Italian and Spanish are two languages with a very high degree of similarity. The aim of this article is to define what are the main difficulties that learners of both languages experience in learning the opposite foreign language. Transfer is one of the main causes of errors found in interlanguages, but it is crucial to analyze its effects specifically and understand that it is not the sole cause. The perceived closeness can have both positive and negative implications depending on the various stages of learning, which does not seem to have a constant increasing trend, and the initial confidence tends to disappear over time. The role of the first language is crucial in learning related languages that cannot avoid undergoing Contrastive Analysis, since learners must activate comparison with their own linguistic heritage in an effort to reduce the risk of error fossilization.
The starting point from which Adam Horsley has chosen to explore this fascinating period in France, when the works of various libertine writers were proliferating at the same time that judicial institutions were attempting to suppress them, is, as he describes it, in order to “bridge [the] gap between literary and legal historical disciplines” (p. 8). In fact, I would argue that this highly impressive book goes even further in covering the fields of literary studies, criminology, and political and religious history, displaying extraordinary new research and discoveries of previously unknown and unstudied manuscripts. In Part I, Horsley offers a punctilious and perceptive word history of the term “libertine,” giving its linguistic, historical, theological, literary and ideological contexts in the first chapter before moving in the second chapter to legal and political matters that inform the rest of the book, covering such crucial areas as censorship, regulation of the publishing industry, and criminal procedures in the law courts of the early seventeenth century. The primary focus of the book comes in Part II, with its detailed examination of three major trials for libertinage from the early years of the seventeenth century: those of the Italian philosopher Giulio Cesare Vanini, who was tried for blasphemy and sentenced to death in Toulouse; the scholar Jean Fontanier, a supposed Jewish convert who was tried and executed in Paris for teaching Judaism; and the poet Th eophile de Viau, who managed to overturn an initial condemnation to death but who died soon after the conclusion of his trial in Paris. While Vanini and to a much greater extent Th eophile have received wide scholarly coverage, the Fontanier trial has been seldom studied, especially by English-language scholars. In his analysis of all three trials, Horsley produces stunning new documentary evidence, taken from court transcripts, private notes, placards, and oral culture, to re-evaluate all three figures individually and to show how these three case studies paved the way for those writers who became known as libertins erudits later in the century and who were much more cautious in producing subversive literature. Perhaps one of the most original features of these three chapters is the way in which he looks closely through court documents at the judges in the trials and not simply at the three accused men. Space does not permit detailed analysis of each chapter, but it is worth giving examples of ways in which Horsley uses his ingenuity and expertise in many fields to illuminate his arguments. Although the Toulouse court records of Vanini’s trial have not been found, in Chapter 3 Horsley pays close attention to the larger corpus of extant documents made by Anglican authorities investigating Vanini while he was in England, thereby helping “to construct a picture of
El presente artículo revisa el etiquetado de acciones en el Análisis de la Acción Dramática (AAD) para la práctica actoral, como se ha utilizado en la Escuela de Artes Dramáticas de la Universidad de Costa Rica. Propone que el etiquetado de acciones debería ser abordado desde un análisis pragmático y justifica su vigencia a partir de una reflexión en torno a sus aspectos cognitivos y sociocognitivos.
Dubravka Ugrešić first began publishing her stories and novels in the early 1980s. She was one of the stars of her generation of writers in Yugoslavia, a breakthrough postmodernist, exploring literature through the lens of literary theory—her other love. In 1988, she was the first woman writer to be given the NIN award, Yugoslavia’s most prestigious literary prize, for her novel Forsiranje romana reke [Fording the Stream of Consciousness]. The war broke out in 1991, first in Slovenia, then Croatia, then Bosnia and Herzegovina, and ultimately in Serbia and Kosovo by the end of the decade. Ugrešić took a firm stand against the growing hostilities, and despite her earlier Yugoslavia-wide popularity, the public reaction in Croatia to her anti-war position was swift and damning. She decided to accept an offer to teach abroad, first for a semester at the University of Amsterdam, then two semester-long stays at Wesleyan College in Connecticut, a year as a fellow at the Radcliffe Advanced Studies Institute, a semester teaching in the Harvard University Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures, a stint of teaching at UCLA. After her first years of living abroad, she settled permanently in the Netherlands. She has published two books of short stories, six novels, nine collections of essays, a book of literary scholarship, two children’s books, a few screenplays for television and film, and a number of translations from the Russian. All of her fiction and the nine collections of essays have been translated into English, and several of them have also appeared in translations in a staggering array of languages: Dutch, German, French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Polish, Bulgarian, Slovenian, Macedonian, Russian, Ukrainian, Slovak, Czech, Hungarian, Finnish, Lithuanian, Latvian, Estonian, Albanian, Romanian, Turkish, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Arabic, and Farsi. She has received ten major international awards, as well as, most recently, the prestigious Croatian T-Portal award. In the course of her career as a writer she has developed a strong critical voice, particularly in her essays. She sees herself not as Croatian or Dutch but as a public intellectual, a citizen of the Republic of World Letters. From her transnational position, she comments on global culture while also keeping an eye on what is happening in the cultures where she is from—now known as the “region”: the successor states of ex-Yugoslavia. I have translated two of her essay collections (Nobody’s Home and The Age of Skin) and have collaborated with other translators on two of her novels (Baba Yaga Laid an Egg and Fox). In the analysis that follows of the issues that arise for me when translating her essays, the examples are all taken from The Age of Skin, published in 2020 by Open Letter Press. Since the 1980s, I have had the honor of translating writing by authors who have lived or are now living in Bosnia, Croatia, Montenegro, and / or Serbia. Most of them address aspects of the 1990s wars as well as the post-war realities faced by the communities they know best. While translating their work, I have learned from them how important humor can be in communicating both their bitterness and their vitality. While thinking about how to write on Dubravka Ugrešić’s essays in general, and on her recent collection, The Age of Skin, in particular, I happened to be listening to a radio station that was broadcasting a day of US protest music. It was this biting, buoyant verse:
This study aims to analyse intra-industry trade in the manufacturing industry sector with the EU countries, where Turkey has the most trade. The period of the study is 2000-2020. The countries examined are Germany, France, Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Poland, Belgium-Luxembourg, Sweden, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, the Czech Republic, Portugal, Austria, Ireland, Denmark, and the UK. In the analysis, the Grubel Lloyd index was used, which is one of the widely applied static measurement methods in the literature. The study discusses intra-industry trade of manufacturing industry products according to the 3rd revision of the Standard International Trade Classification. According to the analysis results, when Turkey’s foreign trade is evaluated on a sectoral basis, it has been observed that high intra-industry trade is realized in product groups with low added value. Another result obtained is that intra-industry trade with the UK, Germany, France, Poland, Bulgaria and Romania reached high values. Keywords: Intra-industry Trade, Manufacturing Industry, Grubel Lloyd Index JEL: B17, F0, F5, F11, F14
Abstract Background During SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, various studies have shown a significant reduction of Emergency Department (ED) presentations for acute cardiac diseases requiring in-hospital management. The aim of our study was to quantify hospital admission and mortality, comparing pandemic period and pre-pandemic period in different countries. Methods We performed an updated meta-analysis of observational studies to quantify on a large basis the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak on patients admitted to the ED for STEMI and NSTEMI. The literature research was conducted on PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science and Cochrane database registry on 6 January 2022. We performed a random-effect model meta-analysis. Results A total of 61 studies were included: came from Italy, China, Germany, Israel, Turkey, France, Helvetic Confederation, India, Poland, Spain, US, UK, Albania, Austria, Egypt, Greece, Iran, Ireland, Japan, Pakistan, Portugal, Saudi Arabia and Canada. Hospital admissions for STEMI decreased in most country. The countries with the high levels of reduction were Italy (IRR = 0.68) and Germany (IRR = 0.69). Mortality rates for STEMI increased differently among countries analyzed: p = 0.003. The highest mortality rate was in Serbia (OR = 2.15), followed by Italy (OR = 1.97), Pakistan (OR = 1.69) and France (OR = 1.55). Among the High-Income countries, the highest mortality rate was in Italy (OR = 3.71), the highest among the Upper-Middle-Income was in Serbia (OR = 2.15) and the highest among Low- Middle-Income was in Pakistan (OR = 1.69). Regarding NSTEMI, hospital admissions showed that Italy had the lowest value for with IRR = 0.59. Among countries, the meta-regression subgroups analysis, showed statistical difference (p < 0.001). Conclusions Our meta-analysis may represent a robust snapshot that might help healthcare systems manage and assist an expected higher number of people coming to the hospitals for severe, post-acute cardiological issues in the future. Key messages • The study shows hospital admission and mortality, comparing pandemic period and pre-pandemic period in different countries. • Epidemiological data suggests that one-fourth to one-third of MI patients, in large areas of the globe, during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, remained at home and did not have access to ED.
In the modern world, Globalization, Colonialism, Technology, Politics and Economy have changed many cultural identities and contributed to the appearance of multilingual literature. Code-Switching could occur in different institutional languages, slangs, dialects, and sociolects; so, translators should find strategies to tackle this literary phenomenon and preserve the source text identity. But how could the translator (who is a reader and a transmitter at the same time) deal with these types of literary texts? And how could he/she produce a target multilingual text that preserves the identity and the magic expressed in the source text? The multilingual text is a specific genre of literature which combines two or more languages in the desire to express a multilingual and multicultural reality inherent to a particular group of individuals. Multilingual Literature appeared for the first time during the Middle Ages, but it was called originally Macaronic literature. The term 'Macaronic' is commonly used to indicate any hybrid language that mixes the vernacular with Latin. This mixture was frequent during the Middle Ages in all romance literature. Macaronic literature is therefore a phenomenon that represents the cultivated, highly educated and sophisticated categories of society like academics, novelists and poets. However, translators who used to identify the translation as an inter-linguistic transfer between two formal systems (source and target institutional languages) have faced obstacles in working with multilingual texts in which the author uses code-switching as an alternative to reflect the unfair categorization of people and registers in modern societies). This paper aims to examine the different strategies proposed by Venuti, Cincotta, Bojanin, Qoates and other scholars to transfer the code-switching device in the literary texts; and eventually proposes an integrated strategy that will preserve the code-switching aspect in the translation process, namely in Farah CHAMMA’s poem ‘I am No Palestinian’. Our strategy aims at creating such equilibrium between the translator’s creativity and identity losses, which will allow the target reader to be an active participant in the understanding process and revealing the otherness of the source text. The poem of Farah CHAMMA is chosen as a case study in this research, because it reflects the human being struggle for independence and freedom. However, the independence in this context does not mean the liberation from the colonizer who enters with his armed forces and military weapons to your country, the colonizer nowadays enters your brain trough globalization, migration, media, internet, and all these factors contributed to the fusion of the traditional notion of identities. The Islamic Arabic identity is contaminated by the French, English, Spanish, German, Italian, Christian and Jewish identities due to this kind of colonialism which destroys all the identity and patriotism fundamentals such as: ethics, religion, thought, and of course language. This is why Farrah writes in her poem that she had lost her language and all the Arabic Palestinian identity that comes with, she masters many foreign languages but her mother tongue. She thinks, acts and does like the British, the French, The Portuguese poets and artists do, but she just knows little tales about the Palestinian poet Ziad RAFFIF who defends the Palestinian issue in his literary works. So, the poet Farah Chamma used the multilingualism in her poetry to draw a picture of the struggle that exists within herself, and to show us how a language can embody an identity with all its features. The multiplicity of identities may create a new identity for the writer of the source text. Thus, the translator will not deal anymore with all the different cultures that belong to the languages of the text, but he must instead, discover the new identity of this community that uses this kind of speech system i.e., the Code-Switching system.
The paper analyses the models of the Laffer curve addressed in the academic literature and strives to explain the effects which can exist in relation with the original curve and the one modified by other academicians. The effects are decomposed in a theoretical manner and statistically tested thereafter with a dataset covering the period 2000 – 2012 consisting of data for Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Germany, the Netherlands, Portugal, Austria, Greece, United Kingdom, Spain, Sweden, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Norway, Poland, the Slovak Republic and Slovenia. The main value added of the paper lies in the outcomes of the cross-sectional panel data regression testing the model derived from the theoretical decomposition of the curve as well as graphical expression of the particular effects. Based on the result of the analysis only a few of the decomposed effects could have been observed mainly the originally anticipated negative correlation of tax base and tax rate, positive correlation of labor productivity and tax base or negative correlation of tax base and unemployment level. Other effects (grey economy, tax competition, government spending, etc.) were not proven.
Cet article oppose les textes de propagande positive et ouvrière en vers français du XIXe siècle (Du Camp) à la prose lyrique et visionnaire des saint-simoniens (Duveyrier). À partir du jugement de Baudelaire sur l’incompatibilité entre poésie et didactisme, on s’interroge sur le statut et l’artialité de la poésie sociale. Du côté de la poésie ouvrière (Cent et une petites misères, Œuvre sociale), on découvre la verdeur de la langue populaire, la vis comica et la fantaisie tandis que la fable socialiste (Lachambeaudie) est remarquable par la compassion. Sous la plume des prophètes du progrès (Enfantin), les disciplines – religion, architecture, poésie, mathématiques – loin d’être cloisonnées, sont objets analogues et langages convertibles. Le poème, l’image et la cité idéale elle-même changent leurs caractéristiques et se correspondent. L’innovation sociale ne peut se dire qu’à travers la forme novatrice du poème en prose urbain et la Révolution industrielle appelle une révolution des formes poétiques. La poéticité de ces textes, inversement proportionnelle au réalisme et à la spécialisation du lexique employé, tient à un art de la suggestion et à l’essor d’un imaginaire renouvelé par la modernité technique, citadine et scientifique.
Literature (General), French literature - Italian literature - Spanish literature - Portuguese literature
El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar las percepciones de los estudiantes acerca de la integración de la igualdad de género en las prácticas educativas en la Universidad Central del Ecuador. El estudio tiene un enfoque cuantitativo y cualitativo. Participaron voluntariamente 3744 estudiantes. La recolección de la información se la realizó a través de un cuestionario con preguntas cerradas y una abierta. Los resultados evidencian que la mayoría del estudiantado percibe que hay igualdad de género en las prácticas educativas de su facultad. Sin embargo, el del 57,8% del estudiantado percibe que existen comportamientos sexistas o discriminatorios en su Facultad. Con respecto a las mejoras a implementar, el estudiantado sugiere que se de debe fomentar talleres, crear espacios de difusión de proyectos de género, promover el respeto mutuo en entre estudiantes y profesores, no al acoso al alumnado por parte del profesorado e implementar políticas de inclusión que disminuyan comportamientos sexistas.
French literature - Italian literature - Spanish literature - Portuguese literature, Social Sciences
Reprodução do memorial apresentado para o concurso de Professor Titular do Departamento de Linguística e Letras Orientais da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, no ano de 1980. O documento original possui 50 páginas datilografadas.
French literature - Italian literature - Spanish literature - Portuguese literature
doing, the editors, Constance Bantman, a specialist in French political exiles in late nineteenth-century Britain and anarchist transnationalism, and Ana Cl audia Suriani da Silva, a specialist in nineteenth-century Brazilian literature, with a sharp interest in the transatlantic circulation and globalization of printed culture, have also rescued an object from relative oblivion: the political press in London and surroundings published by expatriates, exiles, and foreigners established in Britain. The introduction reflects on the foreign political press, rather than using phrases such as the exile press or emigr e journalism, the latter proposed by Simon Burrows in his thought-provoking transnational study French Exile Journalism and European Politics, 1792–1814 (Boydell Press 2000). Bantman adopts the term “the foreign political press” to undo a longstanding myth that press titles published in a country in a foreign language are necessarily dissident; secessionist; and, therefore, dangerous for the very stability of the country in which they appear (5–7)—an assumption traditionally made about the foreign-language press in the United States in the early twentieth century. This is only one of the edited volume’s merits, however. Through stimulating case studies spanning the long nineteenth century and covering the Portuguese, Spanish, Latin American, Italian, French, German, Russian, and Indian press in Britain, readers are invited to consider the various contexts to which these periodicals belong. The result is a thorough analysis of the print culture of these various groups back home, the tensions or imagined united identity within each group, British print culture, political identities, etc. The introduction highlights the move from the local to the global that spurred the creation of a transnational public sphere through the periodical press. This study represents the first endeavor to consider the foreign political press in Britain globally by looking at the production of these communities together, rather than in isolation, as has been the case until now. Beyond internecine community tensions or cohesion, biographies of editors and journalists at the end of the volume confirm collaboration across ethnic and linguistic boundaries, especially in anarchist circles and editorial milieux. The Foreign Political Press in Nineteenth-Century London: Politics from a Distance is a valuable addition to the field of Victorian periodical studies, which is increasingly embracing the transnational turn. The reference team for The Edinburgh History of the British and Irish Press, 1800–1900, launched in 2015 and forthcoming in 2019, has announced that it is devoting a section to ethnic and language minority publications, with reference to immigration waves. In its 2017 Language Matters symposium, Transfopress, a French-based network launched in 2012 and federating scholars of the foreign-language press internationally, narrowed the focus by making the foreign-language press in Britain—rather than the foreign political press—part of its study object. Whereas most sections of The Foreign Political Press in Nineteenth-Century London address press titles published in Spanish, Italian, German, French, or even Russian in Britain, Ole B. Laursen’s chapter on “The Indian Nationalist Press in London, 1865–1914” deals with English-language titles, alerting us that not all of the foreign political press was published in a foreign language. This chapter adds further complexity to the theoretical coinage foreign political press, as Laursen reflects on ways in which the Indian Nationalist Press in London in this period was foreign in spirit (175–76), rather than in language or even, perhaps, nationality— Swan Sik Ko contended in Nationality and International Law in Asian Perspective that Indians in British colonial India tended to be regarded as “British subjects” after Britain assumed direct control in 1858 (Kluwer Academic Publishers 1990, 69). This chapter begs for further investigation of that phrase, to disclose the multiple levels of foreignness that the foreign political press in nineteenth-century London and Britain might have embodied, while still partaking in making the city more multicultural. The Foreign Political Press in Nineteenth-Century London is a mustread for anybody with a taste for the Victorian press, Victorian politics, cosmopolitanism, and immigration in late nineteenth-century London. It resolutely convinces readers that the foreign political press is a fully fledged part of the British press. It paves the way for a more global reappraisal of that press, whose extent is still largely underestimated; because of its categorization as foreign, material difficulties of production, or subversive nature, these works were less likely than English-language titles to be preserved as national heritage. This edited volume is, therefore, also bound to interest librarians dealing with the identification, categorization, and analysis of these materials.
ABSTRACT Sepharadim participated in the Hispanic vernacular culture of the Iberian Peninsula. Even in the time of al-Andalus many spoke Hispano-Romance, and their Hebrew literature belies a deep familiarity with, and love of, their native Hispano-Romance languages. However, since the early sixteenth century, the vast majority of Sepharadim have never lived in the Hispanic world. Sepharadim lived not in Spanish colonies defined by Spanish conquest, but in a network of Mediterranean Jewish communities defined by diasporic values and institutions. By contrast, conversos, those Sepharadim who converted to Catholicism, whether in Spain or later in Portugal, Italy or the New World, lived mostly in Spanish imperial lands, were officially Catholic and spoke normative Castilian. Their connections, both real and imagined, with Sephardic cultural practice put them at risk of social marginalization, incarceration, even death. Some were devout Catholics whose heritage and family history doomed them to these outcomes. Not surprisingly, many Spanish and Portugese conversos sought refuge in lands outside of Spanish control where they might live openly as Jews. This exodus (in the 1600s) from the lands formerly known as Sefarad by a generation of conversos trained in Spanish universities led to a parallel Sephardic community of conversos who re-embraced Judaism in Amsterdam and Italy. The Sephardic/converso cultural complex exceeds the boundaries of Spanish imperial geography, confuses Spanish, Portuguese, Catholic and Jewish subjectivities and defies traditional categories practiced in Hispanic studies; it is a unique example of the Global Hispanophone.
Nos anos 80, os trabalhos de Lakoff e Johnson popularizam uma nova visão da natureza da metáfora. Esta passa a ser entendida como figura do pensamento. Como parte do nosso sistema conceitual, o estudo das expressões metafóricas permite-nos flagrar os aspectos avaliativos e afetivos na constituição dos referentes discursivos, assim possibilitando-nos uma compreensão dos valores subjacentes às representações de “objetos” sociais em dado momento sócio-histórico. Com base nesse postulado, analisamos a constituição e a orientação argumentativa de expressões metafóricas de semelhança utilizadas por leitores do blog do jornalista Ricardo Noblat ao longo da discussão do caso policial Isabella Nardoni.
Philology. Linguistics, French literature - Italian literature - Spanish literature - Portuguese literature
The first time Gabriele d’Annunzio’s literary activity dealt with the classical antiquity dates back directly to 1879, when the author published his first poetic collection: Primo vere. It only includes four poetic translations from Horace Odes, but a new improved edition was republished in 1880 including twenty-three translations of nineteen Latin poems (from Catullus, Tibullus and most importantly from Horace) and of four Homeric hymns. A thorough analysis of the translations from ancient Greek allowed to discover the stylistic tendencies of the poet-translator and food for the though concerning the relationship between ancient Greek poetry and Dannunzian works.
Language and Literature, French literature - Italian literature - Spanish literature - Portuguese literature