Abstract This study examines variations in body shape and bust-related measurements, focusing on bust, waist, and hip dimensions while also considering the influence of BMI and ethnicity. Employing a quantitative approach, it analyzes anthropometric data of 2,750 women aged 26–45 from the SizeUSA database. The sample includes the following ethnicities: White, Black, Asian, non-Mexican Hispanic, and Mexican Hispanic. Variations in body measurements, BMI, and bra cup sizes across these groups are statistically analyzed using analysis of variance, cluster analysis, and chi-square tests. Body shape analysis reveals three shape clusters; Triangle shape (larger hips compared to upper body with moderate bra cup size), Rectangle shape (smaller waist–hip differences with a moderate cup size), and Inverted Triangle shape (larger upper body compared to hips with a large cup size). Each ethnic group exhibited distinct body shape patterns as follows: The Triangle group comprised a higher percentage of Black and White populations. The Rectangle group comprised a predominantly Asian population, while the Mexican Hispanics and non-Mexican Hispanics dominated the Inverted Triangle group. This study highlights trends in bra cup sizes across weight categories and suggests potential correlations between the former and body shape types. It contributes insights into the relationships among ethnicity, BMI, and bust-related measurements; identifies specific body shape clusters and bra size distributions; and offers valuable information in designing inclusive and well-fitted foundation garments for a diverse population.
Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc., Social Sciences
Imen Lalaymia, Ahmed Belaadi, Messaouda Boumaaza
et al.
The research conducted focused on examining the unique properties of Agave Americana Flower Stem fiber (AAFS), particularly its behavior under quasi-static tensile conditions. A total of 200 AAFS fibers were subjected to tensile tests using a standard gauge length of 40 mm. Tests spanned seven groups with quantities (N) ranging from 30 to 200. The study aimed to understand the fibers’ mechanical traits, as tensile resistance and modulus of elasticity, and to see how different test quantities influence these properties. A significant observation was the dispersion of the tensile characteristics of AAFS fibers, a common trait of natural fibers. To understand this, we applied rigorous statistical tools, including the Weibull distribution at a 95% confidence interval and one-way ANOVA. A mathematical model was produced utilizing data from experiments regarding the tensile behavior of AAFS fibers. The ANN provided correlation coefficients (R2) of 0.9897, 0.9971, 0.9993, and 0.9939 for training, validation, testing, and all datasets respectively, which were able to accurately predict the experimental data. The proposed model would be of tremendous assistance to engineers and designers in obtaining green composite materials that are based on natural fibers and thereby more durable. These methods illuminated the patterns in our results, enriching our understanding of AAFS fiber mechanics.
Science, Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc.
The slashing mechanism is influenced by various properties that impact fabric slicing, contingent upon both fabric design and yarn-slicing characteristics. This study explores the slash resistance of soft armor, underscoring the essential need for enhancements in fabric design and fiber properties. Yarn-slicing qualities and the fabric’s pattern play pivotal roles in the fabric-cutting mechanism. The fabric stabbing resistance force demonstrates strong positive correlations with multiple factors, encompassing values such as friction force between warp and weft, yarn cutting force, yarn pull-off force, fabric shear modulus, and fabric flexural stiffness. The investigation explores the relationship between slash resistance in high-performance fabrics, revealing a robust correlation with factors such as yarn cutting force, yarn pull-off force, fabric shear modulus, friction force between warp and weft, and fabric flexural rigidity. Fabrics constructed from Kevlar 129 or 29 showcase the highest slashing resistance force. Experimental results unveil that the Kevlar 129 plain weave exhibits the utmost resistance, recording a force of 100.37 N and a fabric-slashing energy of 3.65 J. In contrast, the Kevlar 29 plain weave structure withstands a slash resistance force of 67 N, while the Kevlar 29-carbon plain weave displays a slash resistance of 62.97 N. The correlation coefficients between various variables linked to fabric-slashing resistance force unveil a strong, positive, and highly interrelated association for the majority of factors investigated. These factors encompass yarn-cutting force, yarn pull-off force, fabric shear modulus, and fabric flexural rigidity. Additionally, there exists a positive correlation with the friction force between warp and weft.
Materials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materials, Chemical technology
The discrimination of five subtypes of regenerated cellulose fibers, i.e., viscose, bamboo, lyocell, modal, and cupro, from both men’s and women’s clothing available on the prevalent apparel market was described. The examinations were conducted using optical microscopy (in transmitted white light and polarized light), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM–EDX), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The microscopic methods revealed characteristic features of the morphological structure of the examined fibers, enabling the identification of differences between the subtypes. As a result, the microscopic methods were found to be the most effective for identifying and distinguishing between the types of examined fibers. Although the FTIR technique did not allow for distinguishing between the fiber subcategories, it contributed to the enlargement of the IR spectra databases for regenerated cellulose fibers. Based on the findings, a general scheme of the procedure for identifying the tested fibers was proposed.
Chemicals: Manufacture, use, etc., Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc.
Conventional dyeing processes usually generate a huge amount of wastewater, and in general, silk dyeing with reactive dyes using large amounts of salt and alkali has a great environmental impact. Herein, a green approach for a new dyeing system involving silk fabric dyed with reactive dyes in a silicon non-aqueous dyeing system without salt was reported. The optimal dyeing parameters of silk fabric dyed in this green dyeing system without alkali were 90°C for 75 minutes and with alkali were 70°C for 75 minutes, and the Reactive Red 195 exhibited good dye permeability, superior exhaustion, high fixation rate, and good dyeing depth, indicating the high utilization of dye and less effluent discharge. The color fastness of silk fabric dyed in the silicon non-aqueous dyeing system was comparable to silk fabric dyed in the conventional water bath. In addition, the fixation rate and K/ S value were improved by the addition of 0.4% (o.w.f) NaHCO3, which cannot be obtained in a conventional water bath, and all silk fabrics showed better tensile strength dyed in the green dyeing system. Therefore, the sustainable green dyeing method with a silicon non-aqueous system achieved a salt-free, less alkali or alkali-free, and simple process, which has the potential to solve the problems of wastewater, high salt, and high alkali in conventional dyeing processes.
Banana fibers could gruntle the thirst for natural fibers in textile industries. Banana fibers are prominent for eco-friendliness, durability, and biodegradability. Our study demonstrates that Enterobacter cloacae PMC04, isolated from banana waste decomposed soil, could produce pectinolytic enzymes using dried banana pseudostem as solid substrate by fermentation and their application in banana fiber degumming for textile processing. Enterobacter cloacae PMC04 exhibited elevated pectinase activity (177.1901 U/ml) and pectin lyase activity (34.21818 U/ml) with citrus pectin and yeast extract under optimal pH (pH 10.0) and temperature (45°C) conditions. In reconciliation with the obtained results, it is found that pectinase enzyme is suitable for the degumming of banana fibers. The optimized degumming condition of banana fiber was identified to be 55°C, 4 hours and 30% enzymatic dosage. The maximum galacturonide released from the fiber degumming system was recognized to be 0.8121 mmol/ml. The surface morphology, functional group, thermal analysis, and tensile analysis of the enzymatic degummed banana fiber were significant compared to the chemically treated fiber. Based on the studies, it is inferred that enzymatic degumming of banana fiber could be regarded as an alternative approach for feasible application in textile industries
Science, Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc.
In this study, four-layered hybrid jute-hemp/epoxy composite laminates were fabricated by increasing and decreasing the number of layers of both jute and hemp reinforcements during stacking. Two jute(J) and hemp(H) controlled i.e., A(0J4H) and E(4J0H) and three jute(J)-hemp(H) hybrid i.e., B(1J3H), C(2J2H) and D(3J1H), composite laminates were fabricated. Composites were fabricated by hand layup followed by compression molding technique, and different mechanical tests (tensile, flexural, Charpy and drop weight impact) were performed. Results showed that hemp/epoxy laminate A(0J4H) revealed the highest tensile, flexural, Charpy and drop weight impact testing results followed by three hybrid composite laminates i.e., B(1J3H), C(2J2H) and D(3J1H), respectively. In hybrid composites, trend of mechanical properties was increased with the increase in number of plies of hemp reinforcements. The least mechanical testing results were presented by the E(4J0H) laminate because it was comprised of only four plies of jute reinforcement. Drop weight impact tested samples revealed that hybrid laminates C(2J2H) showed the least damage area in comparison with others due to the presence of equal number of jute and hemp plies. Also, within the same time duration, the highest force value was achieved along with less displacement by A(0J4H) laminate during drop weight impact test.
Science, Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc.
Mozhgan Hosseinnezhad, Kamaladin Gharanjig, Shohreh Rouhani
et al.
Reducing pollution in various industries such as textile is very important. In this study, the important approach was selected to reduce the pollution of dyeing process’s pollution, namely the selection of plant-based dyes and mordants. The dyes and mordants were extracted from ultrasonic media to obtain maximum efficiency with the least pollution. The extraction efficiency of madder, Reseda, and walnut husk in water with the ultrasound-assisted method was 23%, 33%, and 36%, respectively. The pre-mordanting method was used for mordanting, and to compare the results, Fe (ferrous) salt was selected as the mineral mordant. FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) as analysis techniques were employed to investigate the extracts obtained and the changes in the fibers. The study of K/S (color strength) content of dyed samples showed that increasing the dye concentration of the dye increases the amount of K/S. The colorfastness properties of all samples were investigated using the ISO (International Organization for Standardization) standards. The wash, light, and rub fastness of dyed yarns were good, moderate, and good, respectively.
Science, Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc.
Misgana Taye, Babita U. Chaudhary, Ravindra D. Kale
Dracaena Steudneri Egler (Serte) is a leaf fiber, as reported by us in our previous work. During the extraction of the fiber, different chemicals are used to facilitate gum decomposition to get more exceptional and impurity-free fibers. The separated long fibers can be used for different applications based on their properties, whereas short and dust materials will be avoided as a waste. In the current study, we have used the fiber waste for the extraction of microcrystalline cellulose, which will act as a new source for the preparation of microcrystalline cellulose and simultaneously help in waste utilization. The preparation of microcrystalline cellulose from serte fiber waste by using hydrochloric acid hydrolysis had been investigated. Basic chemical pretreatments, scouring, and bleaching was given to the serte fiber waste before extraction to removed natural colorants and hydrophobic impurities like oils, waxes, minerals, fats. Characterization of this extracted microcrystalline cellulose was done using X-ray diffractometer, FTIR, thermogravimetric analyzer, and a particle size analyzer. Finally, a comparison of micro-crystalline cellulose obtained from serte fiber waste with commercial micro-crystalline was also made. The particle size of the serte fiber microcrystalline cellulose was about 30–60 μm having a crystallinity of 73.5% and better thermal stability than commercial microcrystalline cellulose.
Science, Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc.
Peer review is the driving force of journal development, and reviewers are gatekeepers who ensure that <i>Fibers</i> maintains its standards for the high quality of its published papers [...]
Chemicals: Manufacture, use, etc., Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc.
The techniques of bleaching process of wool fibers are bleaching with reducing agents bleaching with oxidizing agents bleaching with oxidizing-reducing agents combination. In this study, different chemical bleaching methods have been developed as an alternative to the conventional bleaching method. For this purpose, peracetic acid (CH3COOOH, 30%), sodium borohydride (NaBH4), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 30%), potassium monopersulfate (KHSO5), sodium dichloroisocyanurate (C3Cl2N3NaO3), oxalic acid (H2C2O4), sodium perborate (NaBO3) calcium hypochlorite (Ca(ClO)2) and combination of these chemicals were performed under acidic and basic conditions. Also the environmental impacts were evaluated with measuring wastewaters COD values and surface deformations were analyzed with SEM method.
Science, Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc.
Timo Grothe, Jan Lukas Storck, Marius Dotter
et al.
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) belongs to the group of polymers that are often used for electrospinning, as it can be applied as a pre-cursor for carbon nanofibers and is spinnable from the low-toxic solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). While the influence of different spinning parameters on fibre morphology and mass per unit area was investigated in a previous study, here we report on the impact of the spinning solution, using DMSO as a solvent and wire-based (needleless) electrospinning. Our results show that a broad range of solid contents can be applied, providing the opportunity to tailor the fibre diameter distribution or to optimize the areal weight of the nanofibrous mat by changing this parameter, while the chemical composition of the fibres remains identical.
The mechanical properties of kenaf phloem bundle fibers are valuable for reinforced composites or boards, more so than similar materials also used in textile or papermaking applications. 55 kenaf germplasm studied here showed an average phloem bundle fiber tensile strength of 643.6 MPa and an average elastic modulus of 23.3 GPa after chemical retting treatment. 19 of these kenaf germplasm had fiber tensile strengths >700 MPa, which can be attributed to intensive breeding programs. The fiber tensile strength and elastic modulus of kenaf germplasm had a significant positive correlation, but there was no such correlation between a fiber’s mechanical properties and its diameter or agronomic characteristics. Among 56 hybridized combination F1 generations, the highest tensile strength was 928.3 MPa from a combination of No.30 of Xinan Wuchi × Guatemala 4. Therefore, breeding and screening are both useful for improving the mechanical properties of kenaf phloem bundle fibers. However, the effects of the used bundle fiber preparation method or cultivation year on the fiber’s mechanical properties were more pronounced than those of the type of kenaf germplasm or breeding operation used. The mechanical properties of kenaf phloem bundle fibers treated by chemical retting were superior to those treated using natural retting.
Science, Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc.
Madeleine Nitcheu, Donatien Njomo, Pierre Meukam
et al.
In order to reduce the heat and mass transfers in buildings, which increase energy bills, the development of composites materials such as earth bricks stabilized with thatch fibers is important for their construction. This paper aims to study a one-dimensional model of heat and moisture transfer through porous building materials. The coupled phenomena of heat and mass transfer are described by the Luikov model. Equations and boundary conditions are discretized using the finite difference method. The results obtained illustrate the temporal evolutions of the temperature and the moisture content, as well as the distributions of the temperature and moisture content inside the wall. The profile of the temperature and water content that are obtained are compared with the other numerical solutions that are available in the literature.
Chemicals: Manufacture, use, etc., Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc.
Nasmi Herlina Sari, I.N.G. Wardana, Yudy Surya Irawan
et al.
This paper focuses on the chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of corn husk fibers treated with different concentrations of NaOH (0.5%, 1%, 2%, 5%, and 8%) for 2 h. The results show that treatment with NaOH removed the hemicellulose and lignin in the fibers and decreased the moisture content. Consequently, the chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of the treated fibers were greatly improved. Scanning electron microscopy analysis indicated the presence of rough surfaces and a number of lumens inside the fiber bundles. The results suggest that the treated corn husk fibers exhibited better mechanical properties than fiberglass.
Science, Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc.
Abstract A wide ranging finish effects have been given to denim fabrics in industrial scale to make it more fashionable and functional. Among the numerous wet and dry treatments given, worn out looks of various kinds have received the maximum attention. In this context, herein, two denim fabrics, one dyed with vat indigo and the other with sulphur black were enzyme washed. The enzymes used were acid cellulase and neutral cellulase and the treatments were done at varying concentrations, time and mechanical agitation. The trials so taken were based on design of experiments, and the effect was analysed in terms of decrease in colour depth and weight loss. Back staining of fabric during the wash was also checked and acid enzyme despite higher colour removal, caused significant staining in sulphur dyed quality. Attempt was made to contain this back staining by suitable treatment. The application conditions of cellulases on the denim qualities were also optimized for fading effect.
Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc., Social Sciences