Hasil untuk "Commercial geography. Economic geography"

R. L. Manogna, Ashray Kashyap, Samyak Sanat Jain

Abstract In recent years, understanding the determinants of Entrepreneurial Intentions (EI) among young individuals has gained significant attention worldwide. This study attempts to empirically investigate this phenomenon across 50 economies using the 2024 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) dataset of working-age individuals (18–35 years), employing machine learning techniques to uncover influential factors of entrepreneurial intention. We apply machine-learning models such as Decision Trees, Random Forests, and XGBoost (Extreme Gradient Boosting) algorithms to our predictive model. Among these methods, Random Forest exhibited the highest predictive accuracy. We use 12 variables encompassing cognitive and behavioral factors, economic status, and neighborhood influence as predictors of Entrepreneurial Intentions. By running the model separately for low, middle, and high-income economies we draw a contrast between the differences in the factors affecting Entrepreneurial Intentions in each. The analysis reveals that networks, skills, and creativity play pivotal roles in shaping entrepreneurial intentions, with education emerging as a crucial determinant, particularly in lower-income countries. Creativity also emerges as a vital driver, especially in middle and high-income countries, emphasizing innovative thinking’s role. Furthermore, household situations, such as larger family sizes, exhibit positive correlations with higher entrepreneurial intentions. Neighborhood support is significant in low-income countries, highlighting socio-cultural influences. Continued research is needed to deepen our understanding of entrepreneurial motivations and barriers. Future studies could include longitudinal research to track intentions over time and comparative analyses across cultures. Qualitative methods can complement quantitative analyses by providing insights into the drivers of entrepreneurial aspirations.

CSŐSZ CSONGOR

The state budget being the most important budget within the general consolidated budget. The objective of the empirical research undertaken is to analyze the Romanian state budget evolution between 2006 – 2021. In the empirical research, we performed the descriptive analysis of state budget (fiscal revenue, social contributions and non-fiscal revenue). At the same time, in the framework of the empirical research undertaken, we used t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances to compare the consumption taxes (VAT and excise duties) and the other fiscal taxes. The most important tax for the state budget is the VAT (indirect tax), after that comes the excise duties revenue (indirect tax) and the third is the profit tax (direct tax).

Nabila LAKHAL, Loubna ZAYED KAYOUCHE

هدفت الدراسة إلى البحث في أثر تطبيق مبادئ الحوكمة المصرفية في زيادة فعالية وكفاءة الأداء المصرفي، وتوصلت  الدراسة إلى وجود علاقة طردية بين تبني مبادئ الحوكمة المصرفية الصادرة عن لجنة  ازل 3 للرقابة والإشراف والتحسين المستمر لأداء البنوك، وأوصت الدراسة بضرورة إضفاء المزيد من الشفافية على العمليات المصرفية من أجل تعزيز تطبيق الحوكمة في البنوك والعمل على نشر الوعي  مبادئ الحوكمة في البنوك العمومية الجزائرية باعتبارها عنصر مهم لإدا رة المخاطر بالبنوك وتحسين الأداء . The study aimed to investigate the effect of applying the principles of banking governance in increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of banking performance, and the study found a direct relationship between the adoption of the principles of banking governance issued by the Basel III Committee for Control and Supervision and the continuous improvement of the performance of banks, and the study recommended the need to add more transparency to banking operations. In order to enhance the application of corporate governance in banks and work to spread awareness of the principles of corporate governance in Algerian public banks as an important element for managing risks in banks and improving performance. Key words: Banking Governance, Basel Committee for Banking Supervision, Banks Performance, Banking Governance Objectives.

AMMAR Kherddine, Saliha BENTALHA

The Algerian economy still suffers from dependence on the hydrocarbon sector, despite the government`s successive reforms schemes since its independence in 1962. This paper deals with the scourges that the Algerian economy suffers from, such as Holland syndrome and Natural resources` price volatility, which hamper the Algerian economic diversification. It is noticeable that the state`s efforts to promote the private sector, which is characterized by the entrepreneurial and innovative returning, and in collaboration with the public dominant sector. The focus was also on legal reforms in 2019, which were represented in amending laws and regulations related to motivating investors and attracting foreign investments. What causes optimism, is that, these recent legal reforms require time to ensure their effectiveness in achieving economic development and export diversification.

CĂRUNTU GENU ALEXANDRU, POPESCU ALIN MIHAI

In the process of running a company, situations arise every day that require leaders to take a closer look at the fundamental decisions that must be implemented to keep the organization alive and, if possible, to gradually develop it. A manager knows that overly broad goals can create a business plan that is difficult to control and enforce. Therefore, the goals of a business must be narrow enough to allow the company's resources to focus effectively on its accomplishments, because nothing is more damaging to a small business than trying to do too much at the beginning, with just enough comprehensive for a company to grow and reach its potential. The objectives chosen should also include information about the scale the business hopes to achieve. The established objectives are then translated into execution missions and operational plans, explained and detailed in the business plan. The success or failure of a business plan is evaluated at the end of the planning period based on the achievement of previously established objectives.

ANDRIȘAN GABRIELA NICOLETA, MODREANU ANDRA

The available academic literature on corporate strategy is extensive, with a century of history to back it up. When one chooses to delve deeper into the meaning of this term, it becomes clear that corporate strategies have evolved spectacularly as the economic context has expanded. Corporations have always been profit-driven, viewing their various business ventures as distinct opportunities for growth and expansion in their respective industries. One can see a clear shift over time from top-down communication, which only allowed employees to execute their tasks as assigned by upper management, to a bottom-up style, which allows the voice of lower-level staff to be heard in order to create a more cohesive strategic outcome. The ultimate goal is thus set on a more secure path that aligns all of the tactics used by the corporation's various departments and businesses. The article proposes a conceptual framework for examining how corporate strategies have been perceived over the last century. As a result of the existing literature review, a synthesis of the most prevalent characteristics and components associated with them was derived, leaving room for further analysis in future research. The results show that corporate strategy represents a broad topic that can be explored in a variety of ways

Hayelom Abrha Meressa

Abstract In developing economies, stable foreign direct investment inflow is used as a means of realization of private sector growth and sustainable development goals. However, there is variability in inflows to African region in general and its economic bloc groupings in particular overtime across countries. In this regard, numerous empirical studies have been carried out on the determinants of investment inflow variability using different datasets on developing countries despite the studies have produced paradoxical findings. The aim of this study is, therefore, to empirically identify factors that determine variability of foreign direct investment inflows to COMESA member countries using panel data estimators. The study used explanatory research design with arrangement of secondary data, ex post control over variables, unbalanced short panel inclined with quantitative approach. The data were acquired from world development and governance indicators of World Bank for a period of 15 years ranging from 2002 to 2016 for 17 countries. Econometric model estimation procedures and diagnostic tests for classical linear regression model assumptions were carried out before making valid analysis. Accordingly, empirical evidence of the study revealed that infrastructure, government effectiveness, economic growth, control over corruption, trade openness, political stability, human capital and financial development have statistically positive effect on the inflow. However, external debt, inflation and regulatory quality failed to show significant effect. Therefore, member countries should take measures to narrow-up bottlenecks of financial development, improve infrastructure, scale-up trade integration, improve human capital quality, work to bring better political stability and to control corruption in order to boost-up stable inflows.

Ana Lima, F. Arruda, J. Medeiros et al.

The scientific community is paying increasing attention to plant waste valorization, and also to “greener” practices in the agriculture, food and cosmetic sectors. In this context, unused forest biomass (e.g., leaves, seed cones, branches/twigs, bark and sapwood) of Cryptomeria japonica, a commercially important tree throughout Asia and the Azores Archipelago (Portugal), is currently waste/by-products of wood processing that can be converted into eco-friendly and high added-value products, such as essential oils (EOs), with social, environmental and economic impacts. Plant-derived EOs are complex mixtures of metabolites, mostly terpenes and terpenoids, with valuable bioactivities (e.g., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, neuroprotective, antidepressant, antimicrobial, antiviral and pesticide), which can find applications in several industries, such as pharmaceutical, medical, aromatherapy, food, cosmetic, perfumery, household and agrochemical (e.g., biopesticides), with manifold approaches. The EOs components are also of value for taxonomic investigations. It is known that the variation in EOs chemical composition and, consequently, in their biological activities and commercial use, is due to different exogenous and endogenous factors that can lead to ecotypes or chemotypes in the same plant species. The present paper aims to provide an overview of the chemical composition, biological properties and proposals of valorization of C. japonica EO from several countries, and also to indicate gaps in the current knowledge.

Mordechai Chaziza

ABSTRACT This article examines aspects behind the China-Tunisia friendly cooperative relations. It looks at the synergies between the Belt and Road Initiative and Tunisia’s economy and geographically strategic location to understand the extent of economic dimension and bilateral relations between the two nations. The main argument is that the PRC’s relationship with Tunisia is based on shared or mutually complementary commercial interests and a strategic geographical location, which especially support Tunisia’s economic growth, industrialization, and social development through integration in the BRI framework.

GEORGE BUCĂŢA

One of the key elements that determine the success of a company is the efficient management of human resources. To do this, firstly, it is important to carefully organize every process in which employees are involved and secondly, to have a thorough knowledge of all positions in the company. The first part involves planning in the field of human resources, and the second - the analysis of labor. Despite the fact that these are two separate activities, there is a close connection between them.

P. Guimarães

Abstract Cities and retail are intrinsically connected and in evolution. Malling in the United States is characterised by the peripheral implementation of large shopping centres in close connection with urban sprawl that characterise the urban development of that country. However, in a process that has been gaining relevance, several shopping centres have declined. A practice commonly referred to as demalling emerged, through which shopping centres began to be redeveloped to acquire new functions. Although more incipient, in Europe this process is just now evolving as some shopping centres begin to decline becoming dead malls. The aim of this article is to explore demalling, unfolding evidences of such practice in this latter geographical context. Based on a case study methodology, we developed fieldwork in Lisbon municipality and analysed 55 shopping centres. Our main results stress the low economic viability of the majority of these retail precincts and uncovered that several redevelopment measures are already in place, framing the demalling process of that city. Overall, two main categories of interventions were unfolded, both of which possess similarities to the measures implemented in North America: (i) moving out, in which the shopping centre appropriates part of the public space; (ii) functional requalification, in which other functions become relevant to the detriment of the previous exclusive commercial function.

Alessandro Singlitico, J. Goggins, R. Monaghan

Abstract Green gas is a promising renewable energy carrier compatible with existing gas networks, whose environmental impact and capacity to decarbonise the energy sector is evaluated by life cycle assessment (LCA). This articles reviews 42 LCAs applied to biomethane, produced by anaerobic digestion, and bio-SNG, produced by gasification and methanation, discussing the main methodological choices and their effects on the results, and highlighting the limits of the use of LCA as a stand-alone approach in real-case applications. While uncertainty analysis was performed in 34 of the reviewed studies, only 3 studies integrated the LCA with process modelling or geospatial modelling. The lack of data for pre-commercial or newly-commercialised technologies has necessitated to the introduction of thermodynamic models giving mass and energy flows, especially in the case of bio-SNG. Limits due to geospatial case-specific constraints have been overcome by two studies introducing geographical information systems (GIS) based models to evaluate the impact of green gas production system on a regional level. Facility siting and sizing has been also found to be fundamentally important in evaluating the trade-off between profitability and environmental impact. Finally, this work highlights the need for a hybrid LCA, in which LCA is integrated with thermodynamic models of the process, GIS-based infrastructure design, and uncertainty quantification, in order to inform stakeholders of the economic, environmental and energy potential of green gas production systems.

Timothy J. Riddiough

I study the history and performance of commercial real estate (CRE) in the pension fund portfolio, showing how many plan sponsors fundamentally changed their approach to CRE investment once underfunding gaps began to emerge in the early and middle 2000s. Several new empirical facts are presented, including pension fund share ownership estimates of private equity real estate (PERE) in excess of 50%, reconfirmation of underperformance of Value-add and Opportunity PERE funds, and the apparent existence of an illiquidity price premium paid by pension funds for the “volatility veil” that PERE fund investment provides. Three types of concentration risks are identified, including high geographical ownership concentrations. The risks that pension funds and their investment in PERE funds pose to economic and financial stability have been exacerbated by the negative aftershocks of the COVID-19 pandemic.

CIURLĂU LOREDANA

This article is focused specifically on the banking system, as required by the economic segment of the assembly. Taking into account the economic and financial reality, both at international level and internally, each country and implicitly and Romania is interested in creating a solid banking system, to ensure an appropriate organizational framework the development of financial mechanisms. I chose this theme as a result of the impact on the banking system in the whole economy and taking into account the fact that a market economy cannot operate without banks profitable and well consolidated. With the development of the economy and the improvement of the business environment in Romania the banking system has undergone significant development exponential growth. in the context of the challenges imposed by the globalization process of european integration, which is equivalent to the development process of Romania, cannot be achieved without the existence of a banking system performance to meet the intense competition between the countries of the world. Determinants of the Romanian economy - transition, integration, globalization - provides significant opportunities to increase the economic performance - financial, making more revenue, but also major risks. The assessment of the performance indicators have a great expressiveness banking, reflecting a multitude of aspects such as the degree to generate profits, operational efficiency and management. Taking into account the banking institutions competition both internally and internationally we evaluated and analyzed the economic and financial profitability rate in the Romanian banking system reported to the european to assess the viability of the Romanian banking system when compared to other countries in the European Union.

G. Ramsbottom, B. Horan, Donagh P. Berry et al.

Valentina Basaric, A. Vujicić, J. Šimić et al.

Abstract This work presents the results obtained by analyzing behavior patterns of transport users in Novi Sad (Republic of Serbia) with respect to their gender and age. Novi Sad is the second largest city in the Republic of Serbia, and is recognized as a regional administrative, commercial, tourist and cultural center. In addition to its favorable geographical, topographical and climatic conditions, its street and public transport network has considerably developed in recent decades, while its innermost districts have a well developed network of bicycle paths. Presently, the city is characterized by extremely high participation of non-motorized trips (about 48%) and approximately equal contribution of public transport and private vehicles to the motorized travel volume. The aforementioned analysis utilized the information sourced from the NOSTRAM database and the Novi Sad Transport Model. In order to form such a comprehensive database of daily activities, a series of traffic surveys was carried out (household surveys, surveys on the outer cordon, public transport passenger counting, parking space utilization monitoring, etc.). Statistical analysis of the household survey data enabled a comparison of the male and female core travel characteristics. The same methodology was subsequently employed in comparing travel characteristics pertinent to different age groups (children, teenagers, students, working-age population represented by several categories, and pensioners). Data analysis revealed gender differences in the utilization of various transport modes, as well as with respect to travel purpose and daily distribution of key activities. It can be said that, due to the traditional societal values and poor economic conditions, women tend to use passenger car less frequently than men do. The results related to different age groups prompted a discussion on transport accessibility to various population strata and employment level as the potential causes of the observed patterns and low mobility among children. The contribution of this paper is multifaceted, as it provides valuable information for further social and traffic studies, as well as for the creation of sustainable mobility plans for Novi Sad. The patterns revealed here can be applied in the development of mobility schemes of other regional cities characterized by similar economic development and cultural-historical heritage. The value of this work is reflected in the creation of a solid basis for the definition of mathematical models of transport demand and identification of transport policy measures directed toward sustainable mobility.

CĂTĂLIN POPESCU, MARIUS BULEARCĂ

The concept of organizational culture is fundamental to explain critical phenomena in the functioning of organizations, phenomena such as the creation of a hierarchy of values on which depends either the strategic direction of the system or the determination of fundamental attitudes towards the internal and external environment. The paper presents comparative results of GLOBE research in various countries, research based on the correlation between national culture, organizational culture and leadership. In order to determine main differences, in terms of organisational culture and leadership between countries are took in account important countries from different continents and regions.For the study relevance are considered countries from different clusters in terms of societies and related to the cultural dimensions

CĂTĂLIN FLORIN ZETI, ANNE MARIE BARTALIS, ALEXANDRU CRISTIAN DOBRE et al.

Increasing the use of information and communication technology in all sectors of activity has generated the emergence of open government concepts and open government data, which, as they are implemented in practice, reveal a new direction for research to identify opportunities for economic development. The main players at the macroeconomic level that benefit from data opening are: the Government, the civil society, the population and the business community, even if they are in different positions within the real, financial and informational flows that take place in the economy. The purpose of this article is to perform a multiple assessment of these concepts and to research the impact of open data implementation on added value

L. Llanos, Rusli bin Ahmad

O. López-Fernández, R. Rial-Otero, J. Simal-Gándara