Properties of the Higgs boson are measured in the two-photon final state using 36.1 fb$^{-1}$ of proton-proton collision data recorded at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV by the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider. Cross-section measurements for the production of a Higgs boson through gluon-gluon fusion, vector-boson fusion, and in association with a vector bosonor a top-quark pair are reported. The signal strength, defined as the ratio of the observed to the expected signal yield, is measured for each of these production processes as well as inclusively. The global signal strength measurement of $0.99 \pm 0.14$ improves on the precision of the ATLAS measurement at $\sqrt{s} = 7$ and 8 TeV by a factor of two. Measurements of gluon-gluon fusion and vector-boson fusion productions yield signal strengths compatible with the Standard Model prediction. Measurements of simplified template cross sections, designed to quantify the different Higgs boson production processes in specific regions of phase space, are reported. The cross section for the production of the Higgs boson decaying to two isolated photons in a fiducial region closely matching the experimental selection of the photons is measured to be $55 \pm 10$ fb, which is in good agreement with the Standard Model prediction of $64 \pm 2$ fb. Furthermore, cross sections in fiducial regions enriched in Higgs boson production in vector-boson fusion or in association with large missing transverse momentum, leptons or top-quark pairs are reported. Differential and double-differential measurements are performed for several variables related to the diphoton kinematics as well as the kinematics and multiplicity of the jets produced in association with a Higgs boson. No significant deviations from a wide array of Standard Model predictions are observed.
AbstractElectron orbits are calculated in solitary two‐dimensional axisymmetric electrostatic potential structures, typical of plasma electron holes, in order to establish the conditions for the particles to remain trapped. Analytic calculations of the evolution of the parallel energy caused by the perturbing radial electric field (breaking magnetic moment invariance) are shown to agree well with full numerical orbit integration Poincaré plots. The predominant mechanism of detrapping is resonance between the gyrofrequency in the parallel magnetic field and harmonics of the parallel bounce frequency. A region of phase space adjacent to the trapped‐passing boundary in parallel energy is generally stochastic because of island overlap of different harmonics, but except for very strong radial electric field perturbation, more deeply trapped orbits have well‐defined islands and are permanently confined. A simple universal quantitative algorithm is given, and its results plotted as a function of magnetic field strength and hole radial scale length, determining the phase space volume available to sustain the electron hole by depression of the permanently trapped distribution function.
Michael W. Liemohn, Yuming Wang, Alan Rodger
et al.
AbstractThe Journal of Geophysical Research Space Physics Editors wish to whole‐heartedly thank the 1602 scientists that invested their time, expertise, and effort in service to the journal and the research community by conducting 3997 reviews in 2016.
AbstractNumerous published examples of energy‐dispersed bursts show electron energies reaching as high as several keV and decaying to lower energies over a fraction of 1 s. This signature has been interpreted by some authors as due to impulsive acceleration to a broad range of energies in a localized region and by others as the result of impulsive, dispersive Alfvén waves, in which case the acceleration takes place over an extended distance along magnetic field lines. A survey by the Suprathermal (0–350 eV) Electron Imager on the Enhanced Polar Outflow Probe (ePOP) in the topside ionosphere has produced examples of high‐to‐low (“regular”) energy dispersion, but also a smaller number of examples exhibiting low‐to‐high (“inverse”) dispersion, which to our knowledge has not been reported before. Motivated by a recent report of regular electron dispersion produced by auroral rays moving faster than the E × B drift speed, we investigate a heuristic model of electron acceleration within a region of uniform electric field parallel to B which extends a distance La along magnetic field lines. We show that in addition to a broad range of energies, this model produces inverse dispersion when the detector is less than La beneath the bottom of the acceleration region and regular dispersion for detector distances larger than La. This simple model is meant to inform future efforts to construct a more physical model of suprathermal electron acceleration within moving auroral forms and suggests that inverse dispersion indicates relative proximity to an altitude‐extended acceleration region.