Hasil untuk "Epistemology. Theory of knowledge"

Canwen Wang, Jionghao Lin, Kenneth R. Koedinger

Knowledge Components (KCs) are foundational to adaptive learning systems, but their manual identification by domain experts is a significant bottleneck. While Large Language Models (LLMs) offer a promising avenue for automating this process, prior research has been limited to small datasets and has been shown to produce superfluous, redundant KC labels. This study addresses these limitations by first scaling a "simulated textbook" LLM prompting strategy (using GPT-4o-mini) to a larger dataset of 646 multiple-choice questions. We found that this initial automated approach performed significantly worse than an expert-designed KC model (RMSE 0.4285 vs. 0.4206) and generated an excessive number of KCs (569 vs. 101). To address the issue of redundancy, we proposed and evaluated a novel method for merging semantically similar KC labels based on their cosine similarity. This merging strategy significantly improved the model's performance; a model using a cosine similarity threshold of 0.8 achieved the best result, reducing the KC count to 428 and improving the RMSE to 0.4259. This demonstrates that while scaled LLM generation alone is insufficient, combining it with a semantic merging technique offers a viable path toward automating and refining KC identification.

Rahul Bulusu

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) now support critical infrastructure spanning transportation, energy, manufacturing, medical devices, and autonomous robotics. Their defining characteristic is the tight coupling between digital computation and continuous physical dynamics which enables sophisticated autonomy but also creates highly non-linear failure modes. Small disturbances at sensors, firmware, networks, or physical interfaces can propagate through estimation and control pipelines, producing cascading instabilities that defy traditional single-layer reasoning. This Systematization of Knowledge (SoK) unifies nearly two decades of CPS resilience research into a structured Origin-Layer-Effect (OLE) taxonomy. This taxonomy provides a cross-layer lens for understanding how faults arise, how they propagate, and why unrelated CPS failures often share deep structural similarities. By mapping representative systems including RockDrone, MAYDAY, M2MON, HACMS, Byzantine fault-tolerant control, and learning-based recovery mechanisms onto the taxonomy, we reveal patterns of coverage, persistent blind spots, and recurring pathways of fault amplification. Our analysis identifies four structural gaps that span multiple CPS domains: (1) physical-model manipulation, (2) ML-enabled control without stability guarantees, (3) semantic inconsistencies between formal models and firmware, and (4) inadequate forensic visibility across cyber and physical layers. These insights motivate new directions for resilient CPS design, integrating robust control, runtime monitoring, formal assurance, and system-level visibility.

Valery KOLISNYK, Ostap BODYK

The significance of the study is contingent upon two criteria. All objects in the actual world that can capture a researcher’s attention are inherently complicated. Furthermore, every commodity that an individual manufactures and every work of art that an individual develops are intricate in nature. The entirety of the processes that an individual perceives and instigates are intricate. Although many professions have established techniques for constructing intricate entities, there currently exists no universally applicable concepts or methodologies for comprehensively studying, designing, producing, or generating complicated items. The objective of this work is two-fold: firstly, to develop a comprehensive methodology for analysing complex synthetic processes, and secondly, to propose universal models or synthesis mechanisms that can be used to systematically derive specific process synthesis algorithms for various practical applications. The ability to utilize generalized models and synthesis techniques is highly advantageous when designing realistic computer programming. The authors introduced a comprehensive process model and enumerated its characteristics. Using this concept, techniques for creating and suggesting processes have been formulated and put forward. The concept of a decomposition diagram enables the systematic design of intricate multi-level hierarchical processes. The multitude of processes and the intricacy of their combination give rise to the notion of formulating a synthesis theory. The acquired results can be regarded as the initial stage in the construction of such a theory. The authors’ proposed methods of process synthesis enable the deductive derivation of useful algorithms for application software. Although the concept of the breakdown scheme and synthesis procedures is relatively straightforward, this advancement has been suggested for the first time. In order to further this project, it is necessary to augment the generalized process model with supplementary traits and properties, as well as to further refine the synthesis procedures. A proposal is being made to initiate the development of a theory for synthesizing a comprehensive plan using the decomposition scheme and methods of synthesis and decomposition.

Alexander Streltsov

A key problem in quantum information science is to determine optimal protocols for the interconversion of entangled states shared between remote parties. While for two parties a large number of results in this direction is available, the multipartite setting still remains a major challenge. In this article, this problem is addressed by extending the resource theory of entanglement for multipartite systems beyond the standard framework of local operations and classical communication. Specifically, we consider transformations capable of introducing a small, controllable increase of entanglement of a state, with the requirement that the increase can be made arbitrarily small. We demonstrate that in this adjusted framework, the transformation rates between multipartite states are fundamentally dictated by the bipartite entanglement entropies of the respective quantum states. Remarkably, this approach allows the reduction of tripartite entanglement to its bipartite analog, indicating that every pure tripartite state can be reversibly synthesized from a suitable number of singlets distributed between pairs of parties.

Qinggang Zhang, Junnan Dong, Keyu Duan et al.

Knowledge Graph (KG) errors introduce non-negligible noise, severely affecting KG-related downstream tasks. Detecting errors in KGs is challenging since the patterns of errors are unknown and diverse, while ground-truth labels are rare or even unavailable. A traditional solution is to construct logical rules to verify triples, but it is not generalizable since different KGs have distinct rules with domain knowledge involved. Recent studies focus on designing tailored detectors or ranking triples based on KG embedding loss. However, they all rely on negative samples for training, which are generated by randomly replacing the head or tail entity of existing triples. Such a negative sampling strategy is not enough for prototyping practical KG errors, e.g., (Bruce_Lee, place_of_birth, China), in which the three elements are often relevant, although mismatched. We desire a more effective unsupervised learning mechanism tailored for KG error detection. To this end, we propose a novel framework - ContrAstive knowledge Graph Error Detection (CAGED). It introduces contrastive learning into KG learning and provides a novel way of modeling KG. Instead of following the traditional setting, i.e., considering entities as nodes and relations as semantic edges, CAGED augments a KG into different hyper-views, by regarding each relational triple as a node. After joint training with KG embedding and contrastive learning loss, CAGED assesses the trustworthiness of each triple based on two learning signals, i.e., the consistency of triple representations across multi-views and the self-consistency within the triple. Extensive experiments on three real-world KGs show that CAGED outperforms state-of-the-art methods in KG error detection. Our codes and datasets are available at https://github.com/Qing145/CAGED.git.

Valéria Marques

Environmental perception can be defined as the notion of perception applied to the relationships of individuals and communities with the environment. The interactivity together with the quality of environmental perception are essential elements for animal life. However, in its interaction with the environment, man causes several ecological imbalances, which leads to stress for himself and harmful impacts on nature. However, if man is responsible for several environmental problems, he is also the way to the solution. Considering the importance of the theme, this article aims to discuss the humanenvironment interaction, using as reference transdisciplinary interest as a proposal of new strategies for the emergence of an ecological, ethical, critical, supportive and responsible individual. The bibliographical research was used as a research design and the epistemological data based on the Complexity Theory/ network of knowledge and the Non-Ordinary Epistemology / Non-Trivial Isomorphic Mosaic Theory, which allows the study of reality as something in permanent movement, being seen as unity-diversity. The data collected allow us to infer that environmental perception is closely related to environmental awareness and that the more conscious the better the quality of interaction between man and environment. The interactive behaviors are the result of the perceptions, of the cognitive processes; the judgment and the expectation of the course of the environmental events stand out. It is understood that there is no neutrality in manenvironment interactivity, because even in apathy or in the absence of explicit psychological manifestation, there is a political-ideological direction. It is concluded that the autonomy of this relationship is based not only on cognitive development, but also on self-knowledge, on the assumption of responsibility and on social maturity.

S. S. Sleptsova, S. I. Malov, E. D. Savilov et al.

Relevance. In 2016, a resolution was adopted at the 69th World Health Assembly, the goal of which is to eliminate parenteral hepatitis in the world by 2030. In the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), as in the Russian Federation as a whole, it is necessary to determine the starting positions for the prevalence and incidence of hepatitis B, C, and D, as the leading factors in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Aim: to give a clinical and epidemiological characterization of hepatocellular carcinoma in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) at the initial stage of the program for the elimination of viral hepatitis for subsequent analysis of its effectiveness. Materials & Methods. A clinical and epidemiological analysis of morbidity, mortality, cumulative survival in hepatocellular carcinoma in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) over a 10-year period (2009-2018) was carried out. Predictors for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma were analyzed based on primary medical records and a survey of 125 patients. Results and discussion. The incidence rate of hepatocellular carcinoma in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) over the past 10 years is 2.0 3.9 times higher than the corresponding indicator in the Russian Federation. The highest mortality from the studied pathology is noted in the Central and Polar zones of the republic. According to the materials of the cancer registry, the median cumulative survival of patients with carcinoma was 13.7 months from the date of diagnosis, which is significantly higher than ten years ago. The main risk factors have been identified, among which the leading role is played by infection with hepatitis C, B, and D. viruses. Also, alcohol abuse, diabetes mellitus, overweight, and smoking are important. Conclusion. The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) is a hyperendemic region of the Russian Federation in terms of the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma with a predominance of the male population in its structure. The rate of decrease in the incidence of liver cancer in the country will depend on the effectiveness of the regional program for the elimination of viral hepatitis and the decrease in the incidence of cirrhosis of the liver of non-infectious etiology.

article Editorial

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Amanuel Alambo, Manas Gaur, Krishnaprasad Thirunarayan

The COVID-19 pandemic is having a serious adverse impact on the lives of people across the world. COVID-19 has exacerbated community-wide depression, and has led to increased drug abuse brought about by isolation of individuals as a result of lockdown. Further, apart from providing informative content to the public, the incessant media coverage of COVID-19 crisis in terms of news broadcasts, published articles and sharing of information on social media have had the undesired snowballing effect on stress levels (further elevating depression and drug use) due to uncertain future. In this position paper, we propose a novel framework for assessing the spatio-temporal-thematic progression of depression, drug abuse, and informativeness of the underlying news content across the different states in the United States. Our framework employs an attention-based transfer learning technique to apply knowledge learned on a social media domain to a target domain of media exposure. To extract news articles that are related to COVID-19 communications from the streaming news content on the web, we use neural semantic parsing, and background knowledge bases in a sequence of steps called semantic filtering. We achieve promising preliminary results on three variations of Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) model. We compare our findings against a report from Mental Health America and the results show that our fine-tuned BERT models perform better than vanilla BERT. Our study can benefit epidemiologists by offering actionable insights on COVID-19 and its regional impact. Further, our solution can be integrated into end-user applications to tailor news for users based on their emotional tone measured on the scale of depressiveness, drug abusiveness, and informativeness.

Ali Hürriyetoğlu, Erdem Yörük, Deniz Yüret et al.

We describe a gold standard corpus of protest events that comprise of various local and international sources from various countries in English. The corpus contains document, sentence, and token level annotations. This corpus facilitates creating machine learning models that automatically classify news articles and extract protest event-related information, constructing knowledge bases which enable comparative social and political science studies. For each news source, the annotation starts on random samples of news articles and continues with samples that are drawn using active learning. Each batch of samples was annotated by two social and political scientists, adjudicated by an annotation supervisor, and was improved by identifying annotation errors semi-automatically. We found that the corpus has the variety and quality to develop and benchmark text classification and event extraction systems in a cross-context setting, which contributes to the generalizability and robustness of automated text processing systems. This corpus and the reported results will set the currently lacking common ground in automated protest event collection studies.

Raymond Anneborg

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the possibilities for computing machinery, or AI agents, to know and to possess knowledge. This is done mainly from a virtue epistemology perspective and definition of knowledge. However, this inquiry also shed light on the human condition, what it means for a human to know, and to possess knowledge. The paper argues that it is possible for an AI agent to know and examines this from both current state-of-the-art in artificial intelligence as well as from the perspective of what the future AI development might bring in terms of superintelligent AI agents.

Paola Adriana Bayle

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo aportar a una línea de investigación en torno al exilio en tanto fenómeno transnacional. A partir del análisis del exilio chileno en tierras británicas como consecuencia del golpe militar que derrocó a Salvador Allende (1970-1973), indagaremos en las marcas que este exilio dejó entre quienes se comprometieron en actividades de solidaridad con el pueblo chileno. De manera particular, nos enfocaremos en un emprendimiento editorial nacido en 1977 en Londres, el Latin American Bureau, porque creemos que materializa las transferencias culturales y simbólicas, entre las comunidades exiliadas y las de acogida. Proponemos una mirada que contemple las múltiples aristas en torno al exilio y, en este caso concreto, el impacto que una comunidad forzada a dejar su patria generó en el espacio de recepción

Scott Scheall, William N. Butos, T. McQuade

Abstract We begin with a process-oriented model of science according to which signals concerning scientific reputation serve both to coordinate the plans of individuals in the scientific domain and to ensure that the knowledge that emerges from interactions between scientists and the environment is reliable. Under normal circumstances, scientific order emerges from the publication–citation–reputation (PCR) process of science. We adopt and extend F. A. Hayek's epistemology according to which knowledge affords successful plan-based action and we employ this in the development of an epistemic theory of social order. We propose that external interferences with the PCR process have distorting effects on scientific knowledge and, thus, on scientific and social order more broadly. We support this claim by describing the history of the US federal government's development of standardized dietary guidelines for American consumers and its concomitant interference in the PCR process of nutritional science. We conclude that this interference contributed to social disorder in dietary science and beyond.

Maria Immacolata Vassallo de Lopes

Within the milestone of the 30 years of the book De los medios a las mediaciones, we intend to make a kind of diurne map of the work of Jesus Martin-Barbero. We propose to demonstrate that Martin-Barbero’s communicational thought does not conform to a theory of reception nor to a theory of mediations, but it constitutes a specific theory of communication, characterized by its own epistemology, methodology and concepts, which we call Barberian theory of communication. We intend to demonstrate it through three axes of analysis: 1) the epistemology of communication, with the metaphor of the epistemological chill that makes the rupture in the communicational knowledge; 2) the cartography as a method to promote new parameters of knowledge representation; 3) the theoretical-methodological maps that are the “nocturne map” and four maps of the mediations.

Beatriz Revelles-Benavente

The paper will discuss the theory of Iris van der Tuin’s New Materialism together with Karen Barad’s Agential Realism. The purpose of this approach is to find differing practices that help to construct a turn to what is considered a relational ontology in which ethics, epistemology, ontology and methodology merged into each other. This new paradigm is a transversal approach that generates genealogies of minoritarian philosophies and feminist theories in order to approach matter as a dynamic, agentive and relational entanglement in which human and non-human practices intra-act equally. As a result, a different point of departure is produced in order to generate knowledge, since instead of thinking through separate entities, new materialism and agential realism depart from the relations of those entities understanding them as dynamic processes. Apart from an active approach to matter, these theories are framed under an affirmative approach to theory making, queering the traditional sense of linearity and moving away from dichotomical binaries.

E. G. Simonova, S. A. Kartavyaya, S. R. Raichich et al.

The improvement of epizootic-epidemiological surveillance of anthrax in the Russian Federation acquires particular urgency in modern conditions. The aim of the study was to assess the current  situation of anthrax in the Russian Federation and to develop and implement effective technologies of epizootic-epidemiological  surveillance. The materials of the study were data from official  statistics, information-analytical and archival materials; GIS  «Anthrax» data and The Cadastre of the settlements characterized  by persistent risk of anthrax in the Russian Federation, as well as  materials of publications and results of own researches. The modern  manifestations of both epizootic and epidemic processes of anthrax  in the Russian Federation, characterized by the occurrence of  outbreaks during the reduce in incidence of anthrax among humans  and animals, were revealed. The directions of the current  surveillance system have been determined.

M. C. Beni, Marutscka Moesch

: This essay addresses the material and conceptual field of Tourism, having as its thesis the object of science. Its objective is to analyze the fragility of theories of empirical induction, and the positivist attitude, where an explicit subordination of the imaginary occurs through the observation of fact. A method of the new synthesis is transdisciplinarity, an analytical attitude of rooted theorization, based on comprehensive sociology and Edgar Morin’s Complexity Theory, which leads to a derived epistemology in which the relation of subject/object is reconstructed in an organic and complex way, establishing the field of psychogenesis and sociogenesis of tourist knowledge, and recovering the human values in the scientific discourse of Tourism through the Theory of Complexity. The result of this new epistemological perspective is the proposition of an ecosystemic model of Tourism.

André Jobim Martins

Na autobiografia Minha formação, publicada em 1900, Joaquim Nabuco expõe em diversas passagens uma “instabilidade” entre o Brasil e a Europa, que é também uma oposição entre particular e universal, entre sentimento e pensamento. Este artigo procura analisar alguns desdobramentos do dilema, a fim de melhor compreender, por um lado, suas diversas configurações, dentro do livro, e, por outro, com o subsídio adicional de outras fontes, observar como o referido dilema se manifestou em certos momentos da trajetória do político, escritor e diplomata pernambucano. Na seção final o leitor encontrará uma interpretação do tema como instância particular de uma problemática mais abrangente em torno do nexo entre subjetividade e formações mentais.

Milena Fernandes Oliveira

Este artigo pretende um estudo sobre alguns dos artigos escritos por Hipólito José da Costa (1774-1823) e veiculados no Correio Brasiliense entre 1808 e 1823. O recorte temático visa à uma relação entre a concepção de nação e as ideias econômicas de Hipólito da Costa. Utilizando de várias experiências, como a viagem à Filadélfia em 1798, a prisão nos cárceres da Inquisição Portuguesa entre 1804 e 1805 e a complexa formação na Universidade de Coimbra entre 1795 e 1797, Hipólito da Costa fundou o Correio Braziliense em 1808. O periódico, que circulou entre 1808 e 1823, acompanhou os principais momentos da política externa do império luso-brasileiro, desde a chegada a Coroa Portuguesa até a Independência do Brasil. Em 1820, com a Revolução do Porto e a proposta de recolonização do Brasil, Hipólito passou a defender um projeto de nação sui generis para o Brasil, objeto de discussão desse trabalho.