Hasil untuk "Economic theory. Demography"

The modern business environment depends on green innovation to achieve sustainable growth through environmentally friendly products that boost both operational effectiveness and market competencies. Research explains how external environmental pressures relate to green innovation measures alongside their effects on firm performance and continues to grow more because current studies show insufficient evidence of these interdependent connections. The study examines multiple elements affecting green innovation performance through external influences to help organizational leaders, together with policymakers, bring sustainable practices into an environmentally aware business market. This study investigated the influence of green innovation on firm performance only through the subjects of management engagement, customer demand for sustainability, and supply chain risk. Optimizing green innovation is a strategic process aimed at increasing the long-term resilience and sustainable performance of an organization. The study draws from theories of green innovation, sustainability, and firm performance, hypothesizing interactions among green practices, managerial support, consumer preferences, and supply chain dynamics. The study combines environmental policies, employee involvement, and external collaboration to enhance its theoretical framework. The quantitative method of PLS-SEM was used to analyse data gathered from 621 companies in Pakistan. This approach uses structured questions to measure constructs, which include green product innovation, green process innovation, management commitment and firm performance. Green product and process innovation drives the performance of a firm, with both management and consumers in need of sustainability. However, supply chain risks reduce the impacts. The findings imply that sustainability in central business and supply chain shortcomings are three factors that need to be considered. The research includes empirical findings related to green innovation. It can help managers develop sustainable policies that are performing well in coping with market requirements and reducing risk. It also shows companies’ contributions to the progress of environmental goals. The study reconnects determinants and impediments of green innovation; it highlights the influence on the firm and provides principal implemented indications towards the aim of sustainable exercise.

Egil Diau

The origins of economic behavior remain unresolved-not only in the social sciences but also in AI, where dominant theories often rely on predefined incentives or institutional assumptions. Contrary to the longstanding myth of barter as the foundation of exchange, converging evidence from early human societies suggests that reciprocity-not barter-was the foundational economic logic, enabling communities to sustain exchange and social cohesion long before formal markets emerged. Yet despite its centrality, reciprocity lacks a simulateable and cognitively grounded account. Here, we introduce a minimal behavioral framework based on three empirically supported cognitive primitives-individual recognition, reciprocal credence, and cost--return sensitivity-that enable agents to participate in and sustain reciprocal exchange, laying the foundation for scalable economic behavior. These mechanisms scaffold the emergence of cooperation, proto-economic exchange, and institutional structure from the bottom up. By bridging insights from primatology, developmental psychology, and economic anthropology, this framework offers a unified substrate for modeling trust, coordination, and economic behavior in both human and artificial systems. For an interactive visualization of the framework, see: https://egil158.github.io/cogfoundations-econ/

Hugo Spring-Ragain

This paper introduces the concept of an economic action constant, denoted ___ E , as a structural analogue to Planck's reduced constant ___ in quantum mechanics. Building on canonical quantization, we define ___ E as the fundamental scale of irreducible uncertainty in macroeconomic dynamics through non-commuting observables ( X, PX ), derive uncertainty relations and a semi-classical limit, and study spectral properties under a double-well economic potential. Numerical simulations show that ___ E governs regime transitions between deterministic, probabilistic, and highly unstable dynamics, with topological changes in phase-space and bifurcations emerging under harmonic modulation of ___ E . We propose a systemic economic interpretation linking the magnitude of ___ E to expectation coordination, institutional stability, and structural volatility, and provide historical analogies (post-war reconstruction, speculative bubbles, systemic crises). We finally outline an empirical strategy to estimate ___ E from macro time series and agent-based simulations, opening a path toward a taxonomy of economic regimes under radical uncertainty.

Teacher Alaa Yahya Younis Saeed

This research addresses the use of computers in supervisory systems within Iraqi commercial banks, by identifying the extent to which these procedures are applied in light of the use of computers, as the theoretical aspect was followed by the descriptive approach of the same title, as the first requirement addresses: the theoretical framework of the internal control system, The second requirement: Problems and limits of the use of the electronic computer. The third requirement: The impact of the use of the electronic computer on the components of internal control, while the practical and analytical aspect was addressed, which is complementary to the theoretical aspect, through a questionnaire and collecting the opinions of the sample community, and then they were analyzed and results and recommendations were reached.

Michaela ATANASSOVA

This study employs Dynamic Conditional Correlation (DCC) multivariate GARCH model to comparatively analyse the impact of uncertainty (VIX, VSTOXX) on liquidity dynamics across the US (Dow Jones, Oil) and EU (STOXX, Oil) markets, focusing on asset classes critical to capitalintensive sectors (equity and crude oil liquidity). Results reveal a fundamental structural divergence in cross-asset relationships. The US market exhibits a strong, persistent positive correlation between Equity and Oil liquidity (ranging 0.20 to 0.50), indicating a highly integrated US energy-equity relationship. In contrast, the EU market maintains a near-zero correlation in this pair, suggesting greater structural separation and enhanced diversification potential. Furthermore, systemic uncertainty, while weakly correlated with liquidity during quiescent periods, only triggers temporary negative liquidity shocks during acute fluctuations.

Dante Ayaviri Nina, Gabith Quispe Fernández, Alba Isabel Maldonado Núñez et al.

Los sistemas productivos, en el contexto rural, adquieren una importancia desde la perspectiva social y económica; su abordaje como un fenómeno de estudio permite observar e identificar debilidades y oportunidades en el accionar de la actividad productiva local. Así, el sistema productivo del cantón Guano en Ecuador es un conjunto estructurado de actividades agrícolas, pecuarias y, en menor proporción, industrial. La investigación pretende determinar las estrategias de generación de unidades de negocios en la actividad productiva rural del cantón Guano, se apoya en un método de investigación no experimental, de tipo descriptivo, y asume un enfoque cualitativo y cuantitativo. La muestra fue de 244 productores de una población de 21 851. Para la obtención de datos, se aplicó una encuesta con preguntas de tipo dicotómica, estructurada y de escala de Likert. Los resultados reflejan que la organización familiar, la inversión y los incentivos al sector productivo rural son las estrategias que contribuyen de forma significativa en el establecimiento de unidades productivas. En consecuencia, es relevante la importancia de las unidades productivas en el desarrollo rural del cantón Guano.

Given the significant role that banks play in the global economy and the inherent risks they encounter in their day-to-day operations, studying operational risk management in banks is crucial. The purpose of this research is to comprehend the operational risk management challenges in banks, mainly focusing on human errors and management response to them, as human factors often play an important role in operational failures. The aim of this paper is to investigate the governance cultures and operational risk management strategies of banks, to identify the gaps in risk mitigation activities and controls and to determine the improvements needed to minimize human errors. This research aims to provide prospective operational risk management solutions for banks by gathering and analysing survey data from finance sector employees worldwide as well as empirical information, making the topic practical. Factors influencing operational risk management form the basis of the qualitative method used in this study. The main findings indicate that management’s attitude towards human errors and the role of risk governance structures, such as risk committees and internal control functions, have significant relationships with the reasons for human errors in banks and thus have an impact on operational risk management in banks. Banks need to examine their risk management frameworks; evaluate the standard reactions of bank management to human error, such as root cause analysis, incident investigation, and planning for corrective action; strengthen their working policies; integrate more lessons learned from sessions and training; re-evaluate their internal controls; and analyse their escalation procedures. Studying management response to human errors and key controls in banks has several practical implications for organizations. First, insights from this research can help banks enhance their risk management practices, identify their weaknesses, improve their internal controls, and put preventive measures in place to reduce the possibility and consequences of human errors. Second, a positive safety culture can be promoted by encouraging open collaboration, accountability and learning from mistakes. Third, enhancing employee improvement and training can be achieved by understanding the needs of employee development based on the insights from this study. Finally, studying management responses to human errors can help banks oversee compliance with regulatory reporting standards, investigation protocols, and corrective measure specifications.

Dietmar Bauer

When using vector autoregressive (VAR) models for approximating time series, a key step is the selection of the lag length. Often this is performed using information criteria, even if a theoretical justification is lacking in some cases. For stationary processes, the asymptotic properties of the corresponding estimators are well documented in great generality in the book Hannan and Deistler (1988). If the data-generating process is not a finite-order VAR, the selected lag length typically tends to infinity as a function of the sample size. For invertible vector autoregressive moving average (VARMA) processes, this typically happens roughly proportional to <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo form="prefix">log</mo><mi>T</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>. The same approach for lag length selection is also followed in practice for more general processes, for example, unit root processes. In the I(1) case, the literature suggests that the behavior is analogous to the stationary case. For I(2) processes, no such results are currently known. This note closes this gap, concluding that information-criteria-based lag length selection for I(2) processes indeed shows similar properties to in the stationary case.

Т. В. Ковальова

Стаття присвячена дослідженню процесу постачання, який є складною і складноорганізованою діяльністю, що включає в себе придбання товарів, матеріалів і послуг для задоволення потреб підприємства. Мета статті  передбачає дослідження ролі обліку в процесі постачання. Доведено, що облік постачання дозволяє забезпечити належний контроль над поповненням товарно-матеріальних цінностей на складах, зберіганням і забезпеченням їх безперебійної господарської діяльності. Ефективне постачання товарів та матеріалів є важливим чинником успіху підприємства і дозволяє забезпечити його конкурентоспроможність на ринку. Запропоновані шляхи покращення обліку в процесі постачання. Серед пропозицій: автоматизація системи обліку процесу постачання; проведення як моніторингу забезпеченості запасів на підприємства так і моніторингу постачальників з точки зору якості, ціни та доставки ними матеріальних цінностей. Для стабільної роботи підприємства запропоновано укладання довгострокових контрактів та проведення регулярного аналізу та оцінки ефективності системи постачання. Вказано на значення аналітичного обліку для здійснення ефективного процесу постачання.

Mădălina Maria Brezuleanu, Carmen Olguta Brezuleanu

Wellbeing is an indicator of the quality of life and depending on the duration and intensity of wellbeing we can characterize how our existence as human beings is of a better or less good quality. The COVID-19 pandemic has left everyone on the planet facing issues they've never faced before. We insist on the negative psychological implications. Well-beinghas been known since 1561 and means “the state of being happy, healthy or prosperous: WELL-BEING” (Merriam-Webster.comdictionary). SWB, in fact, is “a broad category of phenomena that includes people's emotional responses, domain satisfactions, and global judgments of life satisfaction” (Diener et al., 1999: p. 277). Specifically, the reported SWB consists of two distinct components (cf. Diener, 1994: p. 106): an affective part, which refers to both the presence of a positive affect (PA) and the absence of negative affect (NA), and a cognitive part (Diener, 2000, Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index, American Psychologist, 55(1), 34).

Denis A. Grishin, Egor P. Nedorostov

Introduction. In this article, the authors analyze the specifics of the criminal liability of minors depending on the scene of crime. The authors cite the current statistics of the Information Center of the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in the Sverdlovsk region, which demonstrates the prevalence of crimes against public safety by minors in the territory of the city of Ekaterinburg in comparison with other cities of the Sverdlovsk region. The data obtained made it possible to identify the reasons for committing crimes against public safety in the territory of the city of Ekaterinburg, which, in their opinion, should be taken into account when differentiating and individualizing the criminal liability of the minors. According to the authors, the need to follow a differentiated approach to the criminal liability of minors is a relevant issue, which is expressed in the specifics of punishment imposing, procedure for applying compulsory educational measures, exemption from criminal liability, as well as the calculation of the statute of limitations, taking into account the crime scene. At the same time, the issue of no less importance is the one of executing punishment imposed on minors to achieve the criminal liability goals. Materials and methods. As part of the scientific research, a set of general scientific and private scientific methods was used, including a special legal, statistical, comparative methods and hermeneutics. Results. The authors identify and propose to take into account a number of significant factors affecting the efficiency of the criminal legal system in relation to minors (crime scenes). On this basis, recommendations have been developed, including the ones on changing regulatory framework and the application practice. It is revealed that the approach to differentiation corresponds to global practice, so a number of key principles of criminal responsibility of the minors in foreign legislation are given.

Iia Chudayeva, Boris Dmitruk

The authors of the article analyze the reasons for the rapid development and implementation of artificial intelligence achievements, which opens up great opportunities for solving problems in many industries and is a reliable assistant to people in everyday life. The article analyses different approaches to the definition of "artificial intelligence", possible threats to humanity from its implementation, and focuses on the need to increase the responsibility of developers of programs, algorithms, systems and strengthen control over the work of users of equipment and devices with elements of artificial intelligence. People around the world have long been dependent on technical inventions and devices. The achievements of artificial intelligence provide people with convenience and comfortable conditions. The development of intelligent machines is an important area of scientific and technological progress. Artificial intelligence technologies contribute to solving many problems related to various areas of life, including the economy. Today, artificial intelligence is a global trend in technology development and innovation. Advances in computing power, the ability to collect and process huge amounts of information, and instant access to the latest algorithms are important prerequisites for the evolution of intelligent technologies. The development of sophisticated computers and robots poses risks to the world’s people. Without the use of artificial intelligence, the development of scientific and technological progress is impossible. Key words: artificial intelligence, the achievement of civilization, a threat to humanity, strengthening control over the operation of machines. Therefore, the development of intelligent machines and devices must continue, but with the warnings of global authorities who warn of the existing threat to humanity.

Yuxin Hu

This article presents an analysis of China's economic evolution amidst demographic changes from 1990 to 2050, offering valuable insights for academia and policymakers. It uniquely intertwines various economic theories with empirical data, examining the impact of an aging population, urbanization, and family dynamics on labor, demand, and productivity. The study's novelty lies in its integration of Classical, Neoclassical, and Endogenous Growth theories, alongside models like Barro and Sala-i-Martin, to contextualize China's economic trajectory. It provides a forward-looking perspective, utilizing econometric methods to predict future trends, and suggests practical policy implications. This comprehensive approach sheds light on managing demographic transitions in a global context, making it a significant contribution to the field of demographic economics.

Andrii Babii, Eric Ghysels, Jonas Striaukas

This paper surveys the recent advances in machine learning method for economic forecasting. The survey covers the following topics: nowcasting, textual data, panel and tensor data, high-dimensional Granger causality tests, time series cross-validation, classification with economic losses.

Edi Karni

Suna Şahin

Not many analyses have been conducted on net errors and omissions in publications on Economics which is relevant to the origins of net errors and omissions and their effects on the balance of payments. There is no clarified answer to indicate the degree to which errors and omissions are acceptable. Each country has its characteristics, and it is tough to generalize the reasons behind the balance of payment mismatches. This research intends to study the relationship between selected countries’ (India, Singapore, Malaysia, United States, Uruguay, Philippines) balance of payment accounts ‘net errors and Omissions’ account of macroeconomic variables (GDP, trade volume considered as import and export figures) in the years of 1980-2018. The data for this study were collected from the World Bank and IMF international financial statistics and the selected countries’ annual data. In the study, panel data analysis was preferred after stasis analysis of the data. According to the results obtained, while trade volüme harms net errors and omissions, the increases in GDP are being affected positively in that direction. The inconsistencies are often unknown, although in some cases, explanations that require a review of statistics emerge later. Timing gaps, insufficient coverage, or methodological issues can cause imbalances. By finding the reason for the existence of the net error and omissions account, that is, its source, the quality of the balance of payments statistics can be further improved. Data sources should be chosen well, and laws and penal policies should be clearly stated to avoid problems.

Alanna Santos de Oliveira, Carlos Alves do Nascimento

O estudo do desenvolvimento econômico frequentemente tem sido abordado a partir de uma ótica distributiva, sobretudo com a ascensão das teorias do crescimento com distribuição de renda pós-keynesianas. Apesar disso, menor atenção é atribuída aos aspectos culturais e valorativos em torno dos quais a questão do desenvolvimento e suas bases distributivistas estão colocadas. Tendo em vista essa lacuna na literatura econômica sobre o tema, este trabalho visa apontar a perspectiva da cultura, da racionalidade e dos valores ao exame do desenvolvimento econômico associado à questão distributiva, inclusive, perpassando a estruturação de classes. Para tanto lança-se mão da pesquisa bibliográfica concentrada, primeiramente, nas obras de Thorstein Veblen, James Duesenberrry e Pierre Bourdieu, e, em seguida, na obra de Celso Furtado, apontando-se, inclusive, como alguns dos autores anteriores fornecem bases teóricas para a elaboração de sua teoria do desenvolvimento e subdesenvolvimento, centrada na noção de cultura.

Frans Burman

THOMAS McKEOWN, The modern rise ofpopulation, London, Edward Arnold, 1976, 8vo, [3 11.], pp. 168, illus., £7.95. One of the major problems in historical demography, and yet the most difficult of solution, is to explain why the population of West Europe has risen in the last three centuries. Professor McKeown's solution is well known and he presents it here again, in greater detail and with more data. He argues that advances in therapy could not have been responsible, because certain diseases, such as pulmonary tuberculosis, were on the decline long before the introduction of modern therapeutic agents and procedures. Nor can increasing fertility be indicted. McKeown's claim is that a steadily improving state of nutrition, with a resultant increasing resistance to disease, is the factor. The problem is, however, of great complexity because even though more food was available, there were also more people to eat it. Moreover, as Professor McKeown admits, we do not know if greater availability meant that individuals were actually better fed. He suggests that a declining birth rate, better and extended agricultural methods and improved environmental conditions all help to support his theory. His book is provocative and will be attacked by economic and social historians and by demographers. They will complain that he has been too rigid in his concepts and overlooked additional responsible factors for population increases. Some may argue that he has dismissed certain medical procedures, such as inoculation, too readily, and others may not agree that pre-nineteenth-century vital statistics are altogether inadequate as is usually claimed. Nevertheless this is a thought-provoking book, and the first of its kind to attempt a comprehensive explanation for a phenomenon which is of importance to each one of us today.

Shlomit Hadad, Hagit Meishar-Tal, I. Blau

Abstract This study examined the level of parental resistance to the use of smartphones in schools, as well as the predictors and the factors underlying parental resistance. Data was collected from a sample of 220 parents of elementary and secondary school students who completed an online questionnaire. The participants ranked four different factors for resisting and rejecting the use of smartphones in schools: social, environmental, economic and pedagogical. Parents’ actual resistance level was also measured, from “no resistance”, through “passive resistance”, to “active resistance”. Furthermore, the study examined the association between parental resistance and four parenting styles: authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and uninvolved, as well as associations with demographic and socioeconomic variables. About two-thirds of the parents expressed resistance toward the use of smartphones in school, and more than half of them expressed active resistance to such use. Social and economic factors were reported to underlie resistance to the use of smartphones in school to a great extent, whereas pedagogical resistance factor was reported to a low extent in all parental resistance levels Nevertheless, pedagogical and social resistance factors predicted a high level of parental resistance. Authoritative parenting style was found to be a negative predictor of parental resistance. Implications of the findings are discussed in relation to educational theory and the challenges of policy-makers who cope with parental resistance towards the integration of smartphones in school learning.

R. S. Vykhodets

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is one of the central technologies of the fourth industrial revolution. A significant part of the production of surplus value in the XXI century is associated with the mastery and widespread introduction of technologies, which contributes to the consolidation of technological competition as an object of state policy and an important component of international relations. The European Union today occupies a leading position in the field of technology development and Since 2018 the EU is in the process of forming a unified strategy in the field of AI, the directions, principles and approaches of which are the main subject of this article.The study is primarily based on the analysis of official documents included in the EU Strategy on AI: White Paper, Coordination Plan, Proposal for a Regulation establishing harmonized rules for artificial intelligence in the EU, documents of the expert groups of the European Commission, etc. The analysis of the EU policy to promote its own vision and approaches at the international level is based on theoretical models of the concept of “soft power” and the neo-institutional approach.Against the backdrop of fierce global technological competition, the EU was one of the first in the world to form a holistic strategy for the development of AI technologies. This makes it possible not only to strengthen its own position as a world leader in the field of innovative technologies, but also to significantly expand the intra-European and international integration agenda, as well as to supplement the European arsenal of soft power with tools to promote its own norms, standards and ethical principles of AI development at the global level.The key directions of the EU AI Policy are identified and disclosed. These include investments in technologies, creating conditions for their development, promoting development and implementation, creating an educational and regulatory environment, promoting the European vision of AI technology development at the international level. The authors considered key mechanisms of political regulation at the EU level, forms of interaction between stakeholders, approaches to promoting common principles in the field of ethics and security of AI technologies within the EU and at the international level.