Hasil untuk "Biography"

S. Billett

G. Salkeld, Andrew S. Mitchell, Suzanne Hill

Anthropology looks at pharmaceuticals as social and cultural phenomena. It is interested in the relationship between human beings and the medicines they produce, sell, prescribe, and consume. This entry describes the history of pharmaceutical anthropology, the “biography” and “social life” of pharmaceuticals, and the most prominent concepts and perspectives in the study of pharmaceuticals, including critical medical anthropology, agency, pharmaceuti-calization, self-medication, commodification, globalization, pharmaceutical symbolism, and resistance toward the use of pharmaceuticals. Three long-lasting debates related to pharmaceuticals are presented: the role of the industry, the placebo effect, and the controversy about the efficacy of traditional/alternative versus biomedical medicines. Lastly, the practical relevance of anthropological research of pharmaceuticals is discussed.

Paolo Miccoli

L’articolo presenta i primi risultati di un’indagine lessicografica sui somalismi della scrittrice Shirin Ramzanali Fazel, condotta attraverso la consultazione dei principali strumenti lessicografici della lingua somala. Le opere del corpus comprendono i tre romanzi (Lontano da Mogadiscio, Nuvole sull’Equatore e Profumo di Uunsi) e la raccolta di poesie Ali spezzate. Nella prima parte si riporta un’introduzione sulla letteratura postcoloniale, sulla biografia della scrittrice e sulla storia coloniale e postcoloniale della Somalia e si delinea un quadro della complessità linguistica del somalo e della Somalia, in relazione sia alla lingua parlata sia a quella, solo di recente, scritta. Nella seconda parte si presentano i criteri di raccolta e si analizzano alcuni aspetti linguistici rilevanti degli 84 lemmi del glossario, somalismi con classe grammaticale di sostantivo. Le voci sono state redatte inserendo le seguenti informazioni: voce riscontrata negli strumenti lessicografici della lingua somala, eventuale ambito semantico, forma nel testo, classe grammaticale, definizione nel testo, modalità esplicativa, fonte del corpus, pagina e contesto. Il glossario, che ha previsto diverse fasi di lavoro (raccolta e ripulitura dei dati, redazione dei lemmi in base ai criteri elencati), è stato strutturato al fine di condurre un confronto tra le voci del somalo standard e le forme attestate nel corpus in italiano. Le conclusioni di questa prima indagine permettono di individuare alcuni interessanti fenomeni fonologici, morfologici e morfosintattici relativi alle varianti grafiche e consentono ulteriori riflessioni sulla fenomenologia dei somalismi, in particolare rispetto alle eventuali traduzioni nel testo e alle modalità in cui compaiono.   A glossary of somalisms by Shirin Ramzanali Fazel The article presents the first results of a lexicographic investigation on the Somalisms of the writer Shirin Ramzanali Fazel, conducted through the consultation of the main lexicographic tools of the Somali language. The works in the corpus include the three novels (Lontano da Mogadiscio, Nuvole sull’Equatore and Profumo di Uunsi) and the collection of poems, Ali spezzate. The first part provides an introduction to postcolonial literature, the writer’s biography and the colonial and postcolonial history of Somalia, and outlines a picture of the linguistic complexity of Somali and Somalia, in relation both to the spoken language and to the recent written language. In the second part, the collection criteria are presented and some relevant linguistic aspects of the 84 lemmas of the glossary, Somalisms with grammatical class of noun, are analysed. The entries were drawn up by inserting the following information: entry found in the lexicographic tools of the Somali language, possible semantic field, form in the text, grammatical class, definition in the text, explanatory mode, corpus source, page and context. The glossary, which involved various work phases (collection and cleaning of data, drafting of headwords based on the listed criteria), was structured in order to conduct a comparison between the entries of standard Somali and the forms attested in the Italian corpus. The conclusions of this first investigation allow us to identify some interesting phonological, morphological and morphosyntactic phenomena relating to the graphic variants and allow further reflections on the phenomenology of Somalisms, in particular with respect to any translations in the text and the ways in which they appear.

Andrey A. Kurapov

Goals. The article aims to explore some unpublished documents relating to the interaction between Rev. Hieromonk Gury, Associate Professor of the Kazan Theological Academy, and Astrakhan Diocesan Committee of the Orthodox Missionary Society, the former contained in Collection 597 ‘Astrakhan Diocesan Committee of the Missionary Orthodox Society’ (State Archive of Astrakhan Oblast). Materials and methods. The study analyzes a set of archival documents of 1907 narrating about the cooperation between Astrakhan Diocesan Committee and Kazan Theological Academy, including ones describing scientific and teaching endeavors of Rev. Hieromonk Gury. The article employs comparative and historical-descriptive methods of historical research. Results. The paper examines and introduces into scientific circulation a number of documents dated 1907 — a petition by Associate Professor of Kazan Theological Academy hieromonk Gury to Bishop Georgy of Astrakhan, resolution of the Bishop, decision of Astrakhan Diocesan Committee, letter of Hieromonk Gury to Bishop Georgy of Astrakhan, the latter’s appeal to the Committee, and Rev. Gury’s notification confirming the delivery of publications — from Collection 597 of the State Archive of Astrakhan Oblast. The documents are an important historical source on missionary activities of the Russian Orthodox Church in Kalmyk Steppe, interaction between Astrakhan Diocesan Committee and Kazan Theological Academy, and are most instrumental in discovering additional data pertaining to the biography of the prominent Mongolist Rev. Hieromonk Gury.

Yu. V. Rodionova

In the modern educational process, additional lectures are increasingly being introduced into the mandatory postgraduate education programme, aimed at developing the personal qualities of a physician, increasing the motivation of students towards the profession, and increasing the attractiveness of the image of a medical professional and a scientist. To that end, certain moral and ethical reference points are selected from the biographies of physicians of the "past", which are elevated to an ideal and repeated in every biographical article without proper professional evaluation. The mythologisation of the image of the physician in the professional community and in the mass consciousness is thus the subject of a separate study. In this article, the author examines the biography of Friedrich Joseph Haass, a nineteenth-century Moscow physician beatified by the Roman Catholic Church, in the context of the emergence of the biography of a new type of "saint" and examples of new secular spiritual and moral reference points, different from the traditionally established Church attributes of holiness, and in the absence of a close connection to the religious institution of the Church.

M. V. Kretov, Yu. I. Shevchenko

The article presents a very brief biography of a corresponding mem­ber of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Honorary Doctor of Sciences of the I. Kant Baltic Federal University, professor-consultant of the Institute of Physical and Mathematical Sciences and Information Technologies of I. Kant BFU. The information about the scientific and pedagogical work of the scientist for 68 years is given. The article analyzes the active life position of Vladislav Stepanovich Malakhovsky during his years of study at school, at Tomsk University, as well as during his work at Tomsk University and the I. Kant Baltic Federal University up to December 14, 2022. Links are given to individual articles in which Vladislav Stepanovich's activities in all areas are described in more detail, including the content of recent pub­lications on number theory.

Aleksey A. Arzamazov

The article deals with the problematic and thematic contexts of the work of Dmitry Taganov, one of the most prominent representatives of modern Mordovian (Erzian) literature. D. Taganov, who was born and lives in the Ural region, personifies the literary diaspora of the Mordovians with his biography and poems. In the course of the study, it was found out that his poetic world is distinguished by an ascetic figurative system and a stable set of figurative and symbolic elements, which almost does not change from collection to collection. The study included not only original texts in the Erzya language but also Russian interlinear translations made by the author, which allow interpreting artistic features and stylistic details in two linguopoetical “projections” at once. It has been established that in his poems D. Taganov mostly avoids the actualization of the ethno-cultural component, prefers ethnically neutral lyrical plots, and pays increased attention to the psychological realities of love existence. Some motif-figurative elements connected with the poet’s professional activity in medicine are shown. An important aspect of this study is the analysis of literary translations of D. Taganov’s poems into Russian. Difficulty in understanding the original works by the translator and facts of inattentive attitude to the core parameters of the original text are demonstrated on the example of texts.

Vladimir T. Tepkeev

Introduction. The article scrutinizes the 1727 Kalmyk-Kuban contacts and — within the latter — the role of the rebellious Sultan Bahti Giray of Kuban to have dramatically destabilized the Russian-Ottoman steppe frontier. The recent years witness an increasing interest in Bahti Giray’s biography examined in a series of special publications. Goals. The paper aims to introduce some newly discovered data on Kalmyk-Kuban relations. Materials. The work focuses on materials from the National Archive of Kalmykia to have collected unique documents of correspondence between Kalmyk princes and South Russian authorities, as well as secret eyewitness reports on Kalmyk-Kuban contacts. Results. The article provides a detailed historical review of Kalmyk-Kuban relations as of 1727. Conclusions. In 1726–1727, Bahti Giray — after a number of misfortunes — joined another struggle for power in Kuban with the military aid of the Kalmyks. Kalmyk leaders were eager to seize the opportunity for minimizing any threats from Kuban rather than for regaining control over Yedisan and Jamboiluk Nogais. So, those were common military and political interests that brought Bahti Giray and Kalmyk chieftains together. Meanwhile, the Russian Government was worried enough by the tense situation in the Russian-Turkish frontier and sought for various means to neutralize the rebellious sultan — from political murder to proclamation of a protectorate, the latter having been welcomed by both the sultan himself and most Kalmyk princes that took an active part in the negotiation process. However, Colonel V. Beklemishev who was acting as Russia’s chief representative throughout the negotiations did fear the two parties may have initiated a political imitation but had no efficient levers to influence the situation and cancel the forthcoming Kuban campaign.

Kate Rousmaniere

This essay takes a feminist educational biographical approach to the transnational life and work of the American educator Elizabeth Cecil Wilson (1913-1994). Central to this interpretation is the way in which Wilson’s life exemplifies the concept of “internal exile” as a result of her transnational movements in China, Korea, and the United States. Wilson’s early experiences with internationalism, all-women’s education and American progressive education shaped her interpretation of her later work in educational administration, leading her to develop a unique perspective about being both an “insider” and an “outsider” in her world. Raised in a variety of close and strongly identified communities, in her later professional life she experienced a sense of isolation and displacement in the structured hierarchical environments of international organizations and American state school systems. Late in life, she articulated this challenge in feminism when she argued for women’s inclusion in formal educational leadership.

Catherine Brist

When the novel coronavirus began to spread around the world in early 2020, much was said about the ways the pandemic highlighted global interconnectedness. Given this context, Babs Boter, Marleen Rensen and Giles Scott-Smith’s collection Unhinging the National Framework: Perspectives on Transnational Life Writing was perhaps auspiciously timed: published in December of 2020, the collection discusses life narratives that cut across national boundaries, emphasising the interconnectedness of global life in the nineteenth, twentieth, and twenty-first centuries.

Branislav Anđelković, Jonathan P. Elias

An anthropoid wooden coffin with human mummy was purchased in Luxor in February 1888 by the Serbian mécène and world traveler Pavle Riđički (1805‒1893). Due to historical, political and cultural circumstances the first studies of the mummy did not start until May 1993. The ancient ‘patient’ ‒ Nesmin, stolist-priest of Akhmim, son of Djedhor (son of Wennefer, son of Djedhor) born to Chay-Hathor-Imw/Tjay-Hathor-imw ‒ who became known as the Belgrade mummy ‒ underwent a CT scan at the University of Belgrade, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Diagnostic Radiology Center. The present paper provides the first complete analysis of the CT scan. At the time of death (350‒325 B.C.) Belgrade Nesmin was between 35 and 40 years old. A proper bioanthropological study is presented. The mummification features are discussed. The distribution of funerary amulets on the mummy has been established. The mummy’s cultural biography is specified. A museum superstition phenomenon is noted.

Antonov I.V.

Research objectives: This article analyzes a new book by independent historian, Valery Zlygostev, written in the historical, biographical genre. The book is dedicated to outstanding figures in the medieval history of the Mongols, their allies, and opponents, as have been preserved in written sources. It discusses the territories eventually covered by the Mongol Empire, stretching from the Mediterranean Sea to the Pacific Ocean, during the period from the eighth to thirteenth century. Zlygostev traced the process of the establishment of Mongolian statehood, the formation of the Mongol Empire, and the expansion of its borders until the end of the era of conquests in the 1270s. The author reconstructs the biographies of all the characters of this period on the basis of the Mongol chronicle of c. 1240, traditionally called the “Secret History,” alongside other sources. The scholarly novelty of the research lies in the presentation of the secondary and tertiary heroes of Mongolian history and their role in various military and political events that culminated in the creation of the greatest world empire in history. Particular attention is paid to the so-called “dark” period in the history of the Mongols stretching until the middle of the twelfth century, that is, the period of Chinggis Khan’s birth. This period is still insufficiently analyzed in historiography and yet is very important for clarifying the prerequisite conditions which brought about the subsequent unification of Mongolia and the conquests of Chinggis Khan and his successors in Asia and Europe. The author has done a tremendous job of analyzing all available sources and identi­fying all possible details of the biography of certain heroes. The book is recommended for everyone interested in the medieval history of Eurasia.

Yu. Shemeta

A peculiar phenomenon of post-war life in the Ukrainian SSR was the return of Ukrainian emigrants. Some of them were hoping to improve the economic situation, in particular, to obtain stable earnings and housing. The other part showed active pro-Soviet position. There were analyzed newspapers articles in the of the USSR 1950’s and 1960’s. This was the period of the most intensive movement of the return. The author analyzes the origin, age, social status, political preferences and activity of the re-emigrants from the point of view of the biographical component. It is established that it was residents of Western Ukrainian lands who left from Ukraine before the Second World War the most. Ukrainians went to Europe and America: France, the United States, Canada, but the largest number of them turned out to be in the countries of Latin America, in particular, in Argentina. These were mainly family people who leaved Motherland with their families and had a goal to acquire own land and engage in farming on it. However, the success in agriculture in Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and Brazil in those who returned was insignificant due to the difficult working conditions in an unusual climate. Many people were forced to leave the land and work in cities at different jobs. Agricultural workers, workers in industry and services dominated among the re-emirates. Many participated in strikes, the trade union movement, cultural organizations that had contacts with the USSR. It was determined that they were mostly family people, had several children, lived together in the countries from which they returned, and in Ukraine. Bachelors were those who returned from Canada and the United States. Relatively few tried to settle there where they were from. These were elderly people. Most showed mobility and the ability to break with their usual way of life and moved to different regions of the Ukrainian SSR and the USSR, preferred life in cities. It is necessary to understand the specifics of the Soviet press, it was very ideologized, did not told about negatives of the process of re-emigration and all its features. However, thanks to her, we can get an idea about re-emigrant portrait: the majority of there had a pro-Soviet position, were an industrious part of society, preferred working professions and sought to get an education.

Alanna Gibbons

Maryam Mirzakhani is the first and the only female winner of the Fields Medal since its establishment in 1936. She is arguably one of the greatest mathematicians of our generation. This biographical paper outlines her life and work. Her mathematical theorems and noteworthy accomplishments are just as impressive as her determination, imagination, and optimistic outlook on life. Mirzakhani’s success came from her passion, creativity, and playful approach to mathematics. She felt the most rewarding part of mathematics was the enjoyment of understanding or discovering something. Mirzakhani’s work was visual and focused on patterns and ideas rather than on numbers and algorithms. She constructed mathematics in an artistic way, and her goal was to always find truth and beauty in the world. Mirzakhani will forever be an inspiration to anyone who has studied her work and read her story.

Tetiana Churpita

The main objective of the study is to recreate the little-known pages of the creative path of Mykola Trehubov, Honored Artist of the Ukrainian SSR, on the basis of an analysis of the archival sources, periodicals and special literature. Methodology. The author has prepared an article using historical, historiographical and analytical approaches. Scientific novelty. In the article, for the first time, the creative path of Mykola Trehubov as a performer and choreographer has been systematized. Considerable attention has been paid to the peculiarities of awarding honorary titles to the master. Conclusions. Mykola Trehubov is outstanding and extraordinary personality, who contributed many bright pages to the history of the Ukrainian ballet. Despite the thorny life path, behind the master remained a gallery of unique ballets (a list of works by Mykola Trehubov, wich includes more than 52 titles), finely honed images (more than 22 ballet parts). Despite this, the authorities replaced the honorary title of Mykola Trehubov from the proposed “People’s Artist of the Ukrainian SSR” to “Honored Artist of the Ukrainian SSR”. The reason for this can only be the choreographer’s work in the occupied territory during World War II and his subsequent being in the camp of the Gulag system. It is worth recalling that during his long creative life, working in leading positions in the largest opera houses of Ukraine, Mykola Trehubov never belonged to the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The only force that led the master, was the love to the great art of dance. This heritage should be studied in detail by a young generation of Ukrainian artists and choreographers.

Rozemarijn van de Wal

British medieval historian Eileen Power (1889-1940) was one of Britain's most eminent female historians of the first half of the twentieth century. Becoming professor of Economic History at the London School of Economics in 1931, Power gained academic recognition to a degree that was difficult for women to obtain in this period. Numerous writings on Power discuss 1920-1921, when she travelled around the world as an Albert-Kahn fellow, as a formative year in her career indicating the importance of travel for achieving scholarly success. In contrast, no attention has been paid to the significance of Power's first academic journey in 1910-1911, when she spent a year in Paris. This stay abroad would however be equally decisive since it was then that she decided to pursue a career in history and become a professional scholar in the medieval discipline.  However, at this time, women were not self-evident scholars but rather considered amateurs, even if they had an academic degree. Therefore, the main question in this article is whether and how Power started to build up her scholarly persona while in Paris, trying to overcome her amateur status, to be seen and recognized as a credible, trustworthy scholar. To do so, I analyse two types of personal writing namely Power's diary and letters to her close friend Margery Garrett. Employing the concept of 'autobiographical performativity', I consider these writings as performative acts that help us gain valuable insight into Eileen Power's persona formation during the early stages of her career.

Shigeto TSURU

The paper is a contribution to a series of recollections and reflections on the professional experiences of distinguished economists which the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro Quarterly Review started in 1979. In it Shigeto Tsuru reflects on his intellectual developments.

Joachim Scheiner

The debate on residential self-selection (RSS) in the travel field seeks to answer the question of whether and to what extent spatial differences in traveling may be explained in spatial terms or to what extent, rather, they are explained by the unequal spatial distribution of people’s social and personal characteristics, particularly their neighborhood and travel preferences. Arguing primarily from a European—specifically, German— perspective, this paper makes a case for integrating the RSS-travel link into the mobility biographies approach that has emerged over the past decade. This approach addresses travel behavior as being embedded in other “spheres” of an individual’s life course, most notably the household and family biographies, the employment biography, and the residential biography. This paper argues that stability and change in travel behavior must be considered not only in concert with residential location choice, but also in the wider context of life course, in which residential choices themselves are embedded. Some unresolved issues in the RSS-travel debate that seem to be of key importance for the current debate are discussed, including various aspects of residential location choice, the role of preferences, and implications for spatial planning and transport planning. The benefits of taking a biographical perspective are also pointed out.

Evgeny Dobrenko

The article analyses Boris Eikhenbaum’s studies related to Mikhail Lermontov and Lev Tolstoy. It demonstrates that Eikhenbaum’s works related to these authors contained many polemical touches with various critics of the 1920s who aspired to appropriate Russian realist mode of writing for the construction of a new type of artistic expression. It suggests that Eikhenbaum’s interest in the literary devices found in the works of Tolstoy was inseparable from the scholar’s concerns about the interaction between life experiences and literary processes in the light of Formalist theories.

Jeanine M. Staples

This article considers the dynamics of an iconographic literacy event that functions as a tool for explorations of literacy practices and fragmented selves, particularly in relationship to the literate lives of marginalized individuals in the post 9/11 era. The author examines what happened when a group of 10 African American women in an urban area employed new literacies in the teaching/learning spaces of their personal lives (i.e. individual homes, familiar eateries, communicative digital technologies) to explore and respond to stories in post 9/11 popular culture narratives. The study employed ethnographic methods (interviews, journaling, email and instant message writing and critical observations) with members of the inquiry over the course of two years. The author investigated critically the meeting of biography, fiction and autoethnography as a literacy event used to couch the literacies and fragmented selves of these women in the post 9/11 era. Findings regarding the nature of their post 9/11 literacies, as expressed through fragmented selves, are shared, along with implications for new literacies research and teaching. Findings show that the women’s post 9/11 literacies include a range and variation of critical sensibilities that include, but are not limited to, multiple levels of sociolinguistic integration, sociocultural criticality and heightened awarenesses.