Hasil untuk "History of Asia"

Danai Sangthong, Pradit Sangthong, Warin Rangubpit et al.

Phylogenetic and population genetic analyses were conducted on tick specimens collected from cattle in northern, northeastern, central, and southern regions of Thailand. Morphological identification indicated these ticks consisted of three species, Rhipicephalus microplus from all four regions, R. sanguineus from the northern and northeastern regions, and a Haemaphysalis species only collected from the northeastern region. Analysis of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) sequences identified R. microplus clades A and C, while clade B was not detected in this study. The same analysis indicated specimens morphologically identified as Haemaphysalis were H. bispinosa, confirming previous reports of their prevalence in northeastern Thailand. H. bispinosa showed low haplotype and nucleotide diversity, suggesting either a bottleneck or founder effect. Both R. microplus clades displayed high haplotype diversity and low nucleotide diversity, a pattern associated with population expansion. Genetic structural analysis revealed significant genetic differences in R. microplus clade A, especially between mainland (northern, northeastern, and central regions) and peninsular (southern region) populations, which indicated limited gene flow between these areas while suggesting movement of these ticks across the mainland. The sequence analyses described in this report enhance understanding of the natural history of ticks in Thailand and are expected to guide and strengthen tick control strategies across Southeast Asia.

Ian Brooks, Laura Harrison, Mark Reeves et al.

This research explores the use of History to enhance education in the field of ICT For Sustainability ICT4S in response to a challenge from the ICT4S 2023 conference. No previous studies were found in ICT4S but the literature on History and Education for Sustainable Development is reviewed. An ICT4S lecturer collaborated with History lecturers to add an historic parallel to each weeks teaching on a Sustainable Business and Computing unit for final year undergraduate BSc Business Computing students. A list of the topics and rationale is provided. Student perceptions were surveyed before and after the teaching and semi-structured interviews carried out. A majority of students saw relevance to their degree and career. There was an increase in the proportion of students with interest in History. The paper explores the lessons learned from the interdisciplinary collaboration, including topic choice, format and perceived value. The project has enhanced the way we approach our subjects as computing and history educators. We believe this is the first empirical, survey-based study of the use of history to enhance ICT4S education. The team will extend the research to a larger unit covering a wider range of computing degrees.

Julio Urizarna-Carasa, Daniel Ruprecht, Alexandra von Kameke et al.

The movement of small but finite spherical particles in a fluid can be described by the Maxey-Riley equation (MRE) if they are too large to be considered passive tracers. The MRE contains an integral "history term" modeling wake effects, which causes the force acting on a particle at some given time to depend on its full past trajectory. The history term causes complications in the numerical solution of the MRE and is therefore often neglected, despite both numerical and experimental evidence that its effects are generally not negligible. By numerically computing trajectories with and without the history term of a large number of particles in different flow fields, we investigate its impact on the large-scale Lagrangian dynamics of simulated particles. We show that for moderate to large Stokes numbers, ignoring the history term leads to significant differences in clustering patterns. Furthermore, we compute finite-time Lyapunov exponents and show that, even for small particles, the differences in the resulting scalar field from ignoring the BHT can be significant, in particular if the underlying flow is turbulent.

Jaan Janno

Inverse problems for a diffusion equation containing a generalized fractional derivative are studied. The equation holds in a time interval $(0,T)$ and it is assumed that a state $u$ (solution of diffusion equation) and a source $f$ are known for $t\in (t_0,T)$ where $t_0$ is some number in $(0,T)$. Provided that $f$ satisfies certain restrictions, it is proved that product of a kernel of the derivative with an elliptic operator as well as the history of $f$ for $t\in (0,t_0)$ are uniquely recovered. In case of less restrictions on $f$ the uniqueness of the kernel and the history of $f$ is shown. Moreover, in a case when a functional of $u$ for $t\in (t_0,T)$ is given the uniqueness of the kernel is proved under unknown history of $f$.

Dilmurod K. Babadzhanov

The work reveals the history of the personalities captured in the photograph which is stored in the collections of the Khiva State Museum-Reserve “Ichan-Kala”. At its center is Muhammad Rahim Khan II, the ruler of the Khiva Khanate. Based on historical sources, the author of the article highlights the life and activities of Mukhammad Rakhim Khan II and the palace officials who ruled the Khanate at the end of the 19th century. It is shown that Mukhammad Rakhim Khan II aspired to be the patron of Sharia. He was an enlightened ruler – he supported musical and poetic arts, had polemical conversations with intellectuals, and was fond of writing poems. In 1874, under the patronage of Mukhammad Rakhim Khan II, the first printing house in Central Asia for printing lithographic books was organized in Khorezm. One of the first books published in it were “Khamsa” by Alisher Navoi and “Divan” by the poet Munis.

Jeremy D. Popkin, Marcelo Moura Mello, Rodrigo C. Bulamah

Transcrição, traduzida para o português, da “Lettre de Jean-François, Biassou et Belair”, introduzida pela tradução do artigo: Jeremy D. Popkin, “A Haitian Revolutionary Manifesto? New Perspectives on the ‘Letter of Jean-François, Biassou, and Belair’”, Slavery and Abolition, v. 43, n. 1 (2021), pp. 3-19.

G. A. Bordyugov, Min Gyon Hyon

François Robinne

V. E. Molodyakov

C. Laldinsangi

The search and development of new drugs for the treatment of numerous illnesses afflicting humans of all ages is an unending endeavour. Moreover, there is constant demand to identify more compounds exhibiting pharmacological properties with improved efficacy and minimal side effects compared to the existing ones. Plants have always served as rich sources of pharmaceuticals, and offer better advantages than synthetic compounds in terms of diversity, production scale and safety. Houttuynia cordata is a traditional medicinal plant that is widely distributed in East Asia. Apart from its consumption as a delicacy in many countries, it has a rich history of medicinal use and numerous studies have reported its pharmacological activity against inflammation, cancer, viruses, bacteria, hyperglycaemia, obesity, etc. The various phytoconstituents that have been isolated from this plant include flavonoids, phenolic acids, volatile/essential oils and alkaloids whose therapeutic potentials are yet to be fully harnessed. This review provides an updated summary of the biological activity and therapeutic potential of H. cordata, its phytocompounds and derivatives. The amalgamation of traditional plant-derived medicines with modern scientific methods can provide better insights to their mechanism of action and also contribute greatly to the discovery and synthesis of new pharmaceuticals.

Elizabeth A. Hazel, Diwakar Mohan, Scott Zeger et al.

Abstract Background In South Asia, a third of babies are born small-for-gestational age (SGA). The risk factors are well described in the literature, but many studies are in high-and-middle income countries or measure SGA on facility births only. There are fewer studies that describe the prevalence of risk factors for large-for-gestational age (LGA) in low-income countries. We aim to describe the factors associated with SGA and LGA in a population-based cohort of pregnant women in rural Nepal. Methods This is a secondary data analysis of community-based trial on neonatal oil massage (22,545 women contributing 39,479 pregnancies). Demographic, socio-economic status (SES), medical/obstetric history, and timing of last menstruation were collected at enrollment. Vital signs, illness symptoms, and antenatal care (ANC) attendance were collected throughout the pregnancy and neonatal weight was measured for live births. We conducted multivariate analysis using multinomial, multilevel logistic regression, reporting the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Outcomes were SGA, LGA compared to appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA) and were multiply imputed using birthweight recalibrated to time at delivery. Results SGA was associated with nulligravida (OR: 2.12 95% CI: 1.93–2.34), gravida/nulliparous (OR: 1.86, 95% CI: 1.26–2.74), interpregnancy intervals less than 18 months (OR: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.07–1.27), and poor appetite/vomiting in the second trimester, (OR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.19–1.35). Greater wealth (OR: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.69–0.88), swelling of hands/face in the third trimester (OR: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.69–0.94) parity greater than five (OR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.65–0.92), male fetal sex (OR: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.86–0.98), and increased weight gain (OR: 0.93 per weight kilogram difference between 2nd and 3rd trimester, 95% CI: 0.92–0.95) were protective for SGA. Four or more ANC visits (OR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.41–0.68) and respiratory symptoms in the third trimester (OR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.54–0.84) were negatively associated with LGA, and maternal age < 18 years (OR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.03–1.87) and respiratory symptoms in the second trimester (OR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.07–1.51) were positively associated with LGA. Conclusions Our findings are in line with known risk factors for SGA. Because the prevalence and mortality risk of LGA babies is low in this population, it is likely LGA status does not indicate underlaying illness. Improved and equitable access to high quality antenatal care, monitoring for appropriate gestational weight gain and increased monitoring of women with high-risk pregnancies may reduce prevalence and improve outcomes of SGA babies. Trial Registration The study used in this secondary data analysis was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01177111.

Luiza Nascimento dos Reis

Resenha de: Butler, Kim; e Domingues, Petrônio. Diásporas imaginadas: Atlântico Negro e histórias afro-brasileiras. São Paulo: Perspectiva, 2020. 360 p.

Elisabetta Coradduzza, Daria Sanna, Fabio Scarpa et al.

Orf virus (ORFV) is distributed worldwide and is the causative agent of contagious ecthyma that mainly occurs in sheep and goats. This disease was reported for the first time at the end of 18th century in Europe but very little is currently known about the temporal and geographic origins of this virus. In the present study, the use of new Italian whole genomes allowed for better inference on the evolutionary history of ORFV. In accordance with previous studies, two genome types (S and G) were described for infection of sheep and goats, respectively. These two well-differentiated groups of genomes originated for evolutive convergence in the late 1800s in two different areas of the world (Europe for S type and Asia for G type), but it was only in the early 1900s that the effective size of ORFV increased among hosts and the virus spread across the whole European continent. The Italian strains which were sequenced in the present study were isolated on the Mediterranean island of Sardinian and showed to be exclusive to this geographic area. One of them is likely representative of the early European forms of ORFV which infected sheep and became extinct about one century ago. Such an ancient Sardinian strain may have reached the island simple by chance, where it quickly adapted to the new habitat.

Michael Gref, Nike Matthiesen, Christoph Schmidt et al.

Automatic speech recognition systems have accomplished remarkable improvements in transcription accuracy in recent years. On some domains, models now achieve near-human performance. However, transcription performance on oral history has not yet reached human accuracy. In the present work, we investigate how large this gap between human and machine transcription still is. For this purpose, we analyze and compare transcriptions of three humans on a new oral history data set. We estimate a human word error rate of 8.7% for recent German oral history interviews with clean acoustic conditions. For comparison with recent machine transcription accuracy, we present experiments on the adaptation of an acoustic model achieving near-human performance on broadcast speech. We investigate the influence of different adaptation data on robustness and generalization for clean and noisy oral history interviews. We optimize our acoustic models by 5 to 8% relative for this task and achieve 23.9% WER on noisy and 15.6% word error rate on clean oral history interviews.

Mengge Wang, Mengge Wang, Didi Yuan et al.

The evolutionary and admixture history of Han Chinese have been widely discussed via traditional autosomal and uniparental genetic markers [e.g., short tandem repeats, low-density single nucleotide polymorphisms). However, their fine-scale genetic landscapes (admixture scenarios and natural selection signatures) based on the high-density allele/haplotype sharing patterns have not been deeply characterized. Here, we collected and generated genome-wide data of 50 Han Chinese individuals from four populations in Guizhou Province, one of the most ethnolinguistically diverse regions, and merged it with over 3,000 publicly available modern and ancient Eurasians to describe the genetic origin and population admixture history of Guizhou Hans and their neighbors. PCA and ADMIXTURE results showed that the studied four populations were homogeneous and grouped closely to central East Asians. Genetic homogeneity within Guizhou populations was further confirmed via the observed strong genetic affinity with inland Hmong-Mien people through the observed genetic clade in Fst and outgroup f3/f4-statistics. qpGraph-based phylogenies and f4-based demographic models illuminated that Guizhou Hans were well fitted via the admixture of ancient Yellow River Millet farmers related to Lajia people and southern Yangtze River farmers related to Hanben people. Further ChromoPainter-based chromosome painting profiles and GLOBETROTTER-based admixture signatures confirmed the two best source matches for southwestern Hans, respectively, from northern Shaanxi Hans and southern indigenes with variable mixture proportions in the historical period. Further three-way admixture models revealed larger genetic contributions from coastal southern East Asians into Guizhou Hans compared with the proposed inland ancient source from mainland Southeast Asia. We also identified candidate loci (e.g., MTUS2, NOTCH4, EDAR, ADH1B, and ABCG2) with strong natural selection signatures in Guizhou Hans via iHS, nSL, and ihh, which were associated with the susceptibility of the multiple complex diseases, morphology formation, alcohol and lipid metabolism. Generally, we provided a case and ideal strategy to reconstruct the detailed demographic evolutionary history of Guizhou Hans, which provided new insights into the fine-scale genomic formation of one ethnolinguistically specific targeted population from the comprehensive perspectives of the shared unlinked alleles, linked haplotypes, and paternal and maternal lineages.

Radin Dardashti

No-go theorems have played an important role in the development and assessment of scientific theories. They have stopped whole research programs and have given rise to strong ontological commitments. Given the importance they obviously have had in physics and philosophy of physics and the huge amount of literature on the consequences of specific no-go theorems, there has been relatively little attention to the more abstract assessment of no-go theorems as a tool in theory development. We will here provide this abstract assessment of no-go theorems and conclude that the methodological implications one may draw from no-go theorems are in disagreement with the implications that have often been drawn from them in the history of science.

Xiao‐Long Jiang, A. Hipp, M. Deng et al.

Many subtropical organisms exhibit an East Asian‐Tethyan disjunction, a distribution split between East Asia and the Mediterranean. The underlying mechanisms and timing have remained unclear to date. The evolutionary history of Quercus section Ilex Loudon, a representative East Asian‐Tethyan disjunct lineage with a rich and widespread fossil record, was investigated to understand the key drivers of this disjunction.

R. Mollica, G. Wyshak, J. Lavelle

Shubham Agarwal, Trung Bui, Joon-Young Lee et al.

Visual Dialog involves "understanding" the dialog history (what has been discussed previously) and the current question (what is asked), in addition to grounding information in the image, to generate the correct response. In this paper, we show that co-attention models which explicitly encode dialog history outperform models that don't, achieving state-of-the-art performance (72 % NDCG on val set). However, we also expose shortcomings of the crowd-sourcing dataset collection procedure by showing that history is indeed only required for a small amount of the data and that the current evaluation metric encourages generic replies. To that end, we propose a challenging subset (VisDialConv) of the VisDial val set and provide a benchmark of 63% NDCG.

Jihn E. Kim

In this historic Lomonosov conference on the occasion of 150 year anniversary of the Mendeleev's periodic table, I present the history of neutrino magnetic moment. It was first thought by Wolfgang Pauli and its magnitude was calculated during the gauge theory era.