Hasil untuk "Economic history and conditions"

Jason Hartline

A fundamental challenge for modern economics is to understand what happens when actors in an economy are replaced with algorithms. Like rationality has enabled understanding of outcomes of classical economic actors, no-regret can enable the understanding of outcomes of algorithmic actors. This review article covers the classical computer science literature on no-regret algorithms to provide a foundation for an overview of the latest economics research on no-regret algorithms, focusing on the emerging topics of manipulation, statistical inference, and algorithmic collusion.

Almaz Abebe, Shenglan Yuanb, Daniel Tesfay et al.

This paper enhances the classical Solow model of economic growth by integrating Lévy noise, a type of non-Gaussian stochastic perturbation, to capture the inherent uncertainties in economic systems. The extended model examines the impact of these random fluctuations on capital stock and output, revealing the role of jump-diffusion processes in long-term GDP fluctuations. Both continuous and discrete-time frameworks are analyzed to assess the implications for forecasting economic growth and understanding business cycles. The study compares deterministic and stochastic scenarios, providing insight into the stability of equilibrium points and the dynamics of economies subjected to random disturbances. Numerical simulations demonstrate how stochastic noise contributes to economic volatility, leading to abrupt shifts and bifurcations in growth trajectories. This research offers a comprehensive perspective on the influence of external shocks, presenting a more realistic depiction of economic development in uncertain environments.

Emre Akusta

This study analyzes the impacts of economic growth on ecosystem in Turkiye. The study uses annual data for the period 1995-2021 and the ARDL method. The study utilizes the Ecosystem Vitality Index, a sub-dimension of the Environmental Performance Index. In addition, seven models were constructed to assess in detail the impact of economic growth on different dimensions of the ecosystem. The results show that economic growth has a significant impact in all models analyzed. However, the direction of this impact differs across ecosystem components. Economic growth is found to have a positive impact on agriculture and water resources. In these models, a 1% increase in GDP increases the agriculture and water resources indices by 0.074-0.672%. In contrast, economic growth has a negative impact on biodiversity and habitat, ecosystem services, fisheries, acid rain and total ecosystem vitality. In these models, a 1% increase in GDP reduces the indices of biodiversity and habitat, ecosystem services, fisheries, acid rain and total ecosystem vitality by 0.101-2.144%. The results suggest that the environmental costs of economic growth processes need to be considered. Environmentally friendly policies should be combined with sustainable development strategies to reduce the negative impacts of economic growth.

Soaad Hossain, James Rasalingam, Arhum Waheed et al.

With the growing interest in using AI and machine learning (ML) in medicine, there is an increasing number of literature covering the application and ethics of using AI and ML in areas of medicine such as clinical psychiatry. The problem is that there is little literature covering the economic aspects associated with using ML in clinical psychiatry. This study addresses this gap by specifically studying the economic implications of using ML in clinical psychiatry. In this paper, we evaluate the economic implications of using ML in clinical psychiatry through using three problem-oriented case studies, literature on economics, socioeconomic and medical AI, and two types of health economic evaluations. In addition, we provide details on fairness, legal, ethics and other considerations for ML in clinical psychiatry.

Kensuke Ito

This paper surveys products and studies on cryptoeconomics and tokenomics from an economic perspective, as these terms are still (i) ill-defined and (ii) disconnected from economic disciplines. We first suggest that they can be novel when integrated; we then conduct a literature review and case study following consensus-building for decentralization and token value for autonomy. Integration requires simultaneous consideration of strategic behavior, spamming, Sybil attacks, free-riding, marginal cost, marginal utility and stabilizers. This survey is the first systematization of knowledge on cryptoeconomics and tokenomics, aiming to bridge the contexts of economics and blockchain.

Genaro Martín Damiani

Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) models are nowadays a crucial quantitative tool for policy-makers. However, they did not emerge spontaneously. They are built upon previously established ideas in Economics and relatively recent advancements in Mathematics. This essay provides a comprehensive coverage of their history, starting from the pioneering Neoclassical general equilibrium theories and eventually reaching the New Neoclassical Synthesis (NNS). In addition, the mathematical tools involved in formulating a DSGE model are thoroughly presented. I argue that this history has a mixed nature rather than an absolutist or relativist one, that the NNS may have emerged due to the complementary nature of New Classical and New Keynesian theories, and that the recent adoption and development of DSGE models by central banks from different countries has entailed a departure from the goal of building a universally valid theory that Economics has always had. The latter means that DSGE modeling has landed not without loss of generality.

Manish Jha, Jialin Qian, Michael Weber et al.

We use generative AI to extract managerial expectations about their economic outlook from 120,000+ corporate conference call transcripts. The resulting AI Economy Score predicts GDP growth, production, and employment up to 10 quarters ahead, beyond existing measures like survey forecasts. Moreover, industry and firm-level measures provide valuable information about sector-specific and individual firm activities. A composite measure that integrates managerial expectations about firm, industry, and macroeconomic conditions further significantly improves the forecasting power and predictive horizon of national and sectoral growth. Our findings show managerial expectations offer unique insights into economic activity, with implications for both macroeconomic and microeconomic decision-making.

Donald C. Chang

Science is about facts and truth. Yet sometimes the truth and facts are not obvious. For example, in the field of MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), there has been a long-lasting debate about who were the major contributors in its development. Particularly, there was a strong dispute between the followers of two scientists, R. Damadian and P. Lauterbur. In this review, we carefully trace the major developments in applying NMR for cancer detection starting almost 50 years ago. The research records show that the truth was beyond the claims of either research camps. The development of NMR for cancer detection involved multiple research groups, who made critical contributions at different junctures.

Merlin Christ, Fabian Haiden, Yu Qiu

We develop a unified approach for identifying spaces of stability conditions of triangulated categories arising from weighted marked surfaces with moduli spaces of quadratic differentials. This approach is based on the notion of a perverse schober (perverse sheaf of triangulated categories) and their triangulated categories of global sections. Under suitable conditions on the perverse schober, we identify mixed-angulations and their flips with finite-length hearts and their tilts, which then leads to the identification of moduli spaces. As an application we obtain a generalization of the results of Bridgeland--Smith to quadratic differentials with arbitrary singularity type (zero/pole/exponential).

Gennady Shkliarevsky

The subject of this study is inflation, a problem that has plagued America and the world over the last several decades. Despite a rich trove of scholarly studies and a wide range of tools developed to deal with inflation, we are nowhere near a solution of this problem. We are now in the middle of the inflation that threatens to become a stagflation or even a full recession; and we have no idea what to prevent this outcome. This investigation explores the real source of inflation. Tracing the problem of inflation to production, it finds that inflation is not a phenomenon intrinsic to economy; rather, it is a result of inefficiencies and waste in our economy. The investigation leads to a conclusion that the solution of the problem of inflation is in achieving full efficiency in production. Our economic production is a result of the evolution that is propelled by the process of creation. In order to end economic inefficiencies, we should model our economic practice on the process that preceded production and has led to its emergence. In addition, the study will outline ways in which our economic theory and practice must be changed to achieve full efficiency of our production. Finally, the study provides a critical overview of the current theories of inflation and remedies that are proposed to deal with it.

بولقصاع محمد

This research aims to highlight a new aspect of the Qur’anic miraculousness, which is the miraculousness of managing economic crises, as the Holy Qur’an gave it great care, so it took care of achieving economic security, which God made the foundation of everything and the basis of human life. The contemporary global economy is witnessing an unprecedented economic crisis that requires us to provide solutions to it according to a Quranic perspective. Surat Yusuf, peace be upon him, was sufficient for this, as it provided us with rules and principles that Joseph, peace be upon him, adopted in his management of the economic crisis, whether that was before the crisis or after its occurrence. His administration was inspired by God Almighty; He spared Egypt and its surroundings from the rightful destruction, because of what God revealed to him of an effective strategic plan, and a piercing future vision that enabled him to successfully overcome the crisis, through which we aim to draw lessons and lessons. Among the findings of the study was that strategic planning for the crisis, and prior preparation for it, is the surest way to overcome economic crises, and that the science of looking ahead guarantees us economic security and stability.

Viktor Stojkoski, Philipp Koch, César A. Hidalgo

To achieve inclusive green growth, countries need to consider a multiplicity of economic, social, and environmental factors. These are often captured by metrics of economic complexity derived from the geography of trade, thus missing key information on innovative activities. To bridge this gap, we combine trade data with data on patent applications and research publications to build models that significantly and robustly improve the ability of economic complexity metrics to explain international variations in inclusive green growth. We show that measures of complexity built on trade and patent data combine to explain future economic growth and income inequality and that countries that score high in all three metrics tend to exhibit lower emission intensities. These findings illustrate how the geography of trade, technology, and research combine to explain inclusive green growth.

Serge Hamoudou, Jacky Kumar, David London

In particle physics, the modern view is to categorize things in terms of effective field theories (EFTs). Above the weak scale, we have the SMEFT, formed when the heavy new physics (NP) is integrated out, and for which the Standard Model (SM) is the leading part. Below $M_W$, we have the LEFT (low-energy EFT), formed when the heavy SM particles ($W^\pm$, $Z^0$, $H$, $t$) are also integrated out. In order to determine how low-energy measurements depend on the underlying NP, it is necessary to compute the matching conditions of LEFT operators to SMEFT operators. These matching conditions have been worked out for all LEFT operators up to dimension 6 in terms of SMEFT operators up to dimension 6 at the one-loop level. However, this is not sufficient for all low-energy observables. In this paper we present the momentum-independent matching conditions of all such LEFT operators to SMEFT operators up to dimension 8 at tree level.

Ohanna Larissa Fraga Pereira, Orlando Martinelli Junior

A Economia Comportamental avança como alternativa à abordagem mainstream econômica, pressupondo que a racionalidade limitada dos agentes os conduz a regras simplificadoras na tomada de decisão, as heurísticas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar os efeitos da heurística da ancoragem e ajustamento em estimativas numéricas de itens de consumo entre os estratos socioeconômicos de indivíduos fortalezenses. Para tanto, realizou-se uma pesquisa empírica com análise posterior nos moldes estatísticos propostos por Jacowitz e Kahneman. Os resultados indicaram uma grande influência do efeito ancoragem nas decisões desses agentes. O Estrato Baixo foi mais influenciado pelas âncoras que o Médio, que sofreu maior influência que o Alto. Concluiu-se que a estratificação socioeconômica afetou as estimativas numéricas dos indivíduos no ambiente de consumo.

JÚLIA KIRÁLY

A következőkben Király Júliának, a Magyar Nemzeti Bank alelnökének 2007. október 29-én, a Heller Farkas Szakkollégium szervezésében, a Budapesti Corvinus Egyetemen elhangzott előadását közöljük.

DALMA MIKLÓS, MÁTYÁS POLGÁR, BÁLINT GYÖRGY KUBIK et al.

A végtelen vita A diplomás, mint befektetés Mit tudnak a gazdasági diplomával rendelkezők? Az idegen nyelvek tanulásának haszontalansága Steve Jobs vezetői kvalitásai Miért tévednek a globális felmelegedés szkeptikusai? SZERZŐINKHEZ SZATHMÁRI SÁNDOR: KAZOHINIA (részlet) ENGLISH ABSTRACTS

Lakehal Ahmed

The study attempts to determine the contribution of the Algerian legal system in improving the role of the local administration in the implementation of environmental protection policy and sustainable development through the full powers vested in it within the scope of the municipal law 2011, and the law of the state 2012

Jean Bernard Chatelain, Kirsten Ralf

This paper is a study of the history of the transplant of mathematical tools using negative feedback for macroeconomic stabilization policy from 1948 to 1975 and the subsequent break of the use of control for stabilization policy which occurred from 1975 to 1993. New-classical macroeconomists selected a subset of the tools of control that favored their support of rules against discretionary stabilization policy. The Lucas critique and Kydland and Prescott's time-inconsistency were over-statements that led to the "dark ages" of the prevalence of the stabilization-policy-ineffectiveness idea. These over-statements were later revised following the success of the Taylor rule.

María Rita Martínez Galvis, Alejandro Sánchez Guevara

A partir del interés por identificar los problemas y las perspectivas por las que la academia contable colombiana ha transitado en el campo de la contabilidad ambiental, el presente trabajo pro -pone realizar una revisión literaria conducente a una reflexión sobre las vertientes con las cuales se ha trabajado el tema en Colombia. Para tal efecto, se analizaron 56 textos identificados en 10 revistas colombianas de investigación contable, que fueron publicados en el periodo de 1996 a 2015. Esta revisión se erige a la luz de algunas consideraciones sobre el medio ambiente, la crisis ambiental y el desarrollo sostenible -en sus vertientes fuerte y débil-, que sirven para comprender el origen de la contabilidad ambiental en el país.

Tianhao Yang, Zheng-Jun Zha, Hanwang Zhang

We study the multi-round response generation in visual dialog, where a response is generated according to a visually grounded conversational history. Given a triplet: an image, Q&A history, and current question, all the prevailing methods follow a codec (i.e., encoder-decoder) fashion in a supervised learning paradigm: a multimodal encoder encodes the triplet into a feature vector, which is then fed into the decoder for the current answer generation, supervised by the ground-truth. However, this conventional supervised learning does NOT take into account the impact of imperfect history, violating the conversational nature of visual dialog and thus making the codec more inclined to learn history bias but not contextual reasoning. To this end, inspired by the actor-critic policy gradient in reinforcement learning, we propose a novel training paradigm called History Advantage Sequence Training (HAST). Specifically, we intentionally impose wrong answers in the history, obtaining an adverse critic, and see how the historic error impacts the codec's future behavior by History Advantage-a quantity obtained by subtracting the adverse critic from the gold reward of ground-truth history. Moreover, to make the codec more sensitive to the history, we propose a novel attention network called History-Aware Co-Attention Network (HACAN) which can be effectively trained by using HAST. Experimental results on three benchmarks: VisDial v0.9&v1.0 and GuessWhat?!, show that the proposed HAST strategy consistently outperforms the state-of-the-art supervised counterparts.