A substantial proportion of persons who develop COVID-19 experience postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC). This article reports baseline findings from an ongoing longitudinal cohort study that seeks to characterize the risk factors, clinical findings, laboratory features, and natural history of PASC.
The content of most Polish textbooks on Roman law is based on schemes that date back to the 19th century. In the 20th century, Polish jurisprudence was greatly influenced by the doctrine of the German historical school. The manifestation of this remains both the systematics of modern textbooks and their content. However, times have changed. We are witnessing universal processes such as globalization, decolonization, digitization, decodification, etc. Presenting ancient material to students without a modern commentary makes no sense. A Roman law lecture should contribute to building an intercultural dialogue, not unreflectively duplicate content that is tedious at best and annoying at worst. If Roman law is to maintain its status as the most important propaedeutic subject that Polish students learn in the first year of law, it must begin to relate to current realities. Our own cultural identity should be taken into account, and the solutions created by the Romans must be shown to a greater extent in comparative terms.
Introduction. The article describes the variability of the phonetic structure of borrowings in the Khmer language. This topic has a long tradition in both domestic and foreign linguistics. Such prominent scientists as I. Klenin, E. Polivanov and N. Trubetskoy carried out research in this area. In Khmer studies, the topic of language contacts and adaptation of borrowed vocabulary is poorly studied. Materials and Methods. The study is based on the analysis of 208 borrowings selected from 16,119 contexts (sentences) in the Phnom Penh Post Newspaper, the biggest printed daily in the Khmer language. Analysis. Analyzing the phonetic aspect of adaptation, we divided the borrowings into 2 groups: the phonetic and the morphological-phonetic ones. At the same time, the first type included the words transferred from a foreign language in their original form with minor adaptation to Khmer phonetics, and the second type – words that have undergone the process in which a Khmer morpheme is added to the phonetic borrowing. Each group falls into smaller subgroups. Phonetic borrowings were divided into borrowings with “zero” and incomplete adaptation, and the resulting phonetic borrowings were also described separately. Morphological-phonetic borrowings are also divided in two subgroups: phonetic borrowing + a Khmer morpheme and Greco-Latin elements combined with a Khmer (Pali/Sanskrit) word. Results. Based on the results of the study, two main trends inherent in the Khmer language were identified. Firstly, in the process of assimilation of foreign words, the Khmer language strives to eliminate sounds and alien phonetic features that are unusual for it, thus adapting them to its phonetic norms. Secondly, Greek-Latin term elements are used in forming new words and new nominations by combining the Khmer component with a foreign one.
Law, History of scholarship and learning. The humanities
This research aims to analyze the role of sabilussalam recitation in improving the spiritual attitudes and religious moderation of residents of Sugiharjo village, Tuban District. This research uses a qualitative approach with a case study type of research. The first research result was that the Sabilussalam recitation was carried out in rotation in the congregation's homes every Friday night. The material presented includes reading yasin and tahlil letters, reading sholawat dibaiyah, and maidhoh hasanah. The method used in recitation is the lecture and question and answer method. Second, the spiritual improvement of Sugiharjo village residents includes increasing faith and piety, religious awareness, and concern. Third, the moderate attitude of Sugiharjo village residents is divided into moderate attitudes in matters of faith and moderate attitudes in matters of worship. A moderate attitude in faith includes tolerating differences in schools of thought, avoiding takfiri attitudes and avoiding fanaticism. A moderate attitude in worship matters is tolerance towards religious practices, active participation in social and religious activities, and respect for differences in understanding of beliefs.
Abstract. The socio-cultural diversity of the North Caucasus has set the Russian state the task of finding the most effective model of regional governance and developing optimal rules for the future structure of the region. The administrative and judicial system being implemented had to take into account the realia in the relations between the Russian authorities and the autochthonous peoples of the Caucasus to the greatest extent, thereby contributing to the establishment of relations in the conditions of the gradual extinction of the armed confrontation. In this regard, the article tells about the formation of the Russian system of administrative and judicial regulation in the Caucasus in the 60s of the XIX century and the peculiarities of the regional implementation of transformations. Materials and Methods. The source base of this study consists of archival materials and published sources related to various stages of the study period. The materials presented in such major publications as The Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire and the Acts Collected by the Caucasian Archaeological Commission were of great importance. The principles of scientific and historicism were applied as methods of historical and political research, as well as such scientific methods as historical systemic, historical-comparative and descriptive ones, which allowed a deeper understanding of the historical processes that took place in the North Caucasus during the period under review. Analysis. A review of the legislative framework establishing the functioning of the military-people's management system testifies to the exclusivity of this system. Thus, the military management system operating on the territory of the Dagestan, Terek and Kuban regions at all its levels had a wide range of powers that granted rights in the field of control over the judicial system, the use of troops, detention and administrative expulsion of representatives of indigenous peoples. At the same time, insufficiently clear formulations defining the procedure for the exercise of these powers, as well as the lack of structures allowing for independent control, increased the likelihood of abuse by officials of the military-people's management system of their official duties. Results. The formation of a system of military-people's administration in the North Caucasus has made it possible to successfully implement all the tasks facing the Russian administration in the period under review. In addition, it was possible to eliminate the threat of the war that existed in the region after the destruction of the imamate.
Law, History of scholarship and learning. The humanities
Von Schomberg offers a compelling examination of key open science principles and their potential role in fostering responsible research and innovation (RRI). Utilizing Merton's Ethos of Science framework, the paper constructs a series of arguments supporting a central thesis: “the transition towards open science is vital to facilitate RRI.” This transition necessitates significant institutional reforms within the scientific community and adjustments to incentive structures that promote the adoption of open and mutually responsive practices.
The manuscript reframes the discourse surrounding responsibility and responsiveness in light of the evolving landscape of open science, shifting the focus from normative commitments to actionable frameworks in research and open science practices. Overall, the position paper strives to bridge the gap between idealised models of scientific communities based on RRI principles and the reality of actual scientific endeavour (Anderson et al., 2007; Politi, 2021, 2024).
However, it is important to acknowledge certain omissions that could enrich the analysis. Firstly, a more comprehensive examination of the profound crisis facing science amidst the increasing marketisation and commodification of academia and research would provide valuable context beyond discussions of system failures related to productivity and reproducibility. Secondly, a more nuanced and critical approach to conceptualising open science would enrich the discussion, considering its multifaceted nature and potential pitfalls. Thirdly, the validity of the Mertonian framework and its selective analysis of values, particularly its exclusive focus on the norm of communism. Lastly, a deeper exploration of the challenges and promises inherent in the pursuit of responsible Open Science within ongoing institutional processes.
Prescription opioid misuse is a serious public health concern, yet antecedent factors are poorly described. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (N = 14,784), we examined the longitudinal relationship between a history of adolescent chronic pain and the odds of misusing prescription opioids in adulthood. The primary predictor variable was chronic pain status during adolescence. The primary outcome variables were prescription opioid misuse during early adulthood and adulthood. Multivariate models controlled for known risk factors of opioid misuse, including sociodemographics (sex, race, and ethnicity), adolescent mental health symptoms (anxiety, depression), adolescent self-reported physical health status, adolescent substance use/abuse, childhood trauma, and adult legitimate opioid use. We found that adults with a history of adolescent chronic pain were more likely to misuse opioids than those without history of chronic pain, even after controlling for other known risk factors. Further, we found that among individuals with history of adolescent chronic pain that race (white), other substance use, and exposure to trauma were risk factors for later opioid misuse. Longitudinal associations between adolescent chronic pain and subsequent adult prescription opioid misuse highlight the need for early targeted screening and prevention efforts that may reduce later opioid misuse. Perspective: Using a large, nationally representative sample, we found that chronic pain during adolescence was an independent risk factor for opioid misuse in adulthood, over and above other known risk factors. Furthermore, among those individuals with adolescent chronic pain, substance use, exposure to trauma, and race were associated with opioid misuse.
Research objectives: To identify representatives of the Mongolian ruling elite of the 13th century whose names are mentioned in the “History of the Mongols” by the Papal legate, Franciscan John (Giovanni) de Plano Carpini, as well as several historical realities of the epoch of the Mongol conquests.
Research materials: The Wolfenbüttel copy of the “History of the Mongols” and its new Russian translation, Persian Arabic and Russian chronicles, Mongolian medieval writings of the 13th–17th century, historiographical literature on the Mongol Empire of the first half of the 13th century.
Results and novelty of the research: Based on the comparison of information from various sources, different proposals for the identification of some characters appearing in the “History of the Mongols” by Plano Carpini have been offered. Identification of names is complicated by the abundance of their discrepancies in various editions and handwritten versions of the work under study. The basis for the present analysis was the second, lengthy edition of Plano Carpini’s work, existing in two copies that independently go back to the common protograph – the Wolfenbüttel (the 14th century) and the Cambridge (the 13th century). This article suggests the identification of the Mongol governors in the southern Russian steppes, Mautsi and Karbon, with Noyon Mugedu and an anonymous Gurgan (i.e., Batu’s son–in-law) respectively; Batu’s court dignitary Eldegai can be associated with Eldeke from the Juryat tribe. Assumptions are also made regarding the discovery of prototypes of the Mongol military commander and governor Korentsa (Kuremsa), the Khorezm ruler Altisoldan, and the town Summerkent of the “Saxes” (Saxins) people.
Auxiliary sciences of history, History of Civilization
Introduction. Capiton I. Kostenkov was the first researcher of Tsarist Russia to have explored legal regulations dealing with land rights of Kalmyks in Kalmyk Steppe of Astrakhan Governorate. The article reviews sources mentioned in Chapter Four (‘About Land Rights of Kalmyks in Astrakhan Governorate’) of his work titled ‘Kalmyk Nomads of Astrakhan Governorate: Historical and Statistical Accounts’ (St. Petersburg, 1870). Goals. The paper aims at analyzing the mentioned chapter as a work examining land rights regulations for Kalmyks in Astrakhan Governorate prior to the 1860s. Results. The article outlines most essential provisions of the chapter and some related comments, determines key messages, lists the regulatory enactments included therein, analyzes C. Kostenkov’s viewpoints — both of a scholar and a government official — on the issues under consideration. Conclusions. The chapter contains virtually all documents contained in the Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire and dealing with the pre-1860s land rights of Kalmyks in Astrakhan Governorate. It is noteworthy the former ignores the Regulations of 1825 and Statute of 1834 about the Kalmyk People’s Administration Office, which may result from those pay little attention to land issues. C. Kostenkov’s work shows a semantic evolution of the concept ‘ethnos-inhabited area’, territorial borders — towards lands rights proper. That could be explained by that the Kalmyk Khanate had tended to lose its limited sovereignty, and after the exodus of 1771 the remaining Kalmyks were being increasingly integrated into Russia’s administrative system. So, the issues of land use and tenure shifted from public (a territory) to private law (land as an economic and natural resource). The attitudes and opinions about Kalmyk history and social structure described are characteristic not only of C. Kostenkov as such but also of Russian authorities at large, e.g., the to be initiated sedentarization and economic development of Kalmyk Steppe.
History (General), Oriental languages and literatures
The features of the development of economic links between Russia and Egypt are examined in the article. Russian diplomats played a great role in developing economic links between two countries. Russia managed to increase exports to Egypt and decrease imports at the beginning of the XX-th century.
Law, History of scholarship and learning. The humanities
The article deals with topical issues of legal regulation of alcohol turnover in the conditions of martial law. The current legislation of Russia and a number of former Soviet countries regulating the procedure for the introduction and implementation of this legal regime contains a provision on special turnover of alcoholic beverages on the list of measures. To date, Russia has developed both an official and unofficial market for the production of alcohol and its consumption, and a certain balance has been formed between the amount of alcohol produced and its sales, which is unlikely to be changed by limiting its production or consumption without financial, economic and social consequences. A possible ban on official production and its implementation will provoke an increase in moonshine and other negative consequences, which are demonstrated in the article. This conclusion raises the question of whether it is appropriate to include on the list of events held under martial law "a special regime of alcohol trafficking", as it does not reflect not only the objective realities of the current state of affairs, but also the experience of the historical past of Russia and a number of other European countries. Within the framework of the current legal regulation, there are enough flexible and effective measures aimed at limiting the use of alcoholic beverages, which do not need to be fixed in the relevant Federal constitutional law. A comparative analysis of similar legislation in European countries does not contain such restrictions. A historical study of restrictions on the turnover of alcoholic beverages during the First World War showed both positive and, to a greater extent, its negative consequences for Russia. The legal regulation of alcohol consumption during the Second World War is fundamentally different from the restrictions that took place in the period 1914-1918. The state took into account mistakes and their consequences for society and the army and avoided the introduction of "prohibition" during the war. Areas of public relations for which the alcohol ban has had a positive effect are demonstrated. The negative results of restricting the turnover of alcoholic beverages for the economy and social sphere, both in conditions of martial law and in peacetime, are revealed. Conclusions are formulated about the inexpediency of the ban on alcohol trafficking in the conditions of the martial law regime.
Law, History of scholarship and learning. The humanities
The Politeiai are one of Aristotle’s historical works. Several hundreds of fragments have come down to us. While Aristotle’s Nomima barbarika recorded the customs of the barbaric ethne, the Politeiai are generally considered to be a collection of polisconstitutions. A closer look reveals, however, that alongside a majority of Greek poleis Aristotle also included several ethne in his Politeiai, namely those in the North(west) of the Greek mainland and on the Peleponnesus. This article tries to shed light on Aristotle’s reasons for selecting these ethne. On the basis of key passages in the Politics, the author argues that their presence in the Politeiai indicates that Aristotle considered them as Hellenic, and, although inferior in status to the polis, capable of having a politeia. In Aristotle’s time, nearly all of the ethne known to have been included in the Politeiai had formed koina. While Aristotle did not explicitly discuss the federal state, he acknowledged its existence both in the Politics and the Politeiai, obviously inspired by the political reality of his time in which the koina played an increasingly prominent role, illustrated by their presence as members in Hellenic treaties alongside the poleis.
History of the Greco-Roman World, Greek language and literature. Latin language and literature
The Article deals with the history of doctrinal and legal formation of the institute of complicity in the Indian criminal law during colonial period. The mixed nature of the law system assumes some approaches to the criminal conspiracy as from the orthodox tradition (Sanskrit texts, and the treatises of Hinduism), and on the subsystem of the Islamic law. The Article provides the historical analysis of preparatory materials to the Indian Penal Code of 1860 (IPC), the opinions of the leading scientists-criminologists and main judgments. The authors express own opinion on a perspective of group criminality and its influence on the history of the Indian criminal law. Some crime statistics and collecting crime data during the colonial period in India are descript of a criminogenic situation as empirical materials. The prevalence of joint criminal activity and organized groups of local inhabitants was a result of traditional exclusive hierarchy and collective ideology in British India. Religious criminal sect of thugs (a gang of professional murderers and robbers) made the most dangerous category of “criminal tribes” in the colonial period. The organized criminal activity of the thugs was the reason of theoretical search of new criminal policy methods and ways of judicial prosecution in colonial India. As a result, authors have allocated some main figures of British officials who developed the concept of complicity and practically approve “joint participation” in the Indian Penal Code of 1860 during the expanded professional criminality connected with hunger, rebellions, ritual robberies and sacrifices. The Article identifications of some features of the crime partnership in the Indian Penal Code of 1860 (innovative provisions of Macaulay's project), in comparison with the complicity in the common law tradition. The consolidated provisions of abetment in the Indian Penal Code regulated various forms of complicity, grounds for prosecution (liability of abettor), distinction mens rea and actus reus of accomplices, abetting commission of offence by the public or by more than ten persons, abetment if offence be not committed, concealing design to commit offence, etc. In the conclusion authors believe that at the present stage in the Indian Penal Code washing out of initially narrow interpretation of complicity in the crime (abetment of offence) and of judicial interpretation of it’s various forms and questions of punishment of accomplices is observed.
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to describe a long struggle to incorporate Islamic law into the constitution and various legislations in Indonesia pre and post Indonesia’s Independence. In addition, this study also illustrates the challenges faced by Moslems who brought the idea of formalization and implementation of Islamic law into state institutions as well as regional institutions such as the Aceh region. The study also tried to give an idea how far the opportunities provided by democracy in Indonesia at this time to be used by the Muslims to offer what they consider as the Islamic law. The research was done by using library research (normative research) through collecting and studying literatures, legislations, law journals, encyclopedias, as well as citing the opinions of scholars and activists (human defender) Islamic law and other relevant opinion. Therefore this type of study called normative legal research or study by using a conceptual analysis of social history and law issue (legal-historical social approaches). The study result shows that the efforts made by Moslem people to get guarantee constitutionally in implementing Islamic, essentially has got a great opportunity in line with the basic legitimating granted by Article 29 of the 1945 Constitution. In the current era of democracy, there are some opportunity to synchronize elements of Islamic law into policies and legislations products is a major challenge, especially for areas that are socially and culturally not or not yet ready to apply them in daily life people.
The Dynamics of Formalization of Islamic Law in Indonesia