Hasil untuk "Europe (General)"

This new book provides an article-by-article commentary on the new EU General Data Protection Regulation. Adopted in April 2016 and applicable from May 2018, the GDPR is the centrepiece of the recent reform of the EU regulatory framework for protection of personal data. It replaces the 1995 EU Data Protection Directive and has become the most significant piece of data protection legislation anywhere in the world. This book is edited by three leading authorities and written by a team of expert specialists in the field from around the EU and representing different sectors (including academia, the EU institutions, data protection authorities, and the private sector), thus providing a pan-European analysis of the GDPR. It examines each article of the GDPR in sequential order and explains how its provisions work, thus allowing the reader to easily and quickly elucidate the meaning of individual articles. An introductory chapter provides an overview of the background to the GDPR and its place in the greater structure of EU law and human rights law. Account is also taken of closely linked legal instruments, such as the Directive on Data Protection and Law Enforcement that was adopted concurrently with the GDPR, and of the ongoing work on the proposed new E-Privacy Regulation.

Paul Voigt, Axel von dem Bussche

G. Shafiee, A. Keshtkar, A. Soltani et al.

BackgroundSarcopenia, an age-related decline in muscle mass and function, is one of the most important health problems in elderly with a high rate of adverse outcomes. However, several studies have investigated the prevalence of sarcopenia in the world, the results have been inconsistent. The current systematic review and meta- analysis study was conducted to estimate the overall prevalence of sarcopenia in both genders in different regions of the world.MethodsElectronic databases, including MEDLINE (via PubMed), SCOPUS and Web of Science were searched between January 2009 and December 2016. The population- based studies that reported the prevalence of sarcopenia in healthy adults aged ≥ 60 years using the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP), the International Working Group on Sarcopenia (IWGS) and Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) definitions, were selected. According to these consensual definitions, sarcopenia was defined by presence of low muscle mass (adjusted appendicular muscle mass for height) and muscle strength (handgrip strength) or physical performance (the usual gait speed).The random effect model was used for estimation the prevalence of sarcopenia. The sex-specific prevalence of sarcopenia and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using the Binomial Exact Method. Heterogeneity was assessed by subgroup analysis.ResultsThirty- five articles met our inclusion criteria, with a total of 58404 individuals. The overall estimates of prevalence was 10% (95% CI: 8-12%) in men and 10% (95% CI: 8-13%) in women, respectively. The prevalence was higher among non- Asian than Asian individuals in both genders especially, when the Bio-electrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) was used to measure muscle mass (19% vs 10% in men; 20% vs 11% in women).ConclusionDespite the differences encountered between the studies, regarding diagnostic tools used to measure of muscle mass and different regions of the world for estimating parameters of sarcopenia, present systematic review revealed that a substantial proportion of the old people has sarcopenia, even in healthy populations. However, sarcopenia is as a consequence of the aging progress, early diagnosis can prevent some adverse outcomes.

J. Kanis, Nicholas Norton, N. Harvey et al.

Summary This scorecard summarises key indicators of the burden of osteoporosis and its management in the 27 member states of the European Union, as well as the UK and Switzerland. The resulting scorecard elements, assembled on a single sheet, provide a unique overview of osteoporosis in Europe. Introduction The scorecard for osteoporosis in Europe (SCOPE) is a project of the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) that seeks to raise awareness of osteoporosis care in Europe. The aim of this project was to develop a scorecard and background documents to draw attention to gaps and inequalities in the provision of primary and secondary prevention of fractures due to osteoporosis. Methods The SCOPE panel reviewed the information available on osteoporosis and the resulting fractures for each of the 27 countries of the European Union plus the UK and Switzerland (termed EU27+2). The information obtained covered four domains: background information (e.g. the burden of osteoporosis and fractures), policy framework, service provision and service uptake, e.g. the proportion of men and women at high risk that do not receive treatment (the treatment gap). Results There was a marked difference in fracture risk among the EU27+2 countries. Of concern was the marked heterogeneity in the policy framework, service provision and service uptake for osteoporotic fracture that bore little relation to the fracture burden. For example, despite the wide availability of treatments to prevent fractures, in the majority of the EU27+2, only a minority of patients at high risk receive treatment even after their first fracture. The elements of each domain in each country were scored and coded using a traffic light system (red, orange, green) and used to synthesise a scorecard. The resulting scorecard elements, assembled on a single sheet, provide a unique overview of osteoporosis in Europe. Conclusions The scorecard enables healthcare professionals and policy makers to assess their country’s general approach to the disease and provide indicators to inform the future provision of healthcare.

C. Hoofnagle, B. Sloot, F. Z. Borgesius

ABSTRACT This paper introduces the strategic approach to regulating personal data and the normative foundations of the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (‘GDPR’). We explain the genesis of the GDPR, which is best understood as an extension and refinement of existing requirements imposed by the 1995 Data Protection Directive; describe the GDPR’s approach and provisions; and make predictions about the GDPR’s implications. We also highlight where the GDPR takes a different approach than U.S. privacy law. The GDPR is the most consequential regulatory development in information policy in a generation. The GDPR brings personal data into a detailed regulatory regime, that will influence personal data usage worldwide. Understood properly, the GDPR encourages firms to develop information governance frameworks, to in-house data use, and to keep humans in the loop in decision making. Companies with direct relationships with consumers have strategic advantages under the GDPR, compared to third party advertising firms on the internet. To reach these objectives, the GDPR uses big sticks, structural elements that make proving violations easier, but only a few carrots. The GDPR will complicate and restrain some information-intensive business models. But the GDPR will also enable approaches previously impossible under less-protective approaches.

Dmitrii Kochkov, J. Yuval, I. Langmore et al.

General circulation models (GCMs) are the foundation of weather and climate prediction1,2. GCMs are physics-based simulators that combine a numerical solver for large-scale dynamics with tuned representations for small-scale processes such as cloud formation. Recently, machine-learning models trained on reanalysis data have achieved comparable or better skill than GCMs for deterministic weather forecasting3,4. However, these models have not demonstrated improved ensemble forecasts, or shown sufficient stability for long-term weather and climate simulations. Here we present a GCM that combines a differentiable solver for atmospheric dynamics with machine-learning components and show that it can generate forecasts of deterministic weather, ensemble weather and climate on par with the best machine-learning and physics-based methods. NeuralGCM is competitive with machine-learning models for one- to ten-day forecasts, and with the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ensemble prediction for one- to fifteen-day forecasts. With prescribed sea surface temperature, NeuralGCM can accurately track climate metrics for multiple decades, and climate forecasts with 140-kilometre resolution show emergent phenomena such as realistic frequency and trajectories of tropical cyclones. For both weather and climate, our approach offers orders of magnitude computational savings over conventional GCMs, although our model does not extrapolate to substantially different future climates. Our results show that end-to-end deep learning is compatible with tasks performed by conventional GCMs and can enhance the large-scale physical simulations that are essential for understanding and predicting the Earth system. A hybrid model that combines a differentiable solver for atmospheric dynamics with machine-learning components is capable of weather forecasts and climate simulations on par with the best machine-learning and physics-based methods.

S. Kjeldsen

Pengwei Hu, Kanika I Dharmayat, C. Stevens et al.

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background: Contemporary studies suggest that familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is more frequent than previously reported and increasingly recognized as affecting individuals of all ethnicities and across many regions of the world. Precise estimation of its global prevalence and prevalence across World Health Organization regions is needed to inform policies aiming at early detection and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) prevention. The present study aims to provide a comprehensive assessment and more reliable estimation of the prevalence of FH than hitherto possible in the general population (GP) and among patients with ASCVD. Methods: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis including studies reporting on the prevalence of heterozygous FH in the GP or among those with ASCVD. Studies reporting gene founder effects and focused on homozygous FH were excluded. The search was conducted through Medline, Embase, Cochrane, and Global Health, without time or language restrictions. A random-effects model was applied to estimate the overall pooled prevalence of FH in the general and ASCVD populations separately and by World Health Organization regions. Results: From 3225 articles, 42 studies from the GP and 20 from populations with ASCVD were eligible, reporting on 7 297 363 individuals/24 636 cases of FH and 48 158 patients/2827 cases of FH, respectively. More than 60% of the studies were from Europe. Use of the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network criteria was the commonest diagnostic method. Within the GP, the overall pooled prevalence of FH was 1:311 (95% CI, 1:250–1:397; similar between children [1:364] and adults [1:303], P=0.60; across World Health Organization regions where data were available, P=0.29; and between population-based and electronic health records–based studies, P=0.82). Studies with ≤10 000 participants reported a higher prevalence (1:200–289) compared with larger cohorts (1:365–407; P95%). Tests assessing bias were nonsignificant (P>0.3). Conclusions: With an overall prevalence of 1:311, FH is among the commonest genetic disorders in the GP, similarly present across different regions of the world, and is more frequent among those with ASCVD. The present results support the advocacy for the institution of public health policies, including screening programs, to identify FH early and to prevent its global burden.

Malashri Lal

Javier Gil Guerrero

Las relaciones entre Estados Unidos y Pakistán alcanzaron su punto más bajo durante los años de la administración Carter (1977-1981). Decidido a poner los derechos humanos y la lucha contra la proliferación nuclear en el centro de su política exterior, Carter colisionó de inmediato con la determinación de las autoridades pakistaníes a no ceder a las nuevas exigencias de Washington. El idealismo de Carter pretendía enterrar el realismo de Nixon y Kissinger y abrir un nuevo capítulo en la relación de Estados Unidos con el mundo. La invasión soviética de Afganistán, sin embargo, propició un giro abrupto en la agenda de Carter y reforzó la posición de Islamabad en su relación con Washington.

Solodkin, Yankel G.

The author ascertains the death toll among Yermak Cossacks during their acquisition of Siberia. The Synodik to Yermak Cossacks and the early Tobolsk chronicles make it possible to determine that out of 540 associates of the famous ataman, about 200–225 returned to Russia. Apart from Ivan Koltso’s detachment that perished completely, the heaviest losses were inflicted to Yermak’s troops in the battles near Basaban and Chuvashev Cape, during the expedition to the Ob-Irtysh area and from the famine in Isker in the winter of 1584/85.

Benedict Azu, Onyemaechi Ugboh

This study examines the effect of trade openness on poverty in Nigeria. The study adopts autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model to study the relationship between poverty and trade openness and other explanatory variables. Measures of poverty used for this study were per capita income and human development index. Consequently, two autoregressive models were specified and estimated in order to examine the effect of trade openness on these two measures of poverty. In the two models, trade related variables (exchange rate and foreign direct investment) were included in the model as explanatory variables along with trade openness which is the key explanatory variable in the two models. The result of the analysis shows that in the first model trade openness has significant positive effect on per capita income only in the long run, foreign direct investment has a positive effect on per capita income both in the long run and in the short run while exchange rate has a negative effect on per capita income in the short run. In the second model, trade openness does not have a significant effect on human development, foreign direct investment has a significant and positive effect on human development while exchange rate has a significant negative effect on human development. It is recommended that the government should ensure that trade policies are mutually beneficial to Nigeria and the trading partner and that some specific bilateral trade relations are well negotiated. It is also recommended that the government should create the enabling environment to attract foreign direct investment into the Nigerian economy because of the positive gains on poverty reduction as shown in the findings.

Guadalupe CARRASCO GONZÁLEZ

<p><span>This article addresses the issue of shipping trade between the American ports of the Philadelphia district and those of New England with Spain, during the turbulent years of the late eighteenth century. First, the US consular network in Spain is analyzed, which seems to depend on the perception that merchants and captains had about its usefulness. Subsequently, the analysis of the movement of ships to and from Spanish ports, the usual routes used by this traffic and the merchandise object of this trade are addressed. An exhaustive examination of the investigated sources is also made, especially the documentation of the American customs, along with commercial correspondence and the press.</span></p>

Jonas Roelens

Jorge Rolland

Memory making in schools evidences complex elaborations produced by their agents, as well as an equally heavy link with the contexts in which it is developed. Grasping this complexity is a challenge for those who study this subject. Through the analysis ofcompositionswritten by two groups of students in a public and a private high school from the city center of La Plata, I propose a survey on the mediations between youth people and recent past, and on their social representations. The definition of categories and the qualitative as well as quantitative study of their links in the interpretative and justifying dimensions show us,on the one hand, the persistence of school culture and a nationalistic and formally liberal frame of reference. On the other hand, identifications, appropriations, certain political attitudes and inventiveties with social memories are witnessed. Finally, a contrast between public and private schools is also attested.Thus, I explore memory making on the grounds in which it is elaborated and not only in relation to the values researchers have for the sake of democratization, which in turn constitute a necessary but not a sufficient condition.

Edyta Gryksa

The aim of the article is an attempt to present a dichotomic image of the Roman ruler. It is concentrated on traditional features, understood as postulated in relation to person in power, such as justice, honesty, modesty and self-control. All of them belong to the canon of virtutes Romanae, and obedience toward them was characteristic of Roman society until the fall of Carthage. Along with its fall, the disappearance of true morality can be observed. The important turning point there is the reign of Augustus who, by undertaking the revival of old values, introduces a new order to the state. The article describes the rulers of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, and the emphasis is placed on a dualistic image of their behaviour (positive versus negative) presented in ancient texts by Tacitus, Suetonius, Velleius Paterculus and Florus.

Yuri Reent

The article traces the main regularities of relations between representatives of the Russian society and the police overall, as well as the forms of professional influence of police officers, gendarmes and security departments on the different segments of population. The increase of society commitment under the conditions of the revolution of 1905–07 and World War I largely changed the focus of attention on part of the police. However, this did not always help its representatives to realize the causes for changes in the nature of crimes and to find effective measures to curb the criminality. The police could not and should not have brought to bear the active influence on the improvement of the socio-political situation in the country. It was the prerogative of the emperor and his government, where the nascent civil society had not gained effective leverage yet.

Óscar Raúl Donaire Bravo

La celebración del quinto centenario de la primera circunnavegación del mundo es una gran oportunidad para realizar estudios, con nuevos enfoques, sobre la gran gesta que hicieron. El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer aquellas fuentes primarias que se conservan en los diferentes archivos para ponerlas en valor y realizar una labor de difusión. Aquí se exponen los documentos con una vinculación directa con esta efeméride y que, gracias a ello, se favorecerá a que se publiquen nuevas investigaciones sobre aspectos poco tratados hasta ahora con una mayor calidad; pero no ayudará solo a los historiadores, sino a todas aquellas personas que, desde sus respectivas disciplinas e intereses, quieran aportar algún detalle sobre un acontecimiento tan conocido. El objetivo de este artículo es la recopilación de fuentes primarias documentales relativas a la primera circunnavegación del Globo, llevadas a cabo bajo la dirección de Magallanes y Elcano entre 1519 y 1522, para la puesta en valor de este tipo de fuentes, su difusión y favorecer nuevas corrientes de investigación.

Claudio Miranda Correa

Expediente. Revista Maracanan, Rio de Janeiro, n. 22, set.-dez. 2019.

Tomáš Vlček, Martin Jirušek