Aquest article té l’objectiu de repassar l’estat de la qüestió sobre els estudis envers la màxima institució d’assistència i beneficència del franquisme: l’Auxilio Social. Es pretén elaborar una revisió crítica de les investigacions envers la matèria des de finals de la dècada dels setanta i inicis dels vuitanta del segle XX, fins a l’avaluació del panorama actual. La proposta s’estructura en tres grans blocs que responen a criteris de classificació cronològica, amb la finalitat de posar èmfasi en l’evolució acadèmica d’aquest particular objecte d’estudi, la metodologia emprada i les principals línies d’investigació i interpretació. Finalment, es proposa un balanç general de l’estat actual de la recerca i la inclusió de noves línies d’investigació.
History (General) and history of Europe, History of Spain
Quantum illumination represents one of the most interesting examples of quantum technologies. On the one hand, it can find significant applications; on the other hand, it is one of the few quantum protocols robust against noise and losses. Here we present a short summary of the history of this quantum protocol.
This study on nobiliary indebtedness involves two great families of the kingdom of Aragon, an important financial operation that reveals the wealth acquired by the Justicia de Aragón Ferrer de Lanuza, belonging to a second rank aristocratic kinship, on the rise during the 15th century; at the same time, it is an approximation to the level of indebtedness of the Martínez de Luna family, one of the great lineages of the traditional nobility. The business forged between both families allows us to know the characteristics of the secondary market of the census debt, the participants in that market, as well as the involvement of the vassals in the indebtedness of the lords. Ultimately, it makes it possible to verify the strategies of the high nobility to restructure their debt within the framework of the practices of the lineage.
History (General) and history of Europe, History of Spain
Myong Chol Jung, Julien Monteil, Philip Schulz
et al.
We present the history-aware transformer (HAT), a transformer-based model that uses shoppers' purchase history to personalise outfit predictions. The aim of this work is to recommend outfits that are internally coherent while matching an individual shopper's style and taste. To achieve this, we stack two transformer models, one that produces outfit representations and another one that processes the history of purchased outfits for a given shopper. We use these models to score an outfit's compatibility in the context of a shopper's preferences as inferred from their previous purchases. During training, the model learns to discriminate between purchased and random outfits using 3 losses: the focal loss for outfit compatibility typically used in the literature, a contrastive loss to bring closer learned outfit embeddings from a shopper's history, and an adaptive margin loss to facilitate learning from weak negatives. Together, these losses enable the model to make personalised recommendations based on a shopper's purchase history. Our experiments on the IQON3000 and Polyvore datasets show that HAT outperforms strong baselines on the outfit Compatibility Prediction (CP) and the Fill In The Blank (FITB) tasks. The model improves AUC for the CP hard task by 15.7% (IQON3000) and 19.4% (Polyvore) compared to previous SOTA results. It further improves accuracy on the FITB hard task by 6.5% and 9.7%, respectively. We provide ablation studies on the personalisation, constrastive loss, and adaptive margin loss that highlight the importance of these modelling choices.
Ressenya de: José María Gago González, Progresistas, demócratas y valencianistas: Editores y libreros en el País Valencià: 1962-1989, València, Institució Alfons el Magnànim, 2023, 271 p.
History (General) and history of Europe, History of Spain
Tras el paisaje marmóreo de los templos y de los edificios públicos de Roma existió una realidad caracterizada por un populacho llegado a la ciudad en busca de oportunidades. Sin embargo, los autores clásicos no fueron muy prolijos en descripciones sobre la vida cotidiana de estos individuos, salvo cuando pasaban del descontento a la violencia. Solo los aspectos más mezquinos y ruines de su conducta eran elementos recurrentes en la literatura satírica y la comedia. La información relativa a este colectivo nos ha llegado a través de los textos de lo que podríamos denominar la alta sociedad. Pero, ¿cómo eran y cómo pensaban estos individuos? La respuesta a esta pregunta se encuentra en esquivar las fuentes tradicionales y poner el acento en los grafitos que nos muestran un lado de la cultura popular diferente al de la élite y nos permiten repensar las relaciones sociales y la identidad romana.
Online action detection is the task of predicting the action as soon as it happens in a streaming video. A major challenge is that the model does not have access to the future and has to solely rely on the history, i.e., the frames observed so far, to make predictions. It is therefore important to accentuate parts of the history that are more informative to the prediction of the current frame. We present GateHUB, Gated History Unit with Background Suppression, that comprises a novel position-guided gated cross-attention mechanism to enhance or suppress parts of the history as per how informative they are for current frame prediction. GateHUB further proposes Future-augmented History (FaH) to make history features more informative by using subsequently observed frames when available. In a single unified framework, GateHUB integrates the transformer's ability of long-range temporal modeling and the recurrent model's capacity to selectively encode relevant information. GateHUB also introduces a background suppression objective to further mitigate false positive background frames that closely resemble the action frames. Extensive validation on three benchmark datasets, THUMOS, TVSeries, and HDD, demonstrates that GateHUB significantly outperforms all existing methods and is also more efficient than the existing best work. Furthermore, a flow-free version of GateHUB is able to achieve higher or close accuracy at 2.8x higher frame rate compared to all existing methods that require both RGB and optical flow information for prediction.
Este artículo estudia Vida Admirable y Muerte Dichosa del Religioso Padre Gerónimo de Figueroa Profeso de la Compañía de Jesús En la Provincia de Nueva España: Misionero De Cuarenta años entre los Indios Tarahumaras, y Tepehuanes de la Sierra Madre y después Rector del Colegio Máximo y Prepósito de la casa Profesa de México (1689) escrito por Francisco de Florencia. El estudio se centra en la relación entre la escritura hagiográfica y la configuración de una identidad novohispana.
We reconstruct the history of reionization using Gaussian process regression. Using the UV luminosity data compilation from Hubble Frontiers Fields we reconstruct the redshift evolution of UV luminosity density and thereby the evolution of the source term in the ionization equation. This model-independent reconstruction rules out single power-law evolution of the luminosity density but supports the logarithmic double power-law parametrization. We obtain reionization history by integrating ionization equations with the reconstructed source term. Using optical depth constraint from Planck Cosmic Microwave Background observation, measurement of UV luminosity function integrated till truncation magnitude of -17 and -15, and derived ionization fraction from high redshift quasar, galaxies and gamma-ray burst observations, we constrain the history of reionization. In the conservative case we find the constraint on the optical depth as $τ=0.052\pm0.001\pm0.002$ at 68% and 95% confidence intervals. We find the redshift duration between 10% and 90% ionization to be $2.05_{-0.21-0.30}^{+0.11+0.37}$. Longer duration of reionization is supported if UV luminosity density data with truncation magnitude of -15 is used in the joint analysis. Our results point out that even in a conservative reconstruction, a combination of cosmological and astrophysical observations can provide stringent constraints on the epoch of reionization.
Shizhe Chen, Pierre-Louis Guhur, Cordelia Schmid
et al.
Vision-and-language navigation (VLN) aims to build autonomous visual agents that follow instructions and navigate in real scenes. To remember previously visited locations and actions taken, most approaches to VLN implement memory using recurrent states. Instead, we introduce a History Aware Multimodal Transformer (HAMT) to incorporate a long-horizon history into multimodal decision making. HAMT efficiently encodes all the past panoramic observations via a hierarchical vision transformer (ViT), which first encodes individual images with ViT, then models spatial relation between images in a panoramic observation and finally takes into account temporal relation between panoramas in the history. It, then, jointly combines text, history and current observation to predict the next action. We first train HAMT end-to-end using several proxy tasks including single step action prediction and spatial relation prediction, and then use reinforcement learning to further improve the navigation policy. HAMT achieves new state of the art on a broad range of VLN tasks, including VLN with fine-grained instructions (R2R, RxR), high-level instructions (R2R-Last, REVERIE), dialogs (CVDN) as well as long-horizon VLN (R4R, R2R-Back). We demonstrate HAMT to be particularly effective for navigation tasks with longer trajectories.
El autor estudia la situación de los monasterios de la región castellana de Rioja en la segunda mitad del siglo XV y la primera del siglo XVI. Presta particular atención a aquellos aspectos de la misma que evidencian una grave inestabilidad. En primer lugar da cuenta de la proliferación de disputas por el cargo de abad. Llama la atención sobre la presencia de acciones violentas en dichas disputas. Dedica especial atención a las ocurridas en las primeras décadas del siglo XVI, durante las que se planteó en toda su crudeza el enfrentamiento entre reformadores y conservadores en las comunidades monásticas. Da cuenta de los efectos desestabilizadores que sobre los monasterios tuvieron las injerencias de los miembros de la alta nobleza en esta época. Y valora la intensificación de los conflictos de los monasterios con sus vasallos durante las primeras décadas del siglo XVI. Concluye destacando los contrastes perceptibles en la evolución a largo plazo de los monasterios riojanos, por un lado, y los de otros ámbitos europeos que afrontaron en esta época su disolución, como consecuencia del triunfo de la Reforma protestante, por otro.
We present a new method that incorporates the horizontal branch morphology into synthetic colour-magnitude diagram based star formation history determinations. This method, we call MORGOTH, self-consistently takes into account all the stellar evolution phases up to the early asymptothic giant branch, flexibly modelling red giant branch mass loss. We test MORGOTH on a range of synthetic populations, and find that the inclusion of the horizontal branch significantly increases the precision of the resulting star formation histories. When the main sequence turn-off is detected, MORGOTH can fit the star formation history and the red giant branch mass loss at the same time, efficiently breaking this degeneracy. As part of testing MORGOTH, we also model the observed colour-magnitude diagram of the well studied Sculptor dwarf spheroidal galaxy. We recover a new more detailed star formation history for this galaxy. Both the new star formation history and the red giant branch mass loss we determined for Sculptor with MORGOTH are in good agreement with previous analyses, thus demonstrating the power of this new approach.
The Maxey-Riley equation has been extensively used by the fluid dynamics community to study the dynamics of small inertial particles in fluid flow. However, most often, the Basset history force in this equation is neglected. Including the Basset force in numerical solutions of particulate flows involves storage requirements which rapidly increase in time. Thus the significance of the Basset history force in the dynamics has not been understood. In this paper, we show that the Maxey-Riley equation in its entirety can be exactly mapped as a forced, time-dependent Robin boundary condition of the one-dimensional heat equation, and solved using the Unified Transform Method. We obtain the exact solution for a general homogeneous time-dependent flow field, and apply it to a range of physically relevant situations. In a particle coming to a halt in a quiescent environment, the Basset history force speeds up the decay as stretched-exponential at short time while slowing it down to a power-law relaxation, $\sim t^{-3/2}$, at long time. A particle settling under gravity is shown to relax even more slowly to its terminal velocity ($\sim t^{-1/2}$), whereas this relaxation would be expected to take place exponentially fast if the history term were to be neglected. For a general flow, our approach makes possible a numerical scheme for arbitrary but smooth flows without increasing memory demands and with spectral accuracy. We use our numerical scheme to solve an example spatially varying flow of inertial particles in the vicinity of a point vortex. We show that the critical radius for caustics formation shrinks slightly due to history effects. Our scheme opens up a method for future studies to include the Basset history term in their calculations to spectral accuracy, without astronomical storage costs. Moreover our results indicate that the Basset history can affect dynamics significantly.
Amparo González-Ferrer, Ognjen Obućina, Clara Cortina
et al.
<b>Background</b>: Spain has become an important immigrant destination relatively recently. Marriages between natives and immigrants are among the most important agents of social and cultural change in contemporary Spanish society. <b>Objective</b>: This study's aim is to analyse the propensity to enter mixed-nativity marriages among both natives and immigrants in Spain, focusing on the roles played by both individual and marriage market characteristics. <b>Methods</b>: The study combines data from the National Immigrant Survey (2007) and the Marriages Register (2008). Multivariate analysis is based on multinomial logistic regression, with an event history approach for immigrants and cross-sectional approach for natives. <b>Results</b>: Immigrant groups, and particularly immigrant men, differ considerably in their propensity to intermarry. Education is positively associated with exogamy among immigrant men but is not an important predictor of intermarriage among immigrant women. By contrast, the marriage market structure is more important for immigrant women than men. The analysis for natives shows only limited support for the exchange hypothesis. Educational exchange can be observed in the mixed marriages of native women with some immigrant groups but is observed much less often for native men. Age difference within the couple is more frequently consistent with some sort of exchange between immigrant and native partners. <b>Conclusions</b>: Our results suggest that there is not one marriage market but several for different groups and that the patterns of native/immigrant marriage in Spain are strongly gendered. <b>Contribution</b>: This is the first study on intermarriage in Spain to look at both natives and immigrants.
We constrain the history of reionization using the data from Planck 2015 Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) temperature and polarization anisotropy observations. We also use prior constraints on the reionization history at redshifts $\sim7-8$ obtained from Lyman-$α$ emission observations. Using the free electron fractions at different redshifts as free parameters, we construct the complete reionization history using polynomials. Our construction provides an extremely flexible framework to search for the history of reionization as a function of redshifts. We present a conservative and an optimistic constraint on reionization that are categorized by the flexibilities of the models and datasets used to constrain them, and we report that CMB data marginally favors extended reionization histories. In both the cases, we find the mean values of optical depth to be larger ($\approx0.09$ and $0.1$) than what we find in standard steplike reionization histories ($0.079\pm0.017$). At the same time we also find that the maximum free electron fraction allowed by the data for redshifts more than 15 is $\sim0.25$ at 95.4\% confidence limit in the case of optimistic constraint.
Recent work on the history of General Relativity by Renn, Sauer, Janssen et al. shows that Einstein found his field equations partly by a physical strategy including the Newtonian limit, the electromagnetic analogy, and energy conservation. Such themes are similar to those later used by particle physicists. How do Einstein's physical strategy and the particle physics derivations compare? What energy-momentum complex(es) did he use and why? Did Einstein tie conservation to symmetries, and if so, to which? Einstein used an identity from his assumed linear coordinate covariance x'= Mx to relate it to the canonical tensor. Usually he avoided using matter Euler-Lagrange equations and so was not well positioned to use or reinvent the Herglotz-Mie-Born understanding that the canonical tensor was conserved due to translation symmetries, a result with roots in Lagrange, Hamilton and Jacobi. Whereas Mie and Born were concerned about the canonical tensor's asymmetry, Einstein did not need to worry because his Entwurf Lagrangian is modeled not so much on Maxwell's theory as on a scalar theory. As a result, it also has 3 ghosts, failing a 1920s-30s a priori particle physics stability test with antecedents in Lagrange's and Dirichlet's stability work. This critique of the Entwurf theory can be compared with Einstein's 1915 critique of his Entwurf theory for not admitting rotating coordinates and not getting Mercury's perihelion right. Particle physics also can be useful in the historiography of gravity and space-time. This topic can be a useful case study in the history of science on recently reconsidered questions of presentism, whiggism and the like.
In the context of demands by the European feminist movement at the beginning of the 20th century, in Spain women’s sport flagged up aspirations to what were considered to be male practices. The first experiences of women in football stand out because of their use of the media to appear as a symbol of social transformation to modernity in the 20th century. It was not in vain that women’s football highlighted the demands of the feminist movements, although it did come up against male disapproval from an opposing group. The research sets out from a bibliographical and media review of specialist press and sports news of the time. Other current studies have also been considered in order to place it in a social and historical focus on sport. This has enabled us to highlight that football in Spain was established as an unequivocal space for (re) producing male hegemony where women were relegated to the representation of a symbolic ritual in a scenario of accessory and condescension.