acadêmicos de enfermagem no desenvolvimento do Acolhimento com Classificação de Risco para profissionais e usuários de uma Unidade Básica de Saúde. Trata-se de um relato de experiência que traz a ação desenvolvida por acadêmicos do 8º semestre do Módulo de Internato 1 do Curso de Graduação em Enfermagem da Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú na implantação do Acolhimento com Classificação de Risco em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde da região noroeste do estado do Ceará. As ações foram estruturadas em 6 encontros onde 2 envolveram os profissionais da equipe de enfermagem, 1 englobou todos os trabalhadores da unidade básica e 3 abordaram os usuários do serviço onde a partir de temáticas e materiais estudados anteriormente possibilitaram a construção de dispositivos facilitadores do aprendizado dos participantes. Os resultados desse estudo são apresentados e discutidos em dois tópicos essenciais para a elaboração das metodologias: organização do trabalho e transformação das práticas profissionais; e potencialização no atendimento da/para população. As estratégias de educação permanente com os profissionais da unidade e educação em saúde com os usuários adotadas na experiência constituíram-se como potencializadoras na transformação das práticas do trabalho.
Social Sciences, Labor in politics. Political activity of the working class
The Activist Academic describes the authors ’ development of an activist pedagogy set in the context of their personal and professional relationships and identities — Colette Cann, a black woman, and Eric DeMeulenaere, a white man. Further, the book offers a critical examination of the inherent con- fl icts of basing a successful academic career on an activist trajectory. The Activist Academic is well-written and organized sequentially over 7 years, making transparent much of the development of these authors as activists and academics. It will provide moral and ideological support for activists laboring in academia. The academy, particularly in social work and education, is widely accepted as a bastion of liberal intellectualism, where the relationship between pedagogy, teaching, and research intersects with anti-oppressive ideals of equity and inclusion. The Activist Academic challenges this notion and suggests that the academy continues to support the values and ideas of dominant society. The institution may tolerate subtle challenges to this status quo, but it neither invites nor rewards scholarship or action intended to dismantle this dominance. Therefore, the activist academic does not get rewarded in typical academic fashion for community activism, scholarship, or research but conversely may fi nd that these pursuits negatively affect their professional trajectory and tenure process.
For well over 100 years, life expectancy in developed societies has increased by 2.5 years per decade (1). At first, most of the increase was due to decreased death rates at younger ages, but since the 1950s, the main reason has been better survival after age 65. Factors contributing to our increasing lifespan include better living conditions, healthier lifestyles, advances in healthcare and a shift from heavy jobs to non-manual occupations. Coupled with a long-term fall in fertility rates, the consequence of this increasing length of life has been a growing number and share of the elderly population. Currently, almost one fifth of the population in the European Union (EU) has reached the age of 65, and this share is projected to increase during the next decades. While the increase in life expectancy is a great accomplishment, the growing share of older people also poses a range of economic and social challenges. By 2050, nearly 30% of the EU population will be older than 65, and the old-age dependency ratio will exceed 50% (2). The increasing number of older people relative to the working-age population will exert pressures on economic growth, increase age-related social costs and endanger the sustainability of government finances. This development has raised the topic of extending working lives high on the political agenda. To counter the economic costs of the growing elderly population, reforms to increase the statutory retirement age, cut the routes to early retirement and increase labour force participation among older workers have been put forward in most European countries (3). This has also led to positive developments, as the average age of transition into retirement has increased in many countries, and the employment rate in older ages has improved (4). However, a large proportion of people are unable to continue in paid employment until the increasing statutory retirement age. Poor health and work ability are major reasons for early exit from the labor market. Disability retirement is one of the most common pathways for premature exit from working life, but poor health is also associated with exit from work through unemployment (5). Unemployment and poor health are interrelated in complex ways: poor health may increase the risk of unemployment and unemployment, in turn, may increase health problems. Long term, they may form a self-reinforcing cyclical relationship. Unemployment is also associated with an increased risk of disability retirement (6, 7). Working life expectancy is a measure that summarizes the effect of various, often competing, exit routes on the length of working lives (8). This measure indicates how much of the remaining lifetime will be spent in employment or in labor market activity. It also takes into account the timing of labor market exit so that earlier withdrawal gets more weight. Studies have shown that working life expectancy is shorter in the lower socioeconomic groups (9, 10) and in occupations with high physical demands (11). In this issue of The Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, Schram et al (12) analyse the influence of occupational class and physical workload on working life expectancy and lost working years using multistate Cox regression models. In the age range 50–63 years, working life expectancy among manual workers was one year lower than that among upper non-manual employees. Nearly two thirds of this difference was explained by unemployment and one third by disability retirement. Physically demanding work was also related to lost working years, mostly due to ill-health-based exit routes. The effect of physical work on lowered working life expectancy could not be reduced back to occupational class, as it was consistently observed within occupational classes. Manual workers with physically demanding work had the lowest working life expectancy. Another element in extending working lives is continuing to work after reaching the statutory retirement age. So far, most people have stopped working at that stage and relatively few have continued. However, the proportion of people working beyond the retirement age has been increasing (13). Evidence on factors that affect working beyond the retirement age is more limited than information on premature retirement. For many, extending working beyond the retirement age is voluntary, but others may be forced to continue working for financial reasons if their retirement income is low. It is known that men, the better educated and those who have recently reached their retirement age are typically more likely to participate in paid work after reaching their retirement age. Own motivation and job satisfaction, as well as many aspects of personal life, such as the partner’s labor market position, are important factors affecting the retirement decision. Many older employees prefer part-time work, and they appreciate possibilities for worktime arrangements and other flexibility (14). Being in good health is an important precondition for working beyond the retirement age (15, 16). Working conditions also play an important role, and they are obviously related to the previously mentioned motivation, job satisfaction and work ability. Also in this issue, the study by Andersen et al (17) shows that higher physical work demands are associated with a lower likelihood and a good psychosocial work environment with a higher likelihood of working beyond the state retirement age. A good psychosocial work environment is important for both employees in sedentary and physically active work. It has also been shown that employees with higher occupational classes are much more likely to continue working beyond the retirement age compared to those with lower occupational classes. A large proportion of these differences can be explained by physical work demands, work time control, and self-rated work ability (18). Thus, it seems that the factors affecting working beyond the statutory retirement age are, at least in part, similar to factors that relate to early exit. Despite the generally favorable development in population health, the increasing statutory retirement age means that people approaching the end of their working careers will inevitably encounter chronic conditions (19). Increasing attention is needed to ensure that people are able to continue their working lives despite such conditions. In this respect, work accommodation and vocational rehabilitation activities are of high value. Even though hard physical labor has become less common during recent decades, many jobs still involve physical work demands. Thus, efforts to reduce physical work exposures are needed to prevent early labor market exit among older workers. Such efforts and a continuous development of skills need to be started well in advance. Working lives must also become more flexible for different working abilities and life situations. An increasing level of education and changes in the occupational structure from physically heavy jobs to service sector occupations may have been partly responsible for the increase in working life expectancy. At the same time, increasing cognitive demands, work-related stress and fast changes in technology pose new challenges. Such psychosocial working conditions may particularly relate to mental work ability (20). If mental health problems are involved, continuing in work may be challenging, regardless of whether the health problems initially originate from the workplace or not. As mental health problems often emerge in young adulthood, they may result in a large number of lost working years and continue to affect one’s life throughout the whole life course (21–23). Therefore, efforts to promote mental health and well-being are increasingly important for maintaining a high labor market participation. Socioeconomic position is one of the key determinants of extending working lives. So far, those who are better educated and work in higher non-manual occupations seem to be in a better position to continue their working lives. Extending working lives further implies that special attention needs to be paid to occupations where the physical and psychosocial risk factors are common. If all work environments do not allow continued employment, the increase in the length of working lives may be uneven and lead to increasing economic inequalities in older age. Reducing work-related risks and ensuring a healthy and safe work environment for everyone until retirement is also a primary target in tackling health inequalities.
O presente trabalho foi realizado com sujeitos idosos matriculados em uma turma de alfabetização, situada na Unidade de Atenção ao Idoso de Uberaba, Minas Gerais. O objetivo principal foi discutir a importância dos saberes matemáticos oriundos de contextos não escolares em um ambiente escolar, reconhecendo que os diferentes contextos de aprendizagem influem no modo como os sujeitos mobilizam seus conhecimentos. Esta pesquisa se configura como um estudo de cunho qualitativo e as análises permitiram inferir que sujeitos idosos não são desprovidos de saberes e pensamentos matemáticos oriundos de contextos não escolares. Conclui-se que é relevante que tais conhecimentos sejam incluídos no planejamento escolar, de modo que a sala de aula de matemática seja repensada, a fim de contemplar os anseios e saberes desses sujeitos.
Social Sciences, Labor in politics. Political activity of the working class
Abstract The political relevance of labor market insecurity has been questioned because (a) insider-outsider divides were considered to be a divide within the low-skilled and politically less active working class and (b) labor market insecurity runs through the middle of the household. Outsiders might therefore align their preferences with those of insiders. This contribution provides, first, evidence that labor market insecurity extends well into the higher-skilled middle class, in particular to high-skilled young adults and high-skilled women. Second, the contribution sheds light on the “household question”, that is the question whether mixed households dampen the political relevance of labor market insecurity. If labor market insecurity is concentrated in specific social groups (young adults, women) that tend to cohabit with secure insiders, the political relevance of labor market insecurity might depend on whether or not outsiders align their preferences with those of the household. In this contribution, I discuss recent work on the relevance of the household in translating labor market divides into preferences divides presenting recent work that shows that the household does not render insider-outsider divides politically irrelevant. In sum, insider-outsider divides have all the potential to become politically relevant.
Neoliberal political institutions are beholden to the interests of capital and professional classes, leaving working people and communities of color without a voice to shape priorities that benefit their interests. To counteract this elite-dominated political system, the Service Employees International Union Health Care Indiana and Illinois (SEIU-HCII) and the Chicago Teachers Union (CTU), worked with community organizations to form the United Working Families (UWF) Party of Illinois in 2014. UWF is a model of labor-led working class organizing in the electoral system. UWF brings together a left-labor-community alliance under an independent political party formation to champion a left-wing social democratic platform to empower working class people in their workplaces and communities, and to fight against Black and Brown oppression. UWF has provided leadership trainings for a cadre of working class, people of color and women and has been successful electing their leaders to municipal, county and state level government offices.
Introducción: Las condiciones de trabajo pueden presentar factores de riesgo para la salud de los trabajadores y causar disfunciones organizacionales como estrés laboral. La enseñanza es considerada una ocupación particularmente estresante y existe alta prevalencia de mujeres en el área educacional. Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre las condiciones de trabajo y estrés laboral en madres académicas universitarias. Material y método: Se realizó un estudio analítico de corte transversal en 61 académicas perteneciente a una universidad chilena, de la región de Ñuble, en el año 2018. Se aplicó un cuestionario de características sociodemográficas, la Escala de Condiciones de Trabajo y el Cuestionario de Estrés Laboral oit-oms. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizaron pruebas descriptivas e inferenciales, en el programa spss versión 15.0. Resultados: Se observó que las académicas tienen una edad media de 49,87 ± 9,47; el 49,2 % manifestó tener 2 hijos y el 60,7 % estar casada. El 49,2 % contaba con un contrato de planta; el 31,1 % tenía una antigüedad laboral entre 20-29 años, y el 90,2 % tenía jornada laboral completa. El 34,4 % manifestó tener óptimas condiciones de trabajo, el 85,2 % presentó un nivel bajo de estrés. Al evaluar la relación entre condiciones de trabajo y estrés laboral, se encontró un coeficiente de correlación Rho de Spearman de 0,621 (p<0,001). Conclusiones: A mejores condiciones de trabajo de las académicas, menor es el nivel de estrés laboral presentado en esta población docente.
Medicine (General), Industrial hygiene. Industrial welfare