Hasil untuk "History of Eastern Europe"

Gavin Moulton

Forthcoming.

Mikhail, T.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the Sarmatian burial complex from Kalmykia which yielded a bridle set, including a silver breast plate made of secondary used overlay of the neck guard of the helmet of Novo Mesto type which can be dated no earlier than the second quarter of the 1stcentury BCE, possibly the middle or second half of the century. In this connection the elements of the bridle set are analyzed to establish the date of the burial, which seems to be in frames of the second half of the 1stcentury BCE — early 1stcentury CE. The results of Pb-Pb isotope analyses of samples of the neck guard and one of the phalerae allowto suggest that the metal of the objects originate either from the Western Rhodope Mountains or from the deposits of Baia Mare ore district. In the case of the phalera the origin of the metal can be identified more reliably as the deposit of Eastern Rhodope mountains. Further discussed are the finds of iron helmets of the Eastern Celtic type in ritual hoards in the Lower Don and Kuban regions and those of late variants of the Novo Mesto type, coming from a cremation burial ground near the village of Mutin on the right bank of the river Seim.

Mihai Antonia, Zizi Goschin

Regional inequalities in Romania are not only among the highest in the European Union, but they are also perpetuated by inefficient public policies and an inequitable distribution of resources. Given that inequalities in access to education, healthcare and general services are closely linked to the standard of living and development opportunities, a vicious circle of poverty and social exclusion is created in the lagging regions. Social, economic and political inequalities are closely linked, and research should consider unequal access to essential resources and services, such as education, health services, housing or job opportunities, as essential factors that exacerbate disparities between social groups or regions. Aiming to provide a more comprehensive and clearer image of regional socio-economic inequalities in Romania, we built a new composite index of regional inequalities and examined its long-term convergence trend, as well as its relationship with economic growth. Our research contributes to the identification of areas where interventions can most effectively address social and economic imbalances.

John Drummond, Wayne Orchiston, Carolyn Brown et al.

C/1910 A1 was one of the Great Comets of the twentieth century. Although it was widely observed from the Northern Hemisphere, it was first discovered by observers south of the Equator. The comet arrived just months before the widely anticipated apparition of Comet 1P/Halley and was significantly more spectacular. As a result, the two comets were confused, and many who, in later years, talked about how prominent Comet 1P/Halley was in 1910 were often remembering C/1910 A1. In this paper, we present the results of a detailed search through historical records and media publications in Aotearoa / New Zealand, to investigate how extensively C/1910 A1 was observed from New Zealand. We compare our results with observations reported for Comet 1P/Halley later in 1910, finding that surprisingly few observations of C/1910 A1 were made by New Zealand observers. We discuss cases where the comet was misidentified as being an early sighting of 1P/Halley and compare the observations made in New Zealand with international observations/records/accounts. We find that, although the Great January Comet of 1910 was observed from New Zealand, it was witnessed by few compared to other parts of the world, meaning that the apparition of C/1910 A1 was something of a missed opportunity for New Zealand astronomers.

Shun Ishihara, Taka Matsutsuka

Data spaces are evolving rapidly. In Europe, the concept of data spaces, which emphasises the importance of trust, sovereignty, and interoperability, is being implemented as a platform such as Catena-X. Meanwhile, Japan has been developing its approach to data sharing, in line with global trends but also to address unique domestic challenges, resulting a platform such as DATA-EX. Achieving interoperability between European and Japanese data spaces remains a critical challenge due to the differences created by these parallel advances. Although interoperability between data spaces has several aspects, compatibility of trust in the participating entities and the data exchanged is a significant aspect due to its influence on business. This paper undertakes a comparative analysis of DATA-EX and Catena-X while focusing on aspect of trust, to explore the challenges and opportunities for achieving interoperability between Japanese and European data spaces. By examining common data exchange processes, key objects such as datasets, and specific evaluation criteria, the study identifies gaps, challenges, and proposes actionable solutions such as inter-exchangeable topology. Through this analysis, the paper aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse on global data interoperability.

Alexandra Klymenko, Stephen Meisenbacher, Patrick Gage Kelley et al.

The proliferation of AI has sparked privacy concerns related to training data, model interfaces, downstream applications, and more. We interviewed 25 AI developers based in Europe to understand which privacy threats they believe pose the greatest risk to users, developers, and businesses and what protective strategies, if any, would help to mitigate them. We find that there is little consensus among AI developers on the relative ranking of privacy risks. These differences stem from salient reasoning patterns that often relate to human rather than purely technical factors. Furthermore, while AI developers are aware of proposed mitigation strategies for addressing these risks, they reported minimal real-world adoption. Our findings highlight both gaps and opportunities for empowering AI developers to better address privacy risks in AI.

Ruslan Serdeha

The purpose of the article: is to analyse the works of Mykola Fedorovych Sumtsov on oral folklore, to find out his contribution to the study of the language of folklore and to establish the significance of his folklore achievements for the further development of linguistic and folklore science in Ukraine. Research methodology: general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as special historical methods-chronological and comparative historical-were used. Scientific novelty. For the first time in Ukrainian science, the works of the famous Kharkiv humanitarian scientist Mykola Fedorovych Sumtsov examined through the prism of linguofolklore. His role in the formation of this scientific field is determined. Conclusions. In his works, M. F. Sumtsov laid the groundwork for future linguistic studies in the field of linguofolklore. He sees the folklore of the Ukrainian people as an original, original and unique phenomenon, based on a broad international context. He saw in the Ukrainian language «the best manifestation of national life», «the treasury of the national spirit». Long before the separation of lingo-folklore studies into a separate branch of linguistic science, which began to take shape in the 70s of the twentieth century, M. F. Sumtsov outlined the search tasks of this field of knowledge. When studying works of oral folk literature, he calls for a close look at their language, especially the language of songs, fairy tales, and proverbs, and to look for the most characteristic features in it, that is, the language of folklore, which hide the deep sources of folk art as such. As a researcher of folklore and as a scholar in general, M. F. Sumtsov impresses with the diversity of his research. His scientific achievements in general and those in the field of folklore studies in particular are striking in their versatility, deep understanding of the problems under study, and interdisciplinary approach to their solution. The researcher takes into account heterogeneous folklore material: apocrypha, wedding songs, dumas, historical songs, fairy tales, lullabies, carols, shchedrivkas, Kupala songs, legends, and other manifestations of folk verbal creativity.

Arthur-Viorel Tuluș

The purpose of the research paper is to analyse the reasons behind Romania’s support for Turkey at the Montreux Conference, by looking at diplomatic documents and correspondence kept by the Romanian Ministry for Foreign Affairs; to compare the advantages and disadvantages between the two doctrines concerning the legal status of waterways; to compare the provisions of the two conventions. The novelty of the research paper is based on documentation and content analysis of emblematical conventions and doctrines, of archival and historiographic material, and of secondary bibliography concerning the issue of the Straits, in contrast with observation, analysis, and synthesis of recent, publicly circulated information, relating to the Straits and the Black Sea’s status within the wartime context in Ukraine. Conclusions. The ongoing war in Ukraine has reopened, at least at diplomatic and international relations levels, discussions concerning Black Sea geopolitics, especially on the status of the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles. The Regime of the Straits is what ultimately determines the opening or closing of the Black Sea, especially in exceptional circumstances, such as those generated by military conflicts within its basin. The current legal status of the Straits has been established since the interwar period, because of evolving international law in this matter, but also as a necessary measure in establishing an international regime for them, one that Russia would have to respect. Through the Lausanne Convention relating to the Regime of the Straits (July 24th, 1923), the Black Sea was opened to all ships in peacetime, and under certain conditions in wartime, if Turkey would be neutral. The Lausanne Convention also established an International Commission meant to oversee the keeping of the international regime of the Straits. A Romanian representative was present within this body, until its dissolution in November 1936. The Lausanne Convention was a triumph of the legal doctrine regarding the international nature of waterways, which provided for the supervision of freedom and equality in treatment for all flags, through international commissions of littoral states and representatives of major powers. Evidently, Lausanne hurt Turkey’s interests as riparian, and the country sought all possible means to restore its full authority over the Straits. It achieved this through the new International Convention on the Regime of the Straits (Montreux – July 20th, 1936), by which it was given full rights, by following the legal doctrine of the right of littoral states to their own territory (opposed to the Lausanne doctrine). In reaching this objective, Turkey needed international support, and found one if its biggest collaborators in Romania, even though Bucharest had more advantages from the Lausanne provisions.

Leonardo Castellani, Anna Gabetti

The formalism of generalized quantum histories allows a symmetrical treatment of space and time correlations, by taking different traces of the same history density matrix. We recall how to characterize spatial and temporal entanglement in this framework. An operative protocol is presented, to map a history state into the ket of a static composite system. We show, by examples, how the Leggett-Garg and the temporal CHSH inequalities can be violated in our approach.

Joanna Sawicka

This paper presents the results of an expert study of several glass vessels from an early medieval castle at Ostrów Lednicki. They come from the so-called second church, a single-nave small building erected in the 1060s and destroyed in 1038 or 1039. In its ruins, a collection of high-grade artefacts was discovered, furnishings of the same temple, as well as fragments of glass and fragmentary preserved glass vessels. The three specimens, examined in the laboratory, were made of potassium glass, of the calcium-potassium variety, of the CaO-K2O-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 type. Interpretation of the analytical results has led to a conclusion that all the vessels could come from a single workshop, attributed to Carolingian and Ottonian workshops in Imperial Germany. Another vessel, discovered in the eastern part of the stronghold and not associated with any of the sacred buildings, has an early date (6th to 9th century). It is believed to be a conical goblet of the Kempston type, made of sodium glass, of the mineral variety, of the Na2O-CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 type, from one of the many Western European workshops.

Michał Zaręba

The primary purpose of this article is the analysis of the evolution of bilateral relations between the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV) and the Russian Federation in the field of military cooperation. It gives answers to following research questions: 1) what is the role of defence collaboration in bilateral ties, 2) what are the most essential elements of Russia-Vietnam military relations, 3) what are the common reasons/ incentives for developing links regarding arms trade, 4) do the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014 and invasion of Ukraine in 2022 change goals of Vietnamese politics towards Moscow, 5) How do Chinese and US factor affect military cooperation between Russia and Vietnam? The theses of this paper assume that: 1) the government in Hanoi maintains friendly relations with Moscow on the political level in the face of the conflict in Ukraine and continues military cooperation, however Russian arms exports to Vietnam has declined, 2) Vietnam diversifies weapon trade partners expanding cooperation with Israel, Belarus, US and South Korea, but Russia still remains crucial arms importer for Hanoi. The analysis is focused mainly on the situation from 2002 to the present, and intends to examine the evolution of military cooperation between Hanoi and Moscow after the signing of the Declaration on Strategic Partnership. The article includes a short overview of Russia-Vietnam relations emphasizing its strong historical background. Paper is also focused on important arms trade contracts, agreements on military cooperation, includes statistics published by Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) to show the scale of collaboration, and points out major challenges for future cooperation.

Bon-Chul Koo, Yong-Hyun Lee, Jae-Joon Lee et al.

The Cassiopeia A supernova remnant has a complex structure, manifesting the multidimensional nature of core-collapse supernova explosions. To further understand this, we carried out near-infrared multi-object spectroscopy on the ejecta knots located in the "northeastern (NE) jet" and the "Fe K plume" regions, which are two distinct features in the outer eastern area of the remnant. Our study reveals that the knots exhibit varying ratios of [S II] 1.03 $μ$m, [P II] 1.189 $μ$m, and [Fe II] 1.257 $μ$m lines depending on their locations within the remnant, suggesting regional differences in elemental composition. Notably, the knots in the NE jet are mostly 'S-rich' with weak or no [P II] lines, implying that they originated below the explosive Ne burning layer, consistent with the results of previous studies. We detected no ejecta knots exhibiting only [Fe II] lines in the NE jet area that are expected in the jet-driven SN explosion model. Instead, we discovered a dozen 'Fe-rich' knots in the Fe K plume area. We propose that they are dense knots produced by a complete Si burning with $α$-rich freezeout in the innermost region of the progenitor and ejected with the diffuse X-ray emitting Fe ejecta but decoupled after crossing the reverse shock. In addition to these metal-rich ejecta knots, several knots emitting only He I 1.083 $μ$m lines were detected, and their origin remains unclear. We also detected three extended H emission features of circumstellar or interstellar origin in this area and discuss its association with the supernova remnant.

Ruslana Davydyuk

Мета дослідження. У статті проаналізовано діяльність Другого Волинського Коша Українського національного козацького товариства (УНАКОТО), очолюваного колишнім старшиною Армії Української Народної Республіки (УНР) Іваном Волошиним, звернуто увагу на її антибільшовицьку спрямованість і відносини з польською владою. З’ясовано, що козацьке товариство підпорядковувалось централі у Мюнхені під зверхністю Івана Полтавця-Остряниці, було виразником монархічних поглядів української міжвоєнної еміграції, діяло на авторитарних засадах, маючи за основну мету консолідацію зусиль консервативних кіл щодо відновлення Української козацької держави. Наукова новизна статті полягає у введенні до наукового обігу нових архівних документів, міжвоєнної періодики, що дало можливість показати місце козацької організації у громадському житті міжвоєнної Волині. Методологія дослідження базується на принципах науковості, системності, історизму, проблемно-історичного, пошукового, хронологічного, просопографічного методів, а також методах аналізу і систематизації, що дозволило розглянути умови появи Другого Волинського Коша УНАКОТО, прослідкувати його взаємини з польською владою, з’ясувати причини незначного авторитету серед місцевого населення й ігнорування з боку української інтелігенції. Метод просопографії знадобився для з’ясування імен діячів товариства. Висновки. У статті доведено, що Другий Волинський Кіш, очолюваний Іваном Волошиним, будучи структурним підрозділом УНАКОТО у Мюнхені, хоча і вважався найбільшим у міжвоєнній Польщі, але не мав широкої підтримки серед місцевого населення, займав антибільшовицьку позицію, був авторитарною структурою, діячі якої переслідувались польською владою або ж використовувались нею як конфіденти. Встановлено, як реакція керівників УНАКОТО на загибель Симона Петлюри спричинила хвилю неприйняття у середовищі української політичної еміграції. Вказана ймовірна причина відсутності реакції керівництва Другого Волинського Коша на смерть В’ячеслава Липинського. Після невдалих спроб легалізації УНАКОТО у Волинському воєводстві Іван Волошин виїхав до Німеччини. Внаслідок внутрішніх непорозумінь, переслідувань польською поліцією, розгортання «волинського експерименту» воєводи Генрика Юзевського вплив УНАКОТО у воєводстві мінімізувався. Встановлення нацистського політичного режиму в Німеччині пришвидшило розпуск у 1935 р. УНАКОТО та створення на його місці радикальнішої організації – Український національний козацький рух (УНАКОР), функціонування якої може бути темою окремого дослідження.

Camelia ZAVARACHE

Public Education was an essential feature of nation-building throughout Europe during the 19th century. Nationalizing states designed school policies to transform peasants into nationals and citizens. However, kindergartens were primarily urban institutions. One of their goals was to teach young children modern languages. At the beginning of the 20th century, Romanian elites started to create and adjust them to nationalise Dobruja and Cadrilater, the two provinces integrated into the Old Kingdom. Both regions were ethnically diverse. In localities primarily inhabited by a minority population, the purpose of kindergartens was to spread the Romanian language and national culture. This article focuses on the national integration of South Dobruja through public kindergartens. It also examines the professional path of teachers serving in these regions until the end of the 1940s. Finally, the paper follows teachers’ interaction with the locals and their efforts to mediate between the pedagogical and national aims of Greater Romania and the local interests that sometimes collided with the state school policies.

Martin Gehlmann

Gina Konstantopoulos

Introduction to the special issue of Studia Orientalia Electronica, collecting papers from the international conference “The Strange and the Familiar: Identity and Empire in the Ancient Near East,” held at the University of Helsinki on August 23 and 24, 2019.

Udi Boker, Karoliina Lehtinen

Automata models between determinism and nondeterminism/alternations can retain some of the algorithmic properties of deterministic automata while enjoying some of the expressiveness and succinctness of nondeterminism. We study three closely related such models -- history determinism, good for gameness and determinisability by pruning -- on quantitative automata. While in the Boolean setting, history determinism and good for gameness coincide, we show that this is no longer the case in the quantitative setting: good for gameness is broader than history determinism, and coincides with a relaxed version of it, defined with respect to thresholds. We further identify criteria in which history determinism, which is generally broader than determinisability by pruning, coincides with it, which we then apply to typical quantitative automata types. As a key application of good for games and history deterministic automata is synthesis, we clarify the relationship between the two notions and various quantitative synthesis problems. We show that good-for-games automata are central for "global" (classical) synthesis, while "local" (good-enough) synthesis reduces to deciding whether a nondeterministic automaton is history deterministic.

Somil Gupta, Neeraj Sharma

The rise of intelligent assistant systems like Siri and Alexa have led to the emergence of Conversational Search, a research track of Information Retrieval (IR) that involves interactive and iterative information-seeking user-system dialog. Recently released OR-QuAC and TCAsT19 datasets narrow their research focus on the retrieval aspect of conversational search i.e. fetching the relevant documents (passages) from a large collection using the conversational search history. Currently proposed models for these datasets incorporate history in retrieval by appending the last N turns to the current question before encoding. We propose to use another history selection approach that dynamically selects and weighs history turns using the attention mechanism for question embedding. The novelty of our approach lies in experimenting with soft attention-based history selection approach in an open-retrieval setting.

Raphael Watschinger, Günther Of

While an integration by parts formula for the bilinear form of the hypersingular boundary integral operator for the transient heat equation in three spatial dimensions is available in the literature, a proof of this formula seems to be missing. Moreover, the available formula contains an integral term including the time derivative of the fundamental solution of the heat equation, whose interpretation is difficult at second glance. To fill these gaps we provide a rigorous proof of a general version of the integration by parts formula and an alternative representation of the mentioned integral term, which is valid for a certain class of functions including the typical tensor-product discretization spaces.

Jason Busniewski