This article examines the legal framework of individual labour disputes involving alleged false self-employment individuals in Lithuanian employment law. As individual labour disputes in Lithuania must be heard in a mandatory preliminary dispute resolution proceeding before a Labour Dispute Commission, the question arises as to what extent these Commissions are required to receive and assess applications from working persons who formally provide work under a civil law contract but assert that the contract is an employment contract. The principle of primacy of facts dictates that the facts and actions of the parties take precedence over the form of the contract or the intention expressed in the contract when deciding whether an employment contract has been concluded. Despite not being an original responsibility of the Labour Dispute Commission, in deciding on its competence, it has to assess the facts and assess whether an employment relationship has in fact been established. This means that not only must the form of the contract be considered, but also its implementation, i.e., the actual relationship between the parties. It may be difficult for the working person to obtain evidence for the existence of an employment contract, as only the alleged employer might be in possession of such evidence. Therefore, a coherent and substantiated assertion that it could be an employment relationship should be sufficient for the Labour Dispute Commission to carry out a thorough examination, including the involvement of the alleged employer. The article draws parallels with the German legal system, which applies a special approach to such cases, known as “sic-non” cases.
Swapnil Bhattacharyya, Harshvivek Kashid, Shrey Ganatra
et al.
AI-based judicial assistance and case prediction have been extensively studied in criminal and civil domains, but remain largely unexplored in consumer law, especially in India. In this paper, we present Nyay-Darpan, a novel two-in-one framework that (i) summarizes consumer case files and (ii) retrieves similar case judgements to aid decision-making in consumer dispute resolution. Our methodology not only addresses the gap in consumer law AI tools but also introduces an innovative approach to evaluate the quality of the summary. The term 'Nyay-Darpan' translates into 'Mirror of Justice', symbolizing the ability of our tool to reflect the core of consumer disputes through precise summarization and intelligent case retrieval. Our system achieves over 75 percent accuracy in similar case prediction and approximately 70 percent accuracy across material summary evaluation metrics, demonstrating its practical effectiveness. We will publicly release the Nyay-Darpan framework and dataset to promote reproducibility and facilitate further research in this underexplored yet impactful domain.
Thijs L van der Plas, Stephen Law, Michael JO Pocock
The growing demand for scalable biodiversity monitoring methods has fuelled interest in remote sensing data, due to its widespread availability and extensive coverage. Traditionally, the application of remote sensing to biodiversity research has focused on mapping and monitoring habitats, but with increasing availability of large-scale citizen-science wildlife observation data, recent methods have started to explore predicting multi-species presence directly from satellite images. This paper presents a new data set for predicting butterfly species presence from satellite data in the United Kingdom. We experimentally optimise a Resnet-based model to predict multi-species presence from 4-band satellite images, and find that this model especially outperforms the mean rate baseline for locations with high species biodiversity. To improve performance, we develop a soft, supervised contrastive regularisation loss that is tailored to probabilistic labels (such as species-presence data), and demonstrate that this improves prediction accuracy. In summary, our new data set and contrastive regularisation method contribute to the open challenge of accurately predicting species biodiversity from remote sensing data, which is key for efficient biodiversity monitoring.
A selection of new results from the CMS experiment is presented. These results focus on searches for dark-sector particles using Run 2 or Run 3 data. Dedicated data streams were utilised to explore the low-mass parameter space. Machine learning techniques were employed to discriminate between signal and background.
If you take a superposition of n IID copies of a point process and thin that by a factor of 1/n, then the resulting process tends to a Poisson point process as n tends to infinity. We give a simple proof of this result that highlights its similarity to the law of large numbers and to the law of thin numbers of Harremoës et al.
Existing methods for learning urban space representations from Point-of-Interest (POI) data face several limitations, including issues with geographical delineation, inadequate spatial information modelling, underutilisation of POI semantic attributes, and computational inefficiencies. To address these issues, we propose CaLLiPer (Contrastive Language-Location Pre-training), a novel representation learning model that directly embeds continuous urban spaces into vector representations that can capture the spatial and semantic distribution of urban environment. This model leverages a multimodal contrastive learning objective, aligning location embeddings with textual POI descriptions, thereby bypassing the need for complex training corpus construction and negative sampling. We validate CaLLiPer's effectiveness by applying it to learning urban space representations in London, UK, where it demonstrates 5-15% improvement in predictive performance for land use classification and socioeconomic mapping tasks compared to state-of-the-art methods. Visualisations of the learned representations further illustrate our model's advantages in capturing spatial variations in urban semantics with high accuracy and fine resolution. Additionally, CaLLiPer achieves reduced training time, showcasing its efficiency and scalability. This work provides a promising pathway for scalable, semantically rich urban space representation learning that can support the development of geospatial foundation models. The implementation code is available at https://github.com/xlwang233/CaLLiPer.
The research touches on an interesting and important scientific problem that lies in the contradiction between two circumstances. The first circumstance is the lowering of the age limit for doing judo. And the second circumstance is the necessity to carefully dosing the load, training young judokas, taking into account their active growth and development. Thus, the analysis of the cardiovascular system’s reactions to the applied load among judokas of preschool and primary school age is relevant and new for experimental research. The purpose of this research is to determine the cardiovascular responses (“costs” / “physiological price”) among judokas of preschool and primary school age to mental and physical stress (using the example of the general preparatory stage in the yearlong macrocycle, in particularly, on the example of the first retracting and the first basic mesocycles). The methods of this research: comparative method, longitudinal method, a method of included pedagogical observation, a method of recording, a method of control tests, a forming natural closed sequential pedagogical experiment (according to the scheme of a single difference), case studies, frequence’s analysis, correlation’s analysis, regression’s analysis, genetic method, theoretical modeling. As a result of the study, a beneficial effect of the pedagogical technology “Safe Judo” on the trainness’s increasing of the cardiovascular system’s functions among judokas of preschool and primary school age was revealed (in particularly, an increasing in systolic blood volume, an increasing in minute blood volume, as well as a decreasing in the number of arrhythmias).
Terahertz (THz) technologies have been of interest for many years due to the variety of applications including gas sensing, nonionizing imaging of biological systems, security and defense, etc. To date, scientists have used different classes of materials to perform different THz functions. However, to assemble an on-chip THz integrated system, we must understand how to integrate these different materials. Here, we explore the growth of Bi2Se3, a topological insulator (TI) material that could serve as a plasmonic waveguide in THz integrated devices, on technologically-important GaAs (001) substrates. We explore surface treatments and find that atomically smooth GaAs surface is critical to achieving high-quality Bi2Se3 films despite the relatively weak film/substrate interaction. Calculations indicate that the Bi2Se3/GaAs interface is likely selenium-terminated and shows no evidence of chemical bonding between the Bi2Se3 and the substrate. These results are a guide for integrating van der Waals materials with conventional semiconductor substrates and serve as the first steps toward achieving an on-chip THz integrated system.
Cameron Trotter, Nick Wright, A. Stephen McGough
et al.
Photo-identification (photo-id) is one of the main non-invasive capture-recapture methods utilised by marine researchers for monitoring cetacean (dolphin, whale, and porpoise) populations. This method has historically been performed manually resulting in high workload and cost due to the vast number of images collected. Recently automated aids have been developed to help speed-up photo-id, although they are often disjoint in their processing and do not utilise all available identifying information. Work presented in this paper aims to create a fully automatic photo-id aid capable of providing most likely matches based on all available information without the need for data pre-processing such as cropping. This is achieved through a pipeline of computer vision models and post-processing techniques aimed at detecting cetaceans in unedited field imagery before passing them downstream for individual level catalogue matching. The system is capable of handling previously uncatalogued individuals and flagging these for investigation thanks to catalogue similarity comparison. We evaluate the system against multiple real-life photo-id catalogues, achieving mAP@IOU[0.5] = 0.91, 0.96 for the task of dorsal fin detection on catalogues from Tanzania and the UK respectively and 83.1, 97.5% top-10 accuracy for the task of individual classification on catalogues from the UK and USA.
Dendik Surya Wardana, Iswi Hariyani, Dodik Prihatin AN
The notary's responsibility for the notary's deed based on electronic transactions, including the protection of electronic information confidentiality relating to network networks in the electronic exchange of information.The notary's role in proving criminal matters against the deed he performs is limited to acting as an expert witness to justify what was seen or witnessed and what was not seen or witnessed. what was conveyed at the time the deed was drawn up The status of a notary deed in the form of a digital or cybernotary is covered by Article 187 of the Criminal Procedure Code, which governs the type of evidence. Since the Electronic System in a multiplication speaker produces information that can no longer be separated from him. To put it another way, their presence should be equivalent to or identical to written proof, such as a document, a forged deed, or an authentic deed. The power of digital proof of a Notary deed can be equated to that of an authentic deed if its authenticity is objectively assured, it can justify who the legal subject is responsible, and the electronic system is guaranteed to function properly (accredited). As long as the parties cannot demonstrate otherwise, the system's declarations may be considered theoretically and legally valid.
KEYWORDS : Notary, Electronic Deed, Proof.
Actualmente, vivimos una época de revolución tecnológica que ha alcanzado al sistema financiero. Cada vez son más comunes las FinTech o empresas que ofrecen productos y servicios financieros que se apalancan de la tecnología para ser más eficientes y ofrecer al usuario soluciones efectivas relacionadas con las finanzas. Ahora bien, la novedad e innovación aportadas por las FinTech no solo ofrecen ventajas a los usuarios y al mercado; sino que también representan desafíos para el regulador, pues este debe buscar el equilibrio entre la tutela de bienes constitucionales y el aseguramiento de un ecosistema legal idóneo para el desarrollo de las FinTech.
Así las cosas, una alternativa que parece balancear todo ello es la implementación de un sandbox regulatorio: es decir, un espacio controlado en el que las FinTech pueden probar sus productos y servicios en tiempo real. Reguladores de todo el mundo vienen implementado sandboxes en sus jurisdicciones con resultados alentadores. En tal sentido, debido a su flexibilidad y adaptabilidad a distintos ordenamientos jurídicos, la implementación de un sandbox regulatorio es una alternativa atractiva para el desarrollo de la industria FinTech en Perú.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Civil law
Peter Jeremiah Setiawan, Shintya Yulfa Septiningrum, Xavier Nugraha
This legal research aims to determine the consequences of criminal law and civil law consequences for buyers who purchase motorized vehicles without complete and valid documents. This legal research is a normative juridical research. The nature of this legal research is an analytical description to describe an ongoing situation or situation as data for the object of research so that it can explore ideal things which can then be analyzed based on legal theory or applicable laws and regulations. Based on the results of research and discussion, the consequences of criminal law against buyers who purchase motorized vehicles without complete and valid documents are that Article 480 paragraph (1) of the Criminal Code on criminal acts of detention must be fulfilled with subjective and objective elements Furthermore, the effect of civil law on buyers who purchase motorized vehicles without complete and valid documents is that it is possible for the owner of the motor vehicle to file a lawsuit against the law based on Article 1365 of the Civil Code.
Neus Català, Jaume Baixeries, Ramon Ferrer-Cancho
et al.
In his pioneering research, G. K. Zipf formulated a couple of statistical laws on the relationship between the frequency of a word with its number of meanings: the law of meaning distribution, relating the frequency of a word and its frequency rank, and the meaning-frequency law, relating the frequency of a word with its number of meanings. Although these laws were formulated more than half a century ago, they have been only investigated in a few languages. Here we present the first study of these laws in Catalan. We verify these laws in Catalan via the relationship among their exponents and that of the rank-frequency law. We present a new protocol for the analysis of these Zipfian laws that can be extended to other languages. We report the first evidence of two marked regimes for these laws in written language and speech, paralleling the two regimes in Zipf's rank-frequency law in large multi-author corpora discovered in early 2000s. Finally, the implications of these two regimes will be discussed.
Image registration has been widely studied over the past several decades, with numerous applications in science, engineering and medicine. Most of the conventional mathematical models for large deformation image registration rely on prescribed landmarks, which usually require tedious manual labeling and are prone to error. In recent years, there has been a surge of interest in the use of machine learning for image registration. In this paper, we develop a novel method for large deformation image registration by a fusion of quasiconformal theory and convolutional neural network (CNN). More specifically, we propose a quasiconformal energy model with a novel fidelity term that incorporates the features extracted using a pre-trained CNN, thereby allowing us to obtain meaningful registration results without any guidance of prescribed landmarks. Moreover, unlike many prior image registration methods, the bijectivity of our method is guaranteed by quasiconformal theory. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. More broadly, our work sheds light on how rigorous mathematical theories and practical machine learning approaches can be integrated for developing computational methods with improved performance.
Camilla Capucio, Fernanda de Araújo Kallas e Caetano
Bearing in mind the complex context of the relationship between multilateralism and regionalism, the conclusion of plurilateral agreements within the WTO, open to participation of all interested members, offers a multilateral perspective of regionalism, in which the benefits of partial consensus are to be extended to the multilateral sphere. The ITA - Information Technology Agreement - is mentioned as an example of this possibility, and its recent expansion, through the negotiation of the ITA II, demonstrates the strengthening of this multilateralisation trend of regionalism, although with special features. Thus, this article is developed drawing the context and introduction of the theme of regionalism and multilateralism, and presents the theory of multilateralisation of regionalism and the ITA as one of those experiences, and its recent expansion as a resumption of the relevance of this theory. Considering the impasses for the conclusion of the Doha Round, the expansion of these partial consensus and the continuation of negotiations at the World Trade Organization by the conclusion of sectoral plurilateral agreements emerges as a possible way out, which demands a re-architecture of the interpretation of the role of the WTO in the global economic governance.
This paper, using a comparative law method, discusses the controversy concerning the meaning and interpretation of strict liability as found in the Indonesian Consumer Protection Law. How in Indonesia this concept is understood will be compared to how the same concept (strict liability) is developed within the Dutch civil law system and the common law system (especially in the United Kingdom(UK)and United State of America (USA)). A brief description of the meaning and development of the concept in Indonesia will be given, including the historical trajectory of the concept within those different systems and the important case laws in the Netherlands, UK and USA. All this will provide a background for the author to discuss and criticize the strict liability concept as found regulated in Law No. 8 of 199 on Consumer Protection.
Resumo: A aprovação, em âmbitos estaduais e municipais, de leis que permitam o estabelecimento de contratos entre os entes estatais e organizações na sociedade civil com vistas a gerir políticas sociais em diversos ramos é parte central do projeto neoliberal em nosso tempo. Isso é vislumbrado pelo apoio e promoção enfática dado pelos organismos Internacionais como Banco Mundial e Agências do Sistema ONU. Este texto irá analisar o caso concreto da lei 5026\2009 e do decreto 3080\2009, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, que tornaram legal o estabelecimento de contratos de gestão com as entidades que receberam a qualificação de Organizações Sociais e como aprofundam o processo de privatização da ação estatal na implementação das políticas sociais.
Palavras-chaves: Organizações Sociais. Lei. Rio de Janeiro. Neoliberalismo. Políticas sociais
Abstract: The approval in state and municipal spheres of various laws in order to permit the establishment of contracts between state bodies and civil society organizations with a view to managing social policies in different branches is a central part of the neoliberal project in our time. This paper will examine the concrete bylaw of Rio de Janeiro that made it legal for the establishment of management contracts with entities who have received the qualification of “social organizations” and how their points open ample margins for script research in several fields of the implementation of social policies.
Key-words: Social Organization. Law. Rio de Janeiro. Neoliberalism. Social Policies