Hasil untuk "Dairy processing. Dairy products"

T. K. Thorning, H. C. Bertram, J. Bonjour et al.

Renata Alves das Chagas, Tatiane Fernandes, Ariadne Patrícia Leonardo et al.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the supplementation with rumen-protected fat from soybean or palm and thermally processed soybean on the feed intake, digestibility of nutrients, milk production, and milk content of ewes. Twenty-five Pantaneiras ewes, 3–6 years old, 39.8 ± 3.51 kg body weight, and 65 ± 4 days in milk, were distributed into five treatments (5 ewes in each) in a completely randomized design continuous trial, over 56 days. The treatments consisted of daily supplementation with soybean-based rumen-protected fat (SPF; 30 g/d), palm-based rumen-protected fat (PPF; 30 g/d), a blend of soybean and palm rumen-protected fats (Blend; 30 g/d), thermally processed soybean (TPS; 124 g/d), and a control without supplementation. We performed a daily evaluation of feed intake and milk production, and every 14 days, we evaluated the nutrient digestibility, milk composition, and fatty acid profile. The protein and casein content were lower in the SPF treatment. Supplementation with PPF resulted in a higher saturated fatty acid content, while supplementation with TPS resulted in higher monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid contents. The supplementation with SPF resulted in higher milk fatty acid functionality. Feeding ewes SPF or TPS enhanced nutrient intake and digestibility, leading to increased milk production and an improved milk fatty acid profile. In contrast, supplementation with PPF resulted in a less favorable fatty acid composition.

P. A. da Costa Filho, D. Andrey, B. Eriksen et al.

Microplastics (MPs) have gained a high degree of public interest since they are associated with the global release of plastics into the environment. Various studies have confirmed the presence of MPs throughout the food chain. However, information on the ingestion of MPs via the consumption of many commonly consumed foods like dairy products are scarce due to the lack of studies investigating the “contamination” of this food group by MPs. This lack of occurrence data is mainly due to the absence of robust analytical methods capable of reliably quantifying MPs with size < 20 µm in foods. In this work, a new methodology was developed to accurately determine and characterize MPs in milk-based products using micro-Raman (μRaman) technology, entailing combined enzymatic and chemical digestion steps. This is the first time that the presence of relatively low amounts of small-sized MP (≥ 5 µm) have been reported in raw milk collected at farm just after the milking machine and in some processed commercial liquid and powdered cow’s milk products.

Sara Strakosova, Petr Novak, Petr Kadera

Current products, especially in the automotive sector, pose complex technical systems having a multi-disciplinary mechatronic nature. Industrial standards supporting system engineering and production typically (i) address the production phase only, but do not cover the complete product life cycle, and (ii) focus on production processes and resources rather than the products themselves. The presented approach is motivated by incorporating the impacts of the end-of-life phase of the product life cycle into the engineering phase. This paper proposes a modeling approach coming up from the Product-Process-Resource (PPR) modeling paradigm. It combines requirements on (i) respecting the product structure as a basis for the model, and (ii) incorporates repairing, remanufacturing, or upcycling within cyber-physical production systems. The proposed model called PoPAN should accompany the product during the entire life cycle as a digital shadow encapsulated within the Asset Administration Shell of a product. To facilitate the adoption of the proposed paradigm, the paper also proposes serialization of the model in the AutomationML data format. The model is demonstrated on a use-case for disassembling electric vehicle batteries to support their remanufacturing for stationary battery applications.

Marek Vlk, Premysl Sucha, Jaroslaw Rudy et al.

The food production industry, especially the meat production sector, faces many challenges that have even escalated due to the recent outbreak of the energy crisis in the European Union. Therefore, efficient use of input materials is an essential aspect affecting the profit of such companies. This paper addresses an optimization problem concerning the purchase and subsequent material processing we solved for a meat processing company. Unlike the majority of existing papers, we do not concentrate on how this problem concerns supply chain management, but we focus purely on the production stage. The problem involves the concept of alternative ways of material processing, stock of material with different expiration dates, and extra constraints widely neglected in the current literature, namely, the minimum order quantity and the minimum percentage in alternatives. We prove that each of these two constraints makes the problem \mbox{$\mathcal{NP}$-hard}, and hence we design a simple iterative approach based on integer linear programming that allows us to solve real-life instances even using an open-source integer linear programming solver. Another advantage of this approach is that it mitigates numerical issues, caused by the extensive range of data values, we experienced with a commercial solver. The results obtained using real data from the meat processing company showed that our algorithm can find the optimum solution in a few seconds for all considered use cases.

M.H.P.M. Narciso, A.R. Wolfe, R.R.E. Uwiera et al.

ABSTRACT: Although the importance of pH and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) on rumen development are well-known, their impact on the small and large intestine are unclear. This study investigated how single-dose ruminal infusions with high or low SCFA concentrations and high or low pH affect calves' productivity, as well as physiological parameters associated with hindgut acidosis at 3 time points in 49 d. Holstein bull calves (n = 32) were individually housed and fed milk replacer (900 g/d) twice daily and calf starter and water ad libitum. At d 10 ± 3 of life, the rumens were fistulated and cannulated. At d 14 of life, calves were grouped by BW and assigned in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments: high or low SCFA concentration (285 vs. 10 mM) and high or low pH (6.2 vs. 5.2), creating 4 treatment groups: high SCFA concentration, high pH (HS-HP); high SCFA concentration, low pH (HS-LP); low SCFA concentration, high pH (LS-HP); and low SCFA concentration, low pH (LS-LP). On d 21, 35, 49, feces were sampled to calculate apparent total-tract digestibility, determinate organic acid concentrations (i.e., SCFA, branched-chain fatty acid [BCFA], and lactic acid), and pH. Afterward, the rumen was evacuated and underwent a single-dose infusion for 4 h with 1 of 4 treatment buffers. After completion of rumen infusion on d 49, calves were killed and the tissue weight and length were recorded, along with the digesta pH of the rumen, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon, and rectum. Data were analyzed with main factors as fixed effects and repeated measures for weekly measurements. Treatments did not affect performance parameters such as feed intake, ADG, apparent total-tract digestibility and gut measurements. In the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, HS-HP had a greater digesta pH than LS-HP, whereas the hindgut digesta pH was only affected by the SCFA concentration. A high SCFA concentration increased the concentration of colonic isovaleric acid and fecal BCFA, whereas only colonic acetic acid and fecal lactic acid concentrations were affected by treatment. Fecal SCFA and BCFA concentrations increased mainly on d 35. In summary, 4 h of physiological buffer infusion in the rumen does not change apparent total-tract digestibility and gut measurements but does affect hindgut fermentation parameters (i.e., organic acid concentrations and digesta pH). In addition, calves can experience increased risks of hindgut acidosis around 35 d of life.

N. Stepanchenko, D.E. Wasson, N. Indugu et al.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to investigate the interaction of ruminal inoculum type (obtained from high- or low-CH4-emitting-phenotype cows) and potent antimethanogenic compounds (AMC), including bromoform (CHBr3), 3-nitropropionic acid (3NPA), chloroform, and Rhodophyta macroalga (RM) on in vitro gas production, ruminal fermentation, and microbial composition parameters. Sixty-eight mid-lactation Holstein cows were initially screened for their enteric CH4 emissions. Out of these 68 cows, 2 were designated as high- (HM, 24.8 ± 0.05 g CH4/kg of DMI) and 2 as low- (LM, 14.8 ± 0.45 g CH4/kg of DMI) CH4 emitters. These cows were used as inoculum donors for the in vitro experiment. In vitro batch-culture incubations were carried out for 24 h. The experiment was a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement design with inoculum and inhibitor treatments as independent variables and their interaction included in the model. For gas production parameters, the AMC × inoculum type (INOC) interactions were significant for total gas production, CH4 yield (g/mg of TMR), and CH4 concentration in total gas. The low-CH4 inoculum (LMI) resulted in similar CH4 concentration in total gas as the high-CH4 inoculum (HMI) for the negative control treatment (TMR + LMI or HMI inoculum with no AMC added). Total gas production was 21% lower for HMI when compared with LMI, regardless of the treatment. Acetate and propionate molar proportions and their ratio also had a significant AMC × INOC interaction in the current study. The inclusion of all AMC resulted in a decrease in acetate and an increase in propionate and butyrate molar proportions. Of the studied inhibitors, 3NPA tended to result in a greater CH4 reduction, reduced acetate, and increased propionate concentrations when combined with LMI, rather than with HMI. A macroalgae inhibitor in combination with HMI, but not LMI, resulted in lower CH4 and higher propionate concentration. Both LMI inoculum and inclusion of each AMC resulted in increased butyrate molar proportions. There was no significant INOC × AMC interaction for estimates of methanogenic activity of methanogenic archaea. Inoculum from low-CH4-phenotype cows resulted in higher gene copy number of Methanobrevibacter ruminantium and Methanosphaera stadtmanae. In the bacterial community, 22 taxa had a significant interaction with INOC. Each AMC differentially affected methanogens and individual bacteria, altering H2 fluxes. Regardless of the inoculum, CHBr3 and 3NPA altered both methanogenic and bacterial communities to a greater extent than the rest of the AMC. The combination of LMI with 3NPA and HMI with RM resulted in a greater CH4 reduction than HMI with 3NPA and LMI with RM, indicating that a different AMC may be more effective in reducing enteric CH4 in HMI versus LMI. These results indicate that the synergistic effect between AMC and INOC are possible; however, due to the difficulty in classification of INOC as LMI or HMI, results of the study should be interpreted with caution.

L.F. Martins, C.V. Almeida, Y. Kim et al.

ABSTRACT: The objective was to evaluate the fit statistics for the predictions of ruminal outflow of protein fractions and EAA by the NRC, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM), Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS), and NittanyCow (NC) models in lactating dairy cows. Sixty-seven studies published in English between 1984 and 2020 with 251 treatment means were used for analysis. Lactational performance (DMI, DIM, milk yield, milk fat and true protein, and BW data), dietary nutrient composition (CP, NDF, ether extract, and ash), and ruminal outflow of total AA, microbial N, nonammonia nonmicrobial N, and individual EAA determined by omasal or duodenal digesta-sampling techniques were extracted from publications and used in the analysis when available. Production and dietary nutrient composition data reported in the studies were used as inputs to predict ruminal outflows of those same variables using NRC, NASEM, CNCPS, and NC models. For all nutritional models, dietary concentration (% DM) of CP was identical or allowed to vary by 0.5 percentage units maximum to that reported in the studies. Fit statistics and performances of nutritional models were assessed using Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (CCC), root mean squared error (RMSE, g/d and % of observed), as well as mean and linear biases. Models performed similarly when predicting ruminal total AA outflow, with CCC ranging from 49% to 57% and RMSE ranging from 19% to 30% of observed. Predictions of ruminal microbial CP (MicP) and nonammonia nonmicrobial CP (NANMCP) outflows had CCC ranging from 43% to 60% and RMSE ranging from 24% to 34% of observed. Predictions of Lys, Met, and His had CCC ranging from 38% to 62% and RMSE ranging from 23% to 40% observed. Overall, model-fit statistics indicated superior performance of NRC, NASEM, and NC in predicting all individual EAA outflows compared with CNCPS (except for Leu in NC). NittanyCow and NASEM, respectively, demonstrated superior performance in predicting total AA compared with NCR and CNCPS. Additionally, NC was superior to NRC and NASEM, which in turn were superior to CNCPS, in predicting ruminal MicP outflow. Both NRC and NC were superior to NASEM and CNCPS in predicting ruminal NANMCP outflow. The NASEM model was outperformed by NRC, CNCPS, and NC in predicting ruminal nonammonia N outflow. Mean and observed biases of concern (i.e., >5.0% of observed) were identified across all models, and these biases should be considered by nutritionists when balancing and evaluating rations targeting individual EAA in high-producing dairy cows.

Zihan Xia, Yushi Jin, Han Sun et al.

ABSTRACT: Growing evidence demonstrates that the 4-kingdom intestinal microbiota (FKIM) play a critical role in improving the body's immune processes. Three batches of experiments were conducted to study the effects of infant formula–based powder (IFBP) containing milk fat globule membrane (MFGM), human milk oligosaccharides, and probiotics, respectively, on the FKIM of suckling rats, with the IFBP serving as the control. Compared with the control, 3 functional components could increase the body weight and improve the composition of FKIM. Notably, suckling rats supplemented with MFGM had significantly higher abundance and number of cornerstone species across the FKIM in feces than those in the other groups, and the levels of immune factors in serum were also significantly increased. After MFGM intervention, the abundance of cornerstone species of 99 genera in the feces was significantly correlated with the levels of immune factors in the serum. Among the cornerstone species, there are 11 bacteria, 6 eukaryotes, 2 archaea, and 1 virus that serve as biomarkers to distinguish the fecal microbiota of suckling rats fed with IFBP containing and not containing MFGM. Milk fat globule membrane can improve immunity by regulating functional pathways such as NOD-like receptor signaling and primary immunodeficiency. Milk fat globule membrane can stabilize the cornerstone species in the suckling rats' feces and enhance their immune ability by modulating the intestinal cornerstone species related to serum immunity, and their functional pathways, providing a theoretical basis for developing infant formula with immune-regulating functions.

Yating Luo, Jinxing Li, Simou Wu et al.

ABSTRACT: Probiotics and synbiotics can mitigate the negative health consequences of early-life antibiotic exposure. This study aimed to determine whether supplementation with Bifidobacterium longum ssp. infantis 79 (B79) or synbiotics composed of B79 and 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL) could mitigate the negative impact of ceftriaxone exposure in early life. We found that antibiotic-treated mice exhibited lower BW, crypt depth, short-chain fatty acid content, and α-diversity indices at weaning, whereas they had increased relative abundance of opportunistic pathogens (such as Enterococcus and Staphylococcus) and decreased relative abundance of intestinal commensal bacteria. Supplementation with B79 and 2′-FL revived these antibiotic-induced negative effects and reduced the mRNA expression of IL-6, IL-12p40, and TNF-α in the spleen at weaning. Moreover, B79 and 2′-FL supplementation persistently improved crypt depth, propionic acid synthesis, and IgG and secretory IgA production, as well as revived the gut microbiota structure and composition in adulthood. Overall, our study suggests that early-life supplementation with B79 alone or in combination with 2′-FL can mitigate ceftriaxone-induced negative effects on the gut microbiota and intestinal and immune development of mice, and these improvements can partially last into adulthood.

S.A. Mulhall, R.D. Sleator, R.D. Evans et al.

ABSTRACT: As the proportion of prime carcasses originating from dairy herds increases, the focus is shifting to the beef merit of the progeny from dairy herds. Several dairy cow total merit indexes include a negative weight on measures of cow size. However, there is a lack of knowledge on the effect of genetic selection, solely for lighter or smaller-sized dairy cows, on the beef performance of their progeny. Therefore, the objective of this study was to quantify the genetic correlations among cow size traits (i.e., cow BW, cow carcass weight [CW]), cow BCS, cow carcass conformation (CC), and cow carcass fat cover (CF), as well as the correlations between these cow traits and a series of beef performance slaughter-related traits (i.e., CW, CC, CF, and age at slaughter [AS]) in their progeny. After data editing, there were 52,950 cow BW and BCS records, along with 57,509 cow carcass traits (i.e., CW, CC, and CF); carcass records from 346,350 prime animals along with AS records from 316,073 prime animals were also used. Heritability estimates ranged from moderate to high (0.18–0.62) for all cow and prime animal traits. The same carcass trait in cows and prime animals were strongly genetically correlated with each other (0.76–0.85), implying that they are influenced by very similar genomic variants. Selecting exclusively for cows with higher BCS (i.e., fatter) will, on average, produce more conformed prime animal carcasses, owing to a moderate genetic correlation (0.30) between both traits. Genetic correlations revealed that selecting exclusively for lighter BW or CW cows will, on average, result in lighter prime animal carcasses of poor CC, while also delaying slaughter age. Nonetheless, selective breeding through total merit indexes should be successful in breeding for smaller dairy cows and desirable prime animal carcass traits concurrently, because of the nonunity genetic correlations between the cow and prime animal traits; this will help to achieve a more ethical, environmentally sustainable, and economically viable dairy-beef industry.

Tony C. Bruinjé, Emma I. Morrison, Eduardo S. Ribeiro et al.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this prospective cohort study was to determine if progesterone (P4) profiles differed between dairy cows with or without inflammatory disorders early postpartum. A total of 708 cows from 2 commercial herds were enrolled 3 wk before parturition and examined for clinical health disorders (difficult calving, retained placenta, metritis, displaced abomasum, mastitis, or lameness) until 5 wk postpartum. Serum haptoglobin (Hp) was measured in blood at 2 and 6 DIM (range ±2 d); metritis was assessed at 4, 8, 11, and 15 DIM; and purulent vaginal discharge and endometritis (≥6% PMN in endometrial cytology sampled by cytobrush) were assessed at 35 ± 3 DIM. As Hp ≥0.8 g/L or endometritis were associated with ovarian dysfunction in previous studies, cows with serum Hp ≥0.8 g/L at either time point and endometritis, regardless of clinical disease, were classified as the cohort with inflammatory disorders (INFLAM; n = 139). Clinically healthy cows without difficult calving, with singleton birth, with Hp <0.8 g/L at both sampling times, without endometritis or purulent vaginal discharge, and BCS ≥3.00 (1 to 5 scale) were classified as healthy (n = 133). Cows with only one of the 2 conditions (high Hp or endometritis) were excluded. Cohorts had serum P4 measured twice weekly from 35 to 70 DIM (±3 d), and the first detected luteal phase (LP) during the sampling period was defined as the period from onset of luteal activity (P4 increase to ≥1 ng/mL) until decline of P4 to <1 ng/mL. The odds of prolonged LP (≥21 d long), average LP length, peak P4, and time to P4 decline (hazard rate) were analyzed using multivariable mixed logistic, linear, or Cox proportional hazard regression models including INFLAM status, parity, sampling day (when applicable), and herd as a random effect considering the covariates of season, milk yield at first DHIA test, and DIM at onset of cyclicity or LP length (when applicable). Cows with INFLAM had greater odds of prolonged LP (LSM ± SEM; 67% vs. 37% ± 7%), greater average LP length (17 vs. 15 ± 2 d), lesser P4 at d 4 (4.6 vs. 5.5 ± 0.3 ng/mL) and d 7 (6.0 vs. 7.7 ± 0.3 ng/mL) of the LP, and lesser peak P4 (6.9 vs. 8.2 ± 0.3 ng/mL) during the LP than healthy cows. Status of INFLAM was associated with time to P4 decline in multiparous but not primiparous cows; the LP of INFLAM multiparous cows was less likely to have luteolysis (P4 decline) by d 14 (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] and 95% CI: 0.54; 0.31 to 0.94) or by d 21 (AHR: 0.32; 0.12 to 0.84) than in healthy multiparous cows. In conclusion, postpartum cows with markers of systemic inflammation at wk 1 and uterine inflammation at wk 5 had altered luteal function (prolonged LP and lower P4 concentrations) before first breeding, which is a possible pathway linking postpartum health disorders and reduced fertility.

W.S. Frizzarini, J.P. Campolina, M.K. Connelly et al.

The transition to lactation demands a substantial amount of calcium (Ca) to support colostrum and milk production. Extensive research has been focused on elucidating the interplay between the traditional Ca-parathyroid hormone-vitamin D axis and mammary-derived factors, such as serotonin (5-HT) and parathyroid-hormone-like hormone (PTHLH), in regulating Ca metabolism during the transition period. Here, we investigate the impact of induced subclinical hypocalcemia (SCH) on 5-HT and parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations in early-lactation dairy cows under conditions of 24-h milk stasis. Twelve multiparous Holstein cows in early lactation received either continuous intravenous infusion of saline solution or 5% ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA) to maintain blood ionized calcium (iCa) below 1 mM (n = 6/treatment). Blood samples were collected hourly during infusion and 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h post-infusion. Urine samples were collected every 4 h during infusion and at 12, 24, and 48 h post-infusion, and milk samples were collected daily from 2 d pre-infusion to 4 d post-infusion. Infusion of EGTA resulted in decreased blood iCa during the infusion period, with iCa concentrations rebounding 24 h post-infusion. No significant treatment effects were observed on 5-HT and PTH blood concentrations. These findings underscore the importance of considering physiological distinctions in studies of Ca metabolism during the transition period.

Raphael R. Mantovani, Guilherme L. Menezes, João R.R. Dórea

Respiratory rate (RR) is commonly employed for identifying animals experiencing heat-stress conditions and respiratory diseases. Recent advancements in computer vision algorithms have enabled the estimation of the RR in dairy cows through image-based approaches, with a primary focus on standing positions, thermal imaging, and deep learning techniques. In this study, our objective was to develop a system capable of accurately predicting the RR of lying Holstein cows under unrestrained conditions using red, green, and blue (RGB) and infrared (IR) night vision images. Thirty lactating cows were continuously recorded for 12 h per day over a 3-d period, capturing at least one 30-s video segment of each cow during lying time. A total of 95 videos were manually annotated with rectangular bounding boxes encompassing the flank area (region of interest; ROI) of the lying cows. For future applications, we trained a model for ROI identification using YOLOv8 to avoid manual annotations. The observed RR was determined by visual counting of breaths in each video. To predict the RR, we devised an image processing pipeline involving (1) capturing the ROI for the entire video, (2) reshaping the pixel intensity of each image channel into a 2-dimensional object and calculating its per-frame mean, (3) applying fast Fourier transform (FFT) to the average pixel intensity vector, (4) filtering frequencies specifically associated with respiratory movements, and (5) executing inverse FFT on the denoized data and identifying peaks on the resulting plot, with the count of peaks serving as the predicted RR per minute. The evaluation metrics, root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP) and R2, yielded values of 8.3 breaths/min (17.1% of the mean RR) and 0.77, respectively. To further validate the method, an additional dataset comprising preweaning dairy calves was used, consisting of 42 observations from 25 calves. The RMSEP and R2 values for this dataset were 13.0 breaths/min and 0.73, respectively. The model trained to identify the ROI exhibited a precision of 100%, a recall of 71.8%, and an F1 score of 83.6% for bounding box detection. These are promising results for the implementation of this pipeline in future studies. The application of FFT to signals acquired from both RGB and IR images proved to be an effective and accurate method for computing the RR of cows in unrestrained conditions.

Thomas Le Page, Ahmed Ferchiou, Simon Dufour et al.

ABSTRACT: Mastitis is one of the most common diseases of dairy cattle. It has a high impact on-farm economy, farmers' working time, and antimicrobial usage (AMU). Selective dry cow therapy (SDCT) is an effective means of reducing AMU without negatively affecting udder health. The objective of our study was to evaluate the impact of SDCT implementation on farmer income, working time, and AMU, using a bioeconomic model. A stochastic dairy simulation model (DairyHealthSim) based on a weekly model was used to simulate herd dynamics, reproduction, milk production, culling decisions, health outcomes, and the management of health events. A specific module was developed for the simulation of quarter-level IMI acquisition and elimination during the lactation and dry-off periods, and 25 different farm settings were defined to represent herds with various udder health situations. We then defined 20 scenarios of SDCT by combining both the use of different thresholds of SCC and milk bacteriology for treatment allocation and the use of internal teat sealant (ITS). All SDCT protocols had little effect on farmer income, and we identified some protocols with a positive farm gross margin (up to Can$15.83/dried cow; at time of writing, Can$1 = US$0.72). We also found that adding an ITS to all cows led to greater economic gain. The application of SDCT had little effect on farmers' working time, except when milk bacteriology was used for decision making. Antimicrobial treatment to all cows above 200,000 cells/mL at last control, with the use of ITS on all cows, seems a good choice in most dairy farms. These findings could be used to convince farmers to adopt this strategy at dry-off.

A. Stasinakis, Panagiotis Charalambous, I. Vyrides

Dairy industry consumes high water amounts and generates highly contaminated wastewater. EU-27 is the second largest milk producer and the main cheese exporter in the world. The main objectives of the current study was to estimate the amounts of dairy wastewater (DWW) that are produced annually in different EU countries and to present the relevant existing EU legislation. The main treatment practices currently applied as well as the future opportunities for sustainable DWW management were also discussed. According to the results a total amount of 192.5 × 106 m3 of DWW are annually produced in EU-27 countries, 49% of them are due to the production of cheeses, while 19%, 18% and 13% are due to the production of drinking milk, acidified milk and butterfat products, respectively. Six countries (Germany, France, Italy, Poland, Spain and Netherlands) contribute to the generation of more than 73% of DWW, while the annual per capita DWW production ranges between 36 L (Luxembourg) and 1441 L (Ireland). Since 2019, EU has established best available techniques (BAT) for the dairy industry in order to achieve efficient monitoring of the produced wastewater, reduced water consumption and increased resource efficiency. The main on-site treatment processes that are currently applied include in series wastewater pretreatment for the removal of fat and pH adjustment, anaerobic or/and aerobic biological processes for the decrease of organic loading and nutrients and use of membranes for the cases that recovered water is going to be reused. Limited information is so far available for the operational treatment cost of the different processes. Data originated from a large dairy industry in Cyprus showed an operational cost equal to 1.21 €/m3 of treated wastewater. The main future challenge for the dairy industry and water treatment sector is the adoption of novel processes aiming to DWW valorization under the frame of circular economy.

F. Asunis, G. De Gioannis, P. Dessì et al.

With an estimated worldwide production of 190 billion kg per year, and due to its high organic load, cheese whey represents a huge opportunity for bioenergy and biochemicals production. Several physical, chemical and biological processes have been proposed to valorise cheese whey by producing biofuels (methane, hydrogen, and ethanol), electric energy, and/or chemical commodities (carboxylic acids, proteins, and biopolymers). A biorefinery concept, in which several value-added products are obtained from cheese whey through a cascade of biotechnological processes, is an opportunity for increasing the product spectrum of dairy industries while allowing for sustainable management of the residual streams and reducing disposal costs for the final residues. This review critically analyses the different treatment options available for energy and materials recovery from cheese whey, their combinations and perspectives for implementation. Thus, instead of focusing on a specific valorisation platform, in the present review the most relevant aspects of each strategy are analysed to support the integration of different routes, in order to identify the most appropriate treatment train.

Sara N. Garcia, B. Osburn, J. Cullor

As the global population approaches 9.7 billion inhabitants by the year 2050, humanity faces enormous challenges to feed, house, and provide basic living requirements for the growing population while preserving the health of wildlife and the ecosystem. Dairy source foods play an important part in providing nutrient and energy dense sources of calories and establishing Bifidobacterium as a keystone species in the gut for positive health outcomes in infants and children. In developed countries, dairy products have a high food safety record when pasteurized and properly processed. However, when milk is consumed unpasteurized, as often occurs in developing countries where regulation and oversight of the dairy industry is lacking, dairy can serve as a vector for zoonotic transmission of disease and can contain adulterants such as antibiotic residues. Here we provide an overview for the importance of dairy source foods for nutrition and with a One Health perspective and discuss the historical events that have resulted in a high standard of dairy food safety in the United States. This review article covers the Origins of One Health, the role of milk in transmission of disease, management practices and regulations to ensure safe dairy products reach consumers, current challenges facing the dairy industry and impacts on public health, and how these standards can be employed in low and middle income countries to improve public health, nutrition and economic benefits to farmers.

Yuanyuan Pu, D. Pérez-Marín, N. O'Shea et al.

Quality and safety monitoring in the dairy industry is required to ensure products meet a high-standard based on legislation and customer requirements. The need for non-destructive, low-cost and user-friendly process analytical technologies, targeted at operators (as the end-users) for routine product inspections is increasing. In recent years, the development and advances in sensing technologies have led to miniaturisation of near infrared (NIR) spectrometers to a new era. The new generation of miniaturised NIR analysers are designed as compact, small and lightweight devices with a low cost, providing a strong capability for on-site or on-farm product measurements. Applying portable and handheld NIR spectrometers in the dairy sector is increasing; however, little information is currently available on these applications and instrument performance. As a result, this review focuses on recent developments of handheld and portable NIR devices and its latest applications in the field of dairy, including chemical composition, on-site quality detection, and safety assurance (i.e., adulteration) in milk, cheese and dairy powders. Comparison of model performance between handheld and bench-top NIR spectrometers is also given. Lastly, challenges of current handheld/portable devices and future trends on implementing these devices in the dairy sector is discussed.

Adi Kusmayadi, Po-Han Lu, Chi-Yu Huang et al.

Utilizing wastewaters as feedstock for microalgal cultivation has the dual benefits of water-saving and low nutrient costs, with simultaneous remediation of pollutants and generation of value-added biochemical products. This study employed two different strategies to treat raw dairy wastewaters with moderate and high chemical oxygen demand (COD) levels. For moderate-COD dairy wastewater, the wastewater was directly utilized as feedstock for algal cultivation, in which the effects of wastewater dilution ratios and algal inoculum sizes were investigated. The results show that the microalga strain used (Chlorella sorokiniana SU-1) was capable of obtaining a high biomass concentration of 3.2 ± 0.1 g/L, accompanied by 86.8 ± 6%, 94.6 ± 3%, and 80.7 ± 1%, removal of COD, total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN), respectively. Meanwhile, the obtained microalgal biomass has lipids content of up to 12.0 ± 0.7% at a wastewater dilution ratio of 50% and an inoculum size of 2 g/L. For high-COD dairy wastewater, an integrated process of anaerobic digestion and microalgal phycoremediation was employed, and the effect of inoculum sizes was also studied. The inoculum size of 2 g/L gave highest biomass production of 4.25 ± 0.10 g/L with over 93.0 ± 2.0% removal of COD, TP, and TN. The harvested microalgal biomass has lipids and protein content of 12.5 ± 2.2% and 18.0 ± 2.2%, respectively. The present study demonstrated potential microalgal phycoremediation strategies for the efficient COD removal and nutrients recovery from dairy wastewater of different COD levels with simultaneous production of microalgal biomass which contains valuable components, such as protein and lipids.