Hasil untuk "History of Poland"

Dagna Dejna

The article discusses the issue of evaluating the scientific activities of universities. The article describes the third evaluation criterion and the method of qualitatively measuring the impact of scientific activity on the functioning of society and the economy. Author's reflections and analysis of literature supplemented with comments and shares of the Science and Higher Education application and data from the Science Evaluation Committee for 2019-2022. Additional information appears in connection with the SOWA (Social Circulations of Academic Knowledge) research network, which reconstructs key issues related to assessment III. Comments collected during the scientific and practical symposium conducted by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education on October 18, 2024, authored by this text composed of contributions. There are few articles about the third criterion. This is an area that is considered mysterious and risky by researchers. The work briefly describes the history of the strategy for evaluating scientific activities in Poland. The challenges faced by researchers who decide (or are forced) to conduct research aimed at applying the results to social reality are described in detail. The text describes the academic community's concerns about evaluating the social impact of research. Necessary changes in thinking about the role of the university were identified. The most urgent changes were also outlined, the introduction of which to the evaluation system of criterion III will result in greater interest in these issues.

Adrianna Kus

W niniejszym artykule pragnę skoncentrować się na ukształtowaniu poprzemysłowych miasteczek na Górnym Śląsku, które łączą w sobie nakładające się na siebie struktury wsi i miasta. Struktury te uwidaczniają się w znakach obecnych w krajobrazie kulturowym, ukształtowaniu przestrzennym miasteczka i praktykach mieszkańców, unieważniając tym samym opozycję wieś–miasto. Nasuwają się więc pytania: w jaki sposób dawna wieś przekształciła się w poprzemysłowe miasteczko? W jaki sposób struktury te ujawniają się w krajobrazie kulturowym — jakie zawiera znaki? Gdzie ujawnia się wiejski rodowód miasteczka? W jaki sposób relacja wieś–miasto wpłynęła na mieszkańców miasteczka? Aby odpowiedzieć na te pytania, posłużę się koncepcją habitusu Pierre’a Bourdieu. Artykuł ten jest oparty na wstępnych wynikach antropologicznych, jakościowych badań terenowych przeprowadzonych w latach 2019–2021 w Radzionkowie. Radzionków stanowi wyjątkową przestrzeń, która umożliwia prześledzenie długiego procesu zmian, które zaszły w przemyśle oraz wywarły wpływ na habitus mieszkańców. Miasteczko przez wieki rozwijało się przestrzennie i urbanistycznie jako wieś. Dopiero rozwój górnictwa i hutnictwa w XIX i XX wieku stopniowo przyczyniał się do zmiany charakteru wsi, uprzemysłowienia jej i zmiany habitusu radzińczan. Wzory kultury wiejskiej nadal są jednak obecne w codziennych praktykach zadomowionych mieszkańców, podtrzymywane przez cielesną hexis. Wezmę także pod uwagę stosunek zadomowionych mieszkańców do nowej zabudowy miejskiej (np. nowy rynek, bloki mieszkalne), który odzwierciedla ich nastawienie do przestrzeni aspirującej do miejskości.

Emily Roche

Before 1939, Jewish architects were active members of their profession, participating in domestic and international architectural networks and contributing to the built environment of Polish cities. From the mid-1930s, however, intensifying antisemitism and far-right political forces pressured architectural networks to exclude Jews from professional unions. The start of the Second World War and the German occupation in 1939 strained professional architectural networks but led to the formation of underground workshops, cooperatives, and other groups, whose connections extended from Warsaw through the camps and ghettos of occupied Poland. This article presents the history of Jewish-Polish architects from 1937 to 1945. Demonstrating how architectural networks reacted to changing conditions of war, occupation, and genocide, it emphasizes architectural networks as sites of political engagement, ranging from prewar antisemitic attacks on Jews and their removal from the Society of Polish Architects (SARP) to underground architectural networks that hid Jews and allowed them to work. Although the fate of Jewish architects depended largely on their relationships with their professional networks, they also actively decided how to utilize those networks to resist the Nazis and to ensure their survival. This research shows that interpersonal relationships and wartime networks were consequential in determining the wartime fates of Jewish architects and also shaped the profession’s post-war structure.

Marek Rembierz

The word “child” and the images depicting children and childhood in the context of acts of aggression, war and crime, in a situation of immense suffering, vividly show the processes of dehumanisation taking place and the acts of bestiality of wartime. For pedagogy, the wartime experience of children poses a particular challenge. Pedagogy is burdened with the duty to care especially for the fate of the child experiencing the horrors of war. It is never enough to emphasise that although the issue of concern for the fate of the child in a situation of wartime aggression is imposed by reality itself, it is a reality that, as ethical sensitivity suggests, should not be. One cannot succumb to stupefaction or indifference in reading the great numbers and the ever-increasing number of children experiencing the dangers and sufferings of war. It is necessary – in a pedagogical perspective saturated with axiology and ethics – to see the Face of the Child as an icon of the victims of dehumanisation and bestiality, which appeals to the consciences of people of good will to concretise and intensify pedagogical concern for the fate of the child and for the endangered identity of children in a situation of wartime aggression and confrontation of ethno-cultural differences. The current pedagogical challenge is to move towards a pedagogically deepened reading of what is written in the wounded or scarred Face of the Child as an icon of the victims of the brutality, dehumanisation and bestiality of wartime. It is important to draw attention to the features of children as the smallest, weakest and most vulnerable people – people who are quite defenceless – in the confrontation imposed on them with the barbarity and bestiality of wartime, which is unfortunately being experienced today by Ukrainian children, and it is their faces that are becoming the icons of the victims of dehumanisation and bestiality. The fate of the children of the war poses a current research and practical challenge also in the research field of history (including the history of education and the history of care institutions). Past – but not fully researched and described – crimes against children are also repeated in the 20th and 21st centuries. Therefore, the historical recognition of, among others, the Nazi genocide of children is essential for a better understanding of the current dramatic situation of the children of war. Special attention in the article is given to Ukrainian children of war who are migrants or deported. If a National Day for Polish Children of War has been established in Poland (as a state holiday “in tribute to the Polish Children of War”), an initiative should also be taken in Ukraine to establish a “National Day for Ukrainian Children of War”. This could be a joint Ukrainian-Polish initiative of academic circles, especially educators. The second postulate includes the creation of a “Virtual Network (Centre) for Children of War Documentation and Research” as a “space” for interdisciplinary and systematic scientific debate and information exchange in cooperation between Polish, Ukrainian and other countries’ academic centres, organising cyclical scientific seminars also in connection with the National Day of Polish Children of War, seminars with both theoretical and practical orientation (e.g. on education and readaptation of children of war).

Christina Pamporaki, PD, Annika M A Berends, PhD, Angelos Filippatos, ProfPhD et al.

Summary: Background: Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas have up to a 20% rate of metastatic disease that cannot be reliably predicted. This study prospectively assessed whether the dopamine metabolite, methoxytyramine, might predict metastatic disease, whether predictions might be improved using machine learning models that incorporate other features, and how machine learning-based predictions compare with predictions made by specialists in the field. Methods: In this machine learning modelling study, we used cross-sectional cohort data from the PMT trial, based in Germany, Poland, and the Netherlands, to prospectively examine the utility of methoxytyramine to predict metastatic disease in 267 patients with pheochromocytoma or paraganglioma and positive biochemical test results at initial screening. Another retrospective dataset of 493 patients with these tumors enrolled under clinical protocols at National Institutes of Health (00-CH-0093) and the Netherlands (PRESCRIPT trial) was used to train and validate machine learning models according to selections of additional features. The best performing machine learning models were then externally validated using data for all patients in the PMT trial. For comparison, 12 specialists provided predictions of metastatic disease using data from the training and external validation datasets. Findings: Prospective predictions indicated that plasma methoxytyramine could identify metastatic disease at sensitivities of 52% and specificities of 85%. The best performing machine learning model was based on an ensemble tree classifier algorithm that used nine features: plasma methoxytyramine, metanephrine, normetanephrine, age, sex, previous history of pheochromocytoma or paraganglioma, location and size of primary tumours, and presence of multifocal disease. This model had an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0·942 (95% CI 0·894–0·969) that was larger (p<0·0001) than that of the best performing specialist before (0·815, 0·778–0·853) and after (0·812, 0·781–0·854) provision of SDHB variant data. Sensitivity for prediction of metastatic disease in the external validation cohort reached 83% at a specificity of 92%. Interpretation: Although methoxytyramine has some utility for prediction of metastatic pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas, sensitivity is limited. Predictive value is considerably enhanced with machine learning models that incorporate our nine recommended features. Our final model provides a preoperative approach to predict metastases in patients with pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas, and thereby guide individualised patient management and follow-up. Funding: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.

Grzegorz Pacyna, Maria Barbacka

During the Palaeozoic Era, plants conquered the land and covered greater and greater areas from coastal lowlands to highlands. Palaeobotanical data based on macroremains from Polish Palaeozoic strata complete and enrich the picture of these processes. Knowledge about Polish Palaeozoic macrofloras developed significantly in the last hundred years but is very unevenly distributed among successive geological periods. Ordovician and Silurian macrofossils are single finds. Cores from deep boreholes provided significant material for recognition of Early Devonian plants. Carboniferous floras, especially from coal measures, are best known, as they are most numerous in taxa and specimens. Permian floras are very rare. Based on Devonian and Carboniferous fossils, many new, evolutionarily important taxa were proposed and have entered world science.

Małgorzata Machałek

Population censuses have been organised sporadically since antiquity, but in the 19th century they acquired a universal character. These censuses are a good source of information on the rural population, but it was not until the introduction of systematic national agricultural censuses that a broader picture of the countryside and agriculture was obtained. In the censuses conducted after 1918 in Poland, there was a fixed catalogue of questions on the characteristics of farms, but each time new questions were also introduced to reflect the specificity of agriculture in a given historical period. The censuses were conducted on a fairly regular basis and, therefore, they provide valuable information for comparative analyses. Due to their universality and thematic scope, they also collect data on demography and socio-professional and economic relations that are not available in other sources.

Agata Barzycka-Paździor

The aim of the article is to present a concept of the Polish Biographical Dictionary (Polski Słownik Biograficzny, PSB), which has been published in Krakow since 1935 as a multi-volume publication of the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN) and the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences (PAU), and realised by the Tadeusz Manteuffel Institute of History of the PAN. Over 28,000 biographies of people associated with Poland (and with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Commonwealth of Both Nations, and their fiefs), who lived or operated in the country and abroad from the time of legendary Duke Popiel (9th century) to 2000, have been published in 52 volumes so far. The concept of the PSB is presented in the historiographic context as well as the context of contemporary problems and challenges that the PSB is facing.

Maciej Mikuła, Izabela Wasik

“Legal Heritage: Scholarly Meetings.” Report on Scholarly Meetings in the Academic Year 2020/2021 In the academic year 2020/2021 the Jagiellonian University Faculty of Law and Administration initiated a series of scholarly meetings devoted to legal heritage. Nine meetings were held, during which eight papers were presented. They were prepared by the following researchers: Dr. Jakob Maziarz (Department of the History of Polish Law of the Faculty of Law and Administration of the Jagiellonian University) on “The freedom of scientific research, the freedom to use cultural goods and access to archival materials”; Dr. Bohdan Widła (Department of Intellectual Property Law of the Faculty of Law and Administration of the Jagiellonian University) on “Protection of scientific or critical editions and first editions”; Dr. Jan Halberda (Department of the General History of the State and Law of the Faculty of Law and Administration of the Jagiellonian University) on “Estoppel in Anglo-American private law. The Rise of High Trees (1947) as the ‘Precedent’.”; Dr. Mateusz Mataniak (Laboratory of Source Publishing of the Faculty of Law and Administration of the Jagiellonian University) on “Archival materials for history of the Government of Galicia (1854–1914) from the resource of Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Lviv. Contribution to research on Polish legal heritage.” Jan Bazyli Klakla (PhD student at the Department of Sociology of Law of the Faculty of Law and Administration and the Institute of Sociology of the Faculty of Philosophy of the Jagiellonian University) on “Is customary law like an onion? A multi-layered approach to customary law and its status in the modern world”; Dr. Hab. Katarzyna Krzysztofek-Strzała (Department of History of Administration and Religious Law, Laboratory of Religious Law and Law on Religious Denominations of the Faculty of Law and Administration of the Jagiellonian University) on “Between the letter of the law and the law in action. Office for Religious Affairs practice towards churches and religious associations”; Dr. Anna Ceglarska (Department of the History of Political and Legal Doctrines of the Faculty of Law and Administration of the Jagiellonian University) on “The concept of the ‘rule of law’ in presocratic Greece”; Prof. Piotr Górecki (University of California, Riverside Department of History) on “The course of events in Polish and German law court trials in medieval Poland. A comparative sketch”.

Wojciech Kućko

The publication of the post-synodal Apostolic Exhortation "Amoris laetitia" in the spring of 2016 met with a response in the Diocese of Płock. The main purpose of the article is to describe how the papal guidelines were implemented in the diocese regarding non-sacramental relationships and marriages. The text briefly presents the history of the pastoral care of non-sacramental marriages in Mazovia and then discusses the contemporary forms of accompanying people in irregular situations in light of the paradigm of Pope Francis, expressed in the verbs: accept – accompany – discern – integrate. In the Diocese of Płock, this was expressed not only in the establishment of a new Department for Families in the diocesan curia and the creation of new pastoral structures for non-sacramental marriages, which the pope called “irregular” situations or relationships but also in theological and pastoral reflection undertaken among pastors and laypeople. This issue was developed in a special way in the document Vademecum of Pastoral Care of People Living in Irregular Unions in the Diocese of Płock from 2018, prepared by those responsible for the pastoral care of families and signed by the bishop of Płock. The document was an attempt to implement the teaching of the pope in the conditions of the Church of Płock. The Diocese of Płock is the only diocese in Poland to date to undertake the task of a practical, pastoral confrontation of the indications of the "Amoris laetitia" exhortation in the pastoral reality. The Vademecum text contains numerous specific answers to the questions of how people living in various types of irregular relationships can participate in the life of the parish and what forms of participation in the community of the Church are unavailable to them for various reasons.

Aliaksandr Laneuski

The fundamental direction of politics of history in Belarus under the rule of Aleksandr Lukashenko has been to maintain and cultivate the memory of the Great Patriotic War and the Soviet period. Although the Republic of Belarus remains the most faithful heir to the Soviet inheritance, over time its politics of memory has begun to shift towards the establishment and consolidation of its own history of Belarusian statehood. The last several years have more actively revealed the authorities’ new trend in the field of politics of history, which involves the creation of a heroic image for the secret service (NKVD, KGB) and the militia in the history of the Belarusian state. This tendency is characterised by a nonaggressive, but national-level, wide range of commemorative measures which are aimed at creating a myth of the KGB and the militia. Starting from the Great Patriotic War, which remains central to the Belarusian government’s politics of history, new historical heroes have begun to emerge in the form of officers of the security services. The military and intelligence services are still linked to the figure of Felix Dzerzhinsky, and the cultivation of his memory in Belarus still predominates over the commemoration of other historical figures. A number of events (including those at state level) dedicated to the commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the Belarusian militia and the KGB in 2017 gave a particular boost to these commemorative measures. In this article, the author will analyse the Belarusian authorities’ current politics of history in this regard by introducing readers to a variety of commemorative practices (the unveiling of monuments, official speeches, films, historical reconstructions, etc.). Moreover, attention will be drawn to the current policy in Belarus and the place within it for the special services, as well as the lack of any consideration of the Soviet past (the Stalinist repressions, Kurapaty, the NKVD, access to archives), the international aspects of Belarus’s current politics of memory (links to Russia), and the martyrological and sacral character of the memory of the KGB and militia.

Justyna Krzyżan FDC

W artykule przedstawiono źródła do dziejów Zgromadzenia Córek Bożej Miłości, znajdujące się w Generalnym Archiwum Zgromadzenia Córek Bożej Miłości w Wiedniu. Celem łatwiejszego zrozumienia poruszanych treści, we wstępie ukazano w krótkim zarysie charakter, organizację i działalność tej wspólnoty zakonnej. Powstałe w drugiej połowie XIX wieku Zgromadzenie stawiało sobie za cel pomoc dziewczętom migrującym ze wsi do miast w poszukiwaniu pracy oraz kształcenie dzieci i młodzieży w różnych typach szkół. Podejmowana przez siostry Córki Bożej Miłości działalność w zasadniczy sposób wpłynęła na charakter wytworzonej dokumentacji archiwalnej. Na rodzaj i rozmiar spuścizny aktowej generalnego zasobu archiwalnego wpływ miała również struktura Zgromadzenia. Do 1919 roku, czyli do momentu wyodrębnienia pierwszych czterech prowincji, zarządzane ono było centralnie przez przełożoną generalną i jej radę rezydującą w Domu Macierzystym w Wiedniu. W konsekwencji podziału na prowincje, większość dokumentacji pozostawała w kancelariach i archiwach prowincjalnych. Do archiwum generalnego trafiały jedynie akta bardziej selektywne. Zasób archiwum generalnego obejmuje dzisiaj zarówno akta całego Zgromadzenia, jak i akta poszczególnych prowincji. W artykule podano ogólny wykaz akt całego Zgromadzenia i dokonano krótkiej charakterystyki niektórych jednostek archiwalnych, wchodzących w skład poszczególnych grup i podgrup rzeczowych. Omówiono m.in. specyfikę takich archiwaliów, jak: kroniki generalne, Statuty, Reguły, Konstytucje oraz dokumentację związaną z ich opracowywaniem i zatwierdzaniem. Analizie poddano materiał dotyczący członkiń Zgromadzenia: księgi ewidencyjne sióstr i kandydatek, protokoły z posiedzeń Rady Prowincjalnej, spisy przełożonych i asystentek, akta personalne zmarłych sióstr, wspomnienia pośmiertne i nekrologi. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na materiały statystyczne i sprawozdawcze, które mogą posłużyć do opracowania tematyki związanej z działalnością Zgromadzenia, ponieważ ukazują m.in. liczebność poszczególnych grup osób, do których skierowana była działalność sióstr Córek Bożej Miłości. Rozwój Zgromadzenia można prześledzić również na podstawie jego korespondencji z urzędami kościelnymi i cywilnymi oraz źródeł dotyczących jego misji szkolno-wychowawczej, a także spuścizn członkiń. Zachowane akta stanowią wystarczającą bazę źródłową do opracowania dziejów Zgromadzenia.

Viviana Nosilia

Bartosz Ogórek

This study aims at finding the level of literacy among people marrying in two parishes of the city of Cracow in the first half of the 19th century. The ability to sign the marriage contract is then analyzed within the context of the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the individuals. Thus far, scant attention has been paid to this issue in the Polish historiography. Hence, this paper is an attempt to at least partially fill this gap. This research was based on the civil marriage registers from two city parishes – St. Florian and Holy Cross (1810–1846). The database contains information on 2790 individuals. The data was analyzed with the use of traditional methods (descriptive statistics, Maggiolo methods) and logistic regression models. The results show the links between literacy and independent variables (age, civil status, occupation, geographic origin, parents’ vital status etc.) in the form of odds ratios.

Tatyana P. Romanova

The review gives a critical assessment of the content and structure of the five-volume dictionary of Slavic animal names (zoonyms), compiled by Stefan Warchol, a professor at the University of Lublin. The author is given high credits for systematizing the extensive lexical material (over 120,000 items) collected on the indigenous Slavic territories in Poland, Bulgaria, Serbia, Macedonia, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Upper and Lower Lusatia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Montenegro, Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia. It is highly appreciated that the research material was recorded directly from informants (1,500 people) and is supplemented by commentary elaborating on each name’s motivation. The dictionary articles are noted for particular thoroughness of the lexicographical description to include information about the original form of the animal’s name, the place where it was registered (the name of the village, region, country), the nomination background and the frequency of use. The breadth of coverage of zoonymic data, which includes the names of 44 species of domestic and domesticated wild animals, is emphasized. The first volume contains the names of buffaloes, bulls, oxen and horses; the second — the names of cows; the third is devoted to cats and dogs names; the fourth collects the names of different kinds of pet animals (hedgehogs, foxes, hares, canaries, parrots, etc.). The dictionary articles of the fifth volume present the names of animals of different species categorized on the common root basis, which allows one to trace the level of its productivity and the breadth of its distribution throughout the Slavic territory. Particular attention in the review is given to the conceptual side of the research which builds on the author’s study of the archaic layer of zoonymic vocabulary and develops into the original hypotheses on Slavic ethnogeny problem and delineating the boundaries of the ancestral home of the Slavs. The peer-reviewed dictionary provides rich and well-systemized information relevant for research in the fields of Slavic zoonyms, onomastics, semasiology, onomasiology, etymology, dialectology, ethnolinguistics, and the cultural history of the Slavic peoples.

Zwoliński Zbigniew, Hildebrandt-Radke Iwona, Mazurek Małgorzata et al.

Poznań, a city in central-western Poland, is located in the lowland region but has no less attractive geomorphological and human history. It was here that Poland was born at the end of the tenth century. The city’s location is connected with the meridian course of the Warta River valley. In contrast, in the northern part of the city, there is a vast area of the frontal moraines of the Poznań Phase of the Weichselian Glaciation. Against the backdrop of the geomorphological development of the city, the article presents the existing geosites, classified as urban geosites. The present geosites include three lapidaries with Scandinavian postglacial erratics, one of them also with stoneware, a fragment of a frontal push moraine and impact craters. Besides, three locations of proposed geosites with rich geomorphological and/or human history were identified. These are as follows: the peat bog located in the northern part of the city, defence ramparts as exhumed anthropogenic forms, and the Warta River valley. The existing and proposed geosites in Poznań were evaluated in three ways. In general, it should be assumed that the proposed new geosites are higher ranked than the current ones.

Andrzej Stroynowski

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Krzysztof Szczygielski

ROMAN LAW STUDIES IN POLAND IN THE YEARS 1918-1945 (REVIEW OF BIBLIOGRAPHY) Summary In Roman law studies in Poland there is no complete list of the works published in the years 1918-1945 by scholars dealing with Roman law. The scientific output of the Polish researchers was presented by Rafał Taubenschlag in the article, Gli studi di diritto romano in Polonia nel secolo XX, [in:] Gli Studi Romani nel Mondo, volume III, Roma 1936, p. 247-268, but he focused mainly on discussing the major works. An attempt to show the achievements of Roman law studies in Poland on a comprehensive basis was undertaken by Juliusz Wisłocki, Dzieje nauki prawa rzymskiego w Polsce, Warsaw 1945, but his study is highly incomplete. The analysed period witnessed the emergence of lots of valuable works concerning the history and the institutions of Roman law in the form of monographs, articles published in many domestic and foreign periodicals, studies on particular occasions, encyclopedic dictionaries and reports on the activities of scientific societies. The problems related to the law of the ancient Rome were dealt with not only by the Roman law researchers but also by legal historians and classical philologists. The works were presented according to the following sections: I. General works, textbooks and scripts; II. Ancillary publications; III. History of sources; IV. Civil procedure; V. Law of Persons and legal proceedings; VI. Family law; VII. Law of Property; VIII. Law of Obligations; IX. Law of Succession; X. Criminal law and procedure; XI. Public law; XII. Philosophy of law, methodology and political and legal doctrines; XIII. Importance of the Roman law; XIV. Evaluation of the output of Roman law scholars.

Stanisław Adamiak, Ewa Chojnacka, Damian Walczak

In the first place, the paper analyses the cultural-historical background of the social security in Poland. Given the largely enrooted Catholicism of the country, the development of the social teaching of the Catholic Church is surveyed. It is followed by a short history of the social security legislation in Poland from 1918 to 1997, and finally the current economical conditions of the system are analysed. The paper concludes with the opinion, that the current system, providing large social endowments to various strata of the population, generally answers the expectations of the people as well as corresponds to Catholic social teaching.