Abstract Adopting a reflexive research approach, this study offers insights into how career guidance counsellors (CGCs) conceptualise the role of information in their work with students, and how its use aligns with their notions of good practice. In total, 25 CGCs were interviewed to describe and reflect on how they support upper secondary students’ transition to continuing education and work. The iterative engagement between theory and data enabled the identification of five different approaches to information use in guidance practice. The five approaches embody a spectrum of theoretical orientations, ranging from traditional matching paradigms to emancipatory perspectives. The analysis highlights an information paradox, concluding that information may have multiple roles in guidance. Although matching-oriented perspectives on information are prominent in their everyday practices, this study suggests that information use grounded in developmental and socially informed theoretical frameworks aligns more closely with CGCs’ conceptions of good guidance.
Abstract This article presents the findings of a phenomenographic study of career practitioners’ conceptions of career management skills (CMS) at Finnish universities of applied sciences (UAS). The results demonstrate that CMS were conceived as (1) irrelevant, (2) secondary, (3) noteworthy, (4) significant and (5) indispensable. This aligns with previous evidence that conceptions of CMS differ in multiple ways and vary in emphasis. By exploring the logical relationship between qualitatively different conceptions, the study provides a framework for understanding CMS acquisition at UAS, and clarifies the objectives and developmental needs of career guidance in higher education settings.
Background: Gamification – the integration of game-like elements into non-gaming contexts – has gained attention for improving engagement, motivation and user experience in assessment. While widely used in organisations, its role in vocational assessment remains underexplored.
Objective: This systematic review aims to explore how gamification is employed in vocational assessments, focusing on its practical uses, associated benefits and identified limitations.
Methods: Using a structured eight-step systematic review process, searches were conducted across four electronic databases to identify relevant articles published between 2010 and 2024 that utilised gamification in vocational assessment. After an extensive full-text screening and quality appraisal, six articles met the inclusion criteria. Thematic analysis using coding reliability was applied to organise findings into relevant themes.
Results: From the themes it was evident that gamification enhances engagement, motivation and skill development in vocational assessments. Interactive simulations can help individuals adapt to evolving career demands. However, ethical concerns such as data privacy, cultural biases and the balance between technology and human-centred approaches present challenges.
Conclusion: Gamification supported by advancements in artificial intelligence demonstrates great promise in vocational assessment. Addressing ethical considerations and cultural sensitivities is essential to maximise its effectiveness. Proper implementation can transform these tools into powerful career development resources.
Contribution: This study highlights gamification’s potential in vocational assessment, emphasising its role in engagement, motivation and skill development. It outlines key benefits and challenges, offering insights for ethical and culturally sensitive implementation to maximise its effectiveness in empowering diverse individuals in career planning and development.
Vocational guidance. Career development, Social Sciences
مقدمه: وفاداری سازمانی، مفهومی است که اخیراً توجه فراوانی را در محیطهای آموزشی به خود جلب کرده است. دلیل تاکید روزافزون بر این مفهوم را میتوان نقشی دانست که در تحقق اهداف سازمانی ایفاء مینماید. تحقق وفاداری سازمانی مستلزم وجود متغیرها و سازههای متعددی است. لذا هدف پژوهش حاضر، بررسی تاثیر تناسب فرد-سازمان و تناسب فرد-شغل بر وفاداری سازمانی معلمان با نقش واسطهگری جاافتادگی شغلی بود. روش: پژوهش حاضر از نوع مطالعات توصیفی-همبستگی و جامعهآماری پژوهش، شامل معلمان شهر کاشان به تعداد 3358 نفر بود که حجم نمونه با استفاده از الگوی مونت-کارلو و به روش نمونهگیری تصادفی طبقهای، 405 نفر بدست آمد. ابزار پژوهش شامل پرسشنامههای تناسب فرد–سازمان، تناسب فرد-شغل، وفاداری سازمانی و جاافتادگی شغلی بود. پایایی پرسشنامهها از طریق ضریب آلفای کرونباخ برای تناسب فرد-سازمان (71/0)، تناسب فرد-شغل (87/0)، جاافتادگی شغلی (76/0) و وفاداری سازمانی (77/0) بدست آمد. یافتهها: نتایج نشان داد میانگین هر چهار متغیر تناسب فرد-سازمان (50/60±0/3)، تناسب فرد-شغل (65/22±0/3)، جاافتادگی شغلی (55/41±0/3) و وفاداری سازمانی (55/18±0/3) بالاتر از نمره ملاک 3 بود. ضریب مسیر متغیرها نشان داد تناسب فرد-سازمان با (463/0=Beta)، تناسب فرد-شغل (276/0=Beta) و جاافتادگی شغلی (253/0=Beta) روی وفاداری سازمانی معلمان، تأثیر مثبت و معنادار دارند. نتیجهگیری: با توجه به نتایج به دست آمده از پژوهش، به مسئولان آموزش و پرورش پیشنهاد میشود با درک عوامل موثر بر تناسب سازمانی و شغلی معلمان، فرایند استخدام و انتخاب معلمان را به گونهای برنامهریزی نمایند که افراد انتخاب شده، توانایی پاسخگویی به چالشهای شغل معلمی را داشته باشند.
This study aims to develop a career guidance module integrated with Islamic values and interactive multimedia to enhance students' career maturity. The research uses qualitative and quantitative data to follow the Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation (ADDIE) model. Quantitative data focuses on measuring students' career maturity before and after module implementation, while qualitative data is collected from expert evaluations and interviews with teachers and students. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling, involving vocational high school students and teachers in Bojonegoro. Data collection methods include interviews, expert questionnaires, and field trials. The results show that the module improves students' motivation, self-confidence, and awareness of career preparation. Islamic values embedded in the module also help students develop ethical and moral principles in their future work lives. Interactive media, such as simulations, videos, and animations, increase student engagement and understanding. However, the study is limited by its focus on vocational schools in Bojonegoro and the short duration of the field trials. Future research should expand the sample size and trial period to assess long-term effects better. Field trials significantly increased students' career maturity after using the module.
ارتقای همآفرینی ارزش در تعاونیهای تولیدی کشاورزی افزایش عملکرد و توفیق این تعاونی ها را به دنبال دارد. هدف کلی این پژوهش توصیفی-همبستگی ارایه مدلی برای توسعهی همآفرینی ارزش در تعاونیهای تولید محصولات خارج از فصل در استان کرمانشاه بود. جامعهی آماری پژوهش، اعضای تعاونیهای تولید محصولات خارج از فصل فعالِ استان کرمانشاه بودند (137N=) که به شیوه سرشماری 129 انتخاب شدند. ابزار تحقیق پرسشنامه محقق ساخته بود که روایی آن توسط پانل متخصصان رشتههای توسعه روستایی، ترویج کشاورزی و برنامهریزی روستایی تعیین شد. پایایی ابزار پژوهش نیز از طریق محاسبهی ضریب آلفای کرونباخ و پایایی ترکیبی تأیید شد. بر مبنای نتایج پنج عامل: فشار محیطی، حمایت مدیران (فرهنگ سازمانی)، درک از خود کارآمدی، سرمایهی اجتماعی و درک از مزیت نسبی بر رفتار همآفرینی ارزش مؤثر بود. یافتههای مدل-سازی معادلات ساختاری با استفاده از نرمافزار Smart-PLS نشان داد که «درک از خودکارآمدی» (00/0=sig , 657/0=β) دارای بیشترین اثر مستقیم بر رفتار همآفرینی ارزش در تعاونیهای تولید کشاورزی خارج از فصل بود. یکی دیگر از متغیرهای اثرگذار بر تقویت همآفرینی ارزش در تعاونیهای مورد بررسی حمایت مدیران تعاونی از اعضاء و سایر بهرهبرداران برای ورود به این فرایند بود (02/0= , sig237/0=β) که بهطور معناداری تحت تأثیر فشارهای محیطی قرار داشت (00/0=sig , 825/0=β). در نهایت، متغیرهای پژوهش 5/64 درصد از واریانس متغیر وابسته را تبیین کردند. استفاده از مدل ساختاری ارائه شده در این پژوهش میتواند به توسعه و تقویت رفتار همآفرینی ارزش در تعاونیهای مورد مطالعه کمک نماید.
Vocational guidance. Career development, Agriculture (General)
The aim of the article is to examine the system of career guidance of high school students in the United States of America.
The methodology is based on the analyses of the process of career guidance work in the USA, the structure of secondary education in the USA, the role of career counselors, the principles of professiography, three stages in the work of counselors in the Unites States of America. In order to analyse the general system of professional self-determination of students in secondary schools in the United States, it is considered the structure of secondary education in this country. The 10 participants in the action research were career counselors from the USA.
The results. It was determined that the main role in career guidance is played by the National Career Development Association. The structure of secondary education in the USA, the role of career counselors, the principles of profession, three stages of the work of counselors in the USA are analyzed.
The article found that secondary education in the United States of America is compulsory and consists of different types of schools: public, private, and schools run by religious organizations. It was noted that at the end of the 20th century about 90% of students studied in state (free) educational institutions; the secondary education system consists of primary, secondary and high school; the total duration of education is 12 years. It is noted that in order to optimize the transition of students from secondary school to high school, schools can change the terms of study. Thus, primary education is reduced to 4-5 years, the duration of high school education varies from 2 to 4 years.
The main role in the coordination and management of career guidance and employment of students is played by the employment services and education departments of individual states. Various councils of the association of business representatives and members of communal communities are of great importance for the organization and implementation of this work.
The principles of professionography are clarified: the specificity of the description of a certain activity; step-by-step study of activities – procedural sequence of material collection and analysis focus of description – compliance with specific goals of the research and implementation of a specific practical task; selectivity of the research object – concentration on the most difficult tasks of the labor process; learning dynamics – taking into account the development of the subject and changes in activity; systematicity – the study of interaction of individual components of activity at all its hierarchical levels; identity of methodological techniques and training programs and description for correct comparison of professions; use of qualitative and quantitative research methods – complementing content and statistical information.
It was concluded that the features of career guidance are: the degree of professional self-determination; strengthening the role of non-state forms of career guidance of students and the connection of their schooling with practice; the timely response of the education system to changes in the structure and labor market; use of the competence approach in pre-vocational and professional training of youth; psychological and pedagogical support of the process of choosing a future profession for a young person in the context of solving a broader problem of preparation for choosing a professional career.
One of the 9 priority areas for development in The Strategic Framework for the Development of Education, Training and Learning in the Republic of Bulgaria (2021-2030) is the realization of the professions of the present and the future. This meets the stated intention to expand professional education and training, which corresponds to the European educational policies related to the growing importance of digitalization and technology, the transition to green economy and sustainable development, and the need for consistent action to promote career guidance, professional development, and lifelong learning. Vocational Secondary School of Economics and Tourism “Prof. D-r Assen Zlatarov” – Petrich, is a well-established vocational school, which strives to implement the National and European policies in the field of education, by providing professional education and training that corresponds to the economic challenges and the labour market dynamics. The emphasis is put on the transfer of knowledge and skills from the classrooms to the real work environment, the formation of competencies and the development of professional skills. The practical application of the studied content and the use of active learning methods are some of the strategic goals of the school. They are implemented by strengthening practical training in a real work environment, including work on projects with a focus on professional education. The article presents the experience in the additional practical training of our students in the profession “Restaurateur”, which is a prerequisite for improving the quality of professional education and training in Vocational Secondary School of Economics and Tourism “Prof. Dr. Assen Zlatarov”.
S'Orienter: group career counseling as a space for developing the capacity to voluntarily and consciously make educational and professional choices? In Quebec, the new Policy on Educational Success is reflected, among other things, in a dispositive whitch based success on the establishment of graduation targets to be achieved by educational institutions. To counter the negative influence of not having a diploma, policy initiatives seek to better target interventions directed at young adults to support their educational and vocational guidance. The S’Orienter Program was designed to debate stereotypical representations of young adults in order to support the development of their power to act and their consciousness regarding their educational and professional choices. Our analysis presents the influence of this group career counseling on the ability of young adults to project themselves into the future and to make educational and professional choices. We conceptualize the emancipatory function of intervention from the analysis of the consciousness through the appropriation of conceptual instruments of the emotions and norms that influence these choices.
در سالهای اخیر تلاشهای کارآفرینی در بخش دولتی نسبت به سایر رویکردها کمتر مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. از اینرو هدف این تحقیق ارائه مدل نگرش کارآفرینانه در بخش دولتی میباشد. تحقیق حاضر از نظر هدف کاربردی بوده که با رویکرد کیفی انجام شده است. تیم مشارکتکننده در این پژوهش شامل خبرگان مؤسسه کار و تأمین اجتماعی و مدیران اداره کل تعاون، کار و رفاه اجتماعی استان گلستان میباشند، که به روش هدفنمد انتخاب گردیدند. در مصاحبه با خبره 19ام بهدلیل اضافه نشدن مفاهیم جدید، فرایند مصاحبه به اشباع رسید. یافتههای پژوهش نشاندهنده هشت مؤلفه بوده که مؤلفه مدیریت عملکرد کارآفرینانه در سطح اول، مدیریت کارآفرینانه و فرهنگ کارآفرینانه در سطح دوم، چشمانداز کارآفرینانه، تفکر استراتژیک کارآفرینانه و نگرش کارآفرینانه در سطح سوم و پشتیبانی حاکمیت و زیرساختهای کارآفرینانه در سطح چهارم قرار دارند. عناصر سطح چهار یعنی «پشتیبانی حاکمیت» و «زیرساختهای کارآفرینانه سازمان» بیشترین تأثیر را در تعیین نگرش کارآفرینانه دارند. این عناصر بر «چشمانداز کارآفرینانه»، «نگرش کارآفرینانه» و «تفکر استراتژیک کارآفرینانه» اثر میگذارند. این عوامل نیز به نوبه خود بر «مدیریت کارآفرینانه» و «فرهنگ کارآفرینانه» تأثیر میگذارند. در نهایت نیز این مدل به «عملکرد کارآفرینانه» منجر میشود. لذا دولت یا سازمانهای دولتی باید برنامههای آموزشی خاص در خصوص تفکرگرا بودن میتواند با تغییر بینش و نگرش افراد و تجهیز آنها به دانش و مهارتهای خاص، یک کارآفرین بالقوه را به کارآفرین بالفعل تبدیل کند.
Vocational guidance. Career development, Agriculture (General)
این تحقیق با هدف بررسی جذب و تلفیق نیروی کار مهاجر روستایی در کسبوکارهای شهری به انجام رسید. این تحقیق از نوع کیفی بوده و به روش پدیدارشناسی توصیفی انجام شد. گردآوری دادهها با استفاده از مصاحبه نیمهساختارمند صورت گرفت. جامعه آماری تحقیق شامل نیروی کار مهاجر روستایی و نیز کارفرمایان و دستاندرکاران بازار کار در شهر گرگان بود. نمونهگیری هدفمند به شیوه در دسترس و گلولهبرفی صورت گرفت (n=24). فرآیند گردآوری اطلاعات تا سطح اشباع نظری و آستانه سودمندی اطلاعات قابل دسترس ادامه یافت. علاوه بر تحلیل محتوا و کدگذاری یافتهها، از نرمافزارNvivo10 QSR برای طبقهبندی دادههای کیفی و کدگذاری مضامین پدیدار شده در مصاحبهها بهره گرفته شد. در نتیجه، شش خوشه مفهومی ترسیم شد. مجموعهای از نشانگرهای مرتبط با جذب نیروی کار مهاجر روستایی در کسبوکارهای شهری، در دو سطح محیط کار (۳۰ نشانگر) و اجتماع میزبان (۳۲ نشانگر) شناسایی شد. همچنین، یافتههای این تحقیق نشان داد مجموعهای از عوامل در سه سطح فردی (۲۰ عامل)، سازمانی یا محیط کسبوکار (۲۴ عامل) و اجتماعی یا اجتماع میزبان (۱۸ عامل) بر جذب نیروی کار مهاجر روستایی در کسبوکارهای شهری تاثیر گذارند. بنابراین، میتوان نتیجهگرفت علاوه ویژگیهای فردی، فراهمبودن محیط مساعد کاری و نیز، یکپارچگی در اجتماع میزبان برای جذب نیروی کار مهاجر روستایی در محیطهای کار شهری تاثیرگذار است.
Vocational guidance. Career development, Agriculture (General)
طاهره چرخ تابیان, غلامرضا مجردی, گیرما گبرسنبت
et al.
تحقیق حاضر با هدف شناسایی عوامل بازدارنده توسعه زنجیره ارزش سیبزمینی در استان همدان انجام شد. این تحقیق از نوع پیمایشی و توصیفی بود. جامعه آماری پژوهش، شامل سیبزمینیکاران استان همدان بود که از این میان 386 نفر به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شد. ابزار پژوهش، پرسشنامه بود که روایی آن بر اساس نظرات تیم تحقیق تأیید شد و پایایی آن با محاسبه ضریب آلفای کرونباخ 722/0 ارزیابی و تأیید شد. دادهها با نرمافزار SPSS26 و روش تحلیل عاملی اکتشافی تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. نتایج نشان داد، شش عامل بازدارنده توسعه زنجیره ارزش سیبزمینی در استان همدان به ترتیب عبارتاند از مشکلات و موانع آموزشی- ترویجی، زیرساختی، تأمین نهاده، مدیریتی، اقتصادی و زیستمحیطی که این عوامل در مجموع 22/60 درصد از واریانس کل را تبیین نمودند. مهمترین موانع به ترتیب بالاترین میانگین شامل، قیمت بالای کود، قیمت بالای بذر، هزینه بالای بستهبندی، عدم ثبات قیمت، قیمت بالای ماشینآلات، کاهش کیفیت خاک و وجود مشکل آب در منطقه سیبزمینی بودند. بنابراین با توجه به نتایج به دست آمده، سیاستگذاری، برنامهریزی، سرمایهگذاری، نظارت بر روند فعالیتهای مختلف و به روز کردن فنآوریهای مورد استفاده در حلقههای مختلف زنجیره ارزش، از سازو کارهایی است که میتواند با مشارکت دولت و بخش خصوصی، آهنگ توسعه زنجیره ارزش را تسریع بخشد.
Vocational guidance. Career development, Agriculture (General)
fardin farmani, Afzal Akbari Balootbangan, Ali Karimi Khoozani
Background and Aim: Systematic review of research indicates that bullying in organizations, especially the police force, has become a major problem. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the structural equation model of organizational bullying in the staff of the police headquarters of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Methodology: The present study was descriptive and structural equation modeling. The present study population consisted of employees of the Police Headquarters of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The sample of the present study included 290 employees of the police headquarters who were selected by available sampling method. All of them have completed the research questionnaires. The data were then tested by Pearson correlation and structural equation modeling using SPSSV19 and LISRELV8.80 software. Results: The results showed that the conceptual model of organizational bullying in the police headquarters has a good fit. Also, the relationships between the variables were favorable. Conclusion: Finally, the results of this study indicate a suitable model for organizational bullying in the police force and it is recommended to employees, supervisors, managers and other experts in the field of law enforcement, knowledge and use of this model to deal with organizational bullying.
Background: There is limited empirical research on the role of individuals’ career orientations, digital-era world of work awareness and career agility mindset in purposive career exploration.
Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the extent to which career orientations and awareness of the digital-era world of work contribute to a career agility mindset.
Method: The cross-sectional quantitative survey involved a sample of 486 adult learners (65% women; 35% men; 85% black learners; 15% white learners; and mean age 34 years) in the economic and management sciences field.
Results: Regression analysis revealed the protean-type career orientations of technical and functional competence, autonomy and independence, and pure challenge career orientations as significant predictors of digital-era world of work awareness. Digital-era world of work awareness and the technical and functional competence, pure challenge and general management career orientations acted as significant antecedents of the career agility mindset.
Conclusion: The associations between the study constructs offer promising support for applying principles of career exploration theory in digital-era purposive career exploration counselling.
Vocational guidance. Career development, Social Sciences
In this study analyzed the E. Super theory career guidance service to increase career maturity at students in vocational High School (SMK), so that students can plan for study completion activities, career development and life in the future. Learners can develop all the potential and strength that learners have optimally, and students can adapt to their educational environment, community environment, and work environment. This study used the research method of literature studies, the study of the literature in scientific research is the most important part in a study in which there are several references to articles in the journal, but researchers also need other sources of , papers and government documents and related data in assisting with research. Based on the results of studies and analysis of the results of research that has been done then the career guidance service of Donald Theory E. Super managed to increase career maturity in students in vocational high School
This literature study of guidance and counseling service programs in high school careers aim to be able to plan careers in the future. Many challenges will be faced by students in determining careers, including career uncertainty, access to information and career development programs, and economic and technological challenges. To anticipate the challenges of the hands it is necessary for universities to provide optimal service to the development of student careers. The existence of a super theory career guidance program that focuses on developing vocational identity (vocational identity) in early adulthood, is expected to help early adults in developing vocational identities as a whole, so that adolescents avoid the confusion of role confusion, especially the role of vocational identity. Keywords : Theory Super, Guidance And Counseling, Career
اسماعیل سلیمانی, رقیه نوری پور لیاولی, حسن احمدی
et al.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of personality traits on job success with the mediating role of job engagement among employees of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili by using structural equation descriptive-correlational method. The statistical population of the present study was 754 people of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili. 254 people were selected by using Cochran's formula by simple random sampling. To collect the relevant data from Salanova and Schaufeli's Occupation Enthusiasm Questionnaire (2001), Radcip Questionnaire Career Success (1984) and Ramestet & John's personality traits questionnaire (2007) Test were used. Their reliability through the Cronbach's alpha was 0.85. , 0.88 and 0.74. The structural equation model was used to analyze the data. The results of the test showed that the direct effect of personality traits and job success is 0.25. The indirect effect of variable of personality traits and job success with the effect of mediating job engagement is equal to 0.189. Also, the results showed that the effect of personality traits on job success was indirectly explained by the mediating variable of job engagement. Also, considering that in the model despite the mediating variable of job passion, direct path of personality traits is significant on job success, it was concluded that job thirst for personality traits on career success has a minor mediation role. Therefore, it is recommended that employees be tested in terms of personality traits during recruitment.
امروزه با توجه به معضل بیکاری، دانشجویان نه تنها باید با کارآفرینی آشنا شوند، بلکه باید با کسب دانش، نگرش آنان نیز در تحصیل نسبت به رفتار کارآفرینان تقویت شود. در همین راستا، تحقیق حاضر با هدف بررسی رابطۀ انگیزه تحصیلی دانشجویان با قابلیتهای کارآفرینی آنان اجرا شده است. روش تحقیق از نوع توصیفی-کاربردی بوده و به صورت پیمایش پرسشنامهای انجام گردید. روایی صوری و پایایی پرسشنامه به ترتیب با استفاده از دیدگاه کارشناسان و آزمون آلفای کرونباخ مورد تائید قرار گرفت. جامعه آماری این تحقیق را دانشجویان رشتههای علوم انسانی در دانشگاههای آزاد اسلامی دو استان گلستان و خراسان شمالی تشکیل دادند (3095=N) که با استفاده از جدول کرجسی- مورگان، 350 نفر بهعنوان حجم نمونه مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. نتایج نشان داد که دانشجویان مقطع کارشناسی انگیزۀ تحصیلی بیشتری نسبت به سایر مقاطع تحصیلی دارند و دانشجویان کارشناسی ارشد از قابلیتهای کارآفرینی بیشتری نسبت به سایر مقاطع تحصیلی برخوردارند. همچنین، در بین ابعاد پنجگانه قابلیتهای کارآفرینی، دانشجویان در بُعد «عزم و اراده» نمرات بالاتری کسب کردند. تحقیق حاضر نشان داد که همبستگی مثبت و معنیداری بین انگیزه تحصیلی و قابلیتهای کارآفرینی وجود دارد که بیانگر موفقیت بیشتر دانشجویان باانگیزه تحصیلی بالاتر در بهبود قابلیتهای کارآفرینی است. ارتقاء انگیزه تحصیلی در بین دانشجویان و همسو نمودن برنامههای درسی با قابلیتهای کارآفرینی از پیشنهادهای این تحقیق است.
Vocational guidance. Career development, Agriculture (General)
Rima Pratiwi Fadli, Mudjiran Mudjiran, I. Ifdil
et al.
The 4.0 industrial revolution brought various changes in various fields of life especially related to the development of individual careers. This development has positive and negative impacts that create opportunities and challenges. This has become material for BK / Counselor teachers, especially in the implementation of career guidance in schools. The following will be explained related to the opportunities and challenges of career guidance in vocational high schools in the industrial revolution era 4.0. This paper was written using a literature study of various references related to the topics discussed. Reference literature in this manuscript is from textbooks, scientific journals of research results, online proceedings, and other supporting literature.