Eric Jeisy, Clemens Berthold, Matthias Baumgartner
IntroductionSituation-specific skills, comprising Perception, Interpretation, and Decision-making (PID), are considered a central facet of teachers’ professional competence, linking professional knowledge to observable performance. However, empirically validated instruments to assess these skills in the specific context of Classroom Management (CM) in Physical Education (PE) are lacking. This study details the development and validation of a video-based test instrument designed to measure pre-service PE teachers’ CM-related PID.MethodsThe study utilized a sample of n = 877 pre-service PE teachers from four Swiss universities of teacher education. The instrument includes 10 unscripted video vignettes with 150 closed-format items. Psychometric properties were analyzed using Item Response Theory (IRT), specifically comparing 1PL, 2PL, and 3PL models, as well as testing for dimensionality and differential item functioning (DIF).ResultsFindings supported a unidimensional 2PL model as the most parsimonious and robust solution, despite theoretical assumptions of a tripartite (P-I-D) structure. The instrument demonstrated acceptable reliability (EAP = 0.73) and good local fit. A shortened version (7 vignettes) was successfully validated (r = 0.81 with the full version), enhancing test economy. Construct validity was supported by a significant moderate correlation with CM-related professional knowledge (r = 0.29). Criterion-related validity was supported, as the test successfully differentiated between students in their first and third years of study.DiscussionThe results indicate that the instrument is a valid and efficient tool for assessing CM-related situation-specific skills in teacher education. The unidimensional structure suggests that closed-format video tests primarily capture a holistic, knowledge-based reasoning ability. The study discusses limitations regarding ceiling effects and provides implications for using the instrument in future intervention studies and diagnostic contexts.
Aleksandra Szypuła, Beniamin Michalik, Iwona Galasińska
et al.
Introduction: Polyphenolic compounds are widespread in nature, contained in large quantities especially in fruits, vegetables, cereals and nuts. In recent years numerous attempts have been made to characterize their biological effects, with particular emphasis on their protective potential against the development of chronic diseases, including cancer.
Purpose of the study: The aim of the study was to collect and analyze publications on the use of polyphenols in the prevention and treatment of cancer, with particular emphasis on breast cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer and lung cancer - the four most common cancers in the Polish population.
Material and methods: A review of the literature available on PubMed was performed using various combinations of keywords: 'polyphenols' + 'cancer', 'polyphenols' + 'oncology', ‘polyphenols’ + ‘chemoprevention’, ‘polyphenols’ + ‘chemotherapy’, 'polyphenols' + 'lung cancer', 'polyphenols' + 'breast cancer', ‘polyphenols’ + ‘colorectal cancer’, 'polyphenols' + 'prostate cancer'/'prostate gland cancer'.
Results: The analysis of the collected publications allows to conclude that polyphenols exert multidirectional anticancer effect through antioxidant, antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and prosenescence activity. This effect has been demonstrated, among others, in relation to cellular models of colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer and lung cancer. Polyphenols also reduce side effects associated with the use of conventional anticancer therapies and increase their effectiveness.
Conclusions: Polyphenols - both as independent compounds and components of complex anticancer treatment regimens - have chemopreventive and potentially chemotherapeutic effects. By influencing various stages of carcinogenesis - initiation, promotion and progression of cancer - they constitute a promising direction for the development of new, more effective forms of therapy and prevention of cancer.
Ercan Nuri AYDIN , Mihri Barış KARAVELİOĞLU , Eyüp ACAR
COVID-19 süreci dünya genelinde birçok sağlık sorununa neden olduğu gibi, kısıtlamalar, hareketsiz bir yaşantı ve sağlıksız beslenme alışkanlıklarını beraberinde getirdi. Normalleşme süreçlerinde özellikle ergen bireylerde fiziksel aktivite ve beslenme davranışlarındaki değişimlerin takip edilmesi, toplum sağlığının izlenmesi açısından önemli görülmektedir. Adölesan dönem bireylerin çocukluktan yetişkinliğe geçiş yaptıkları, hem fiziksel hem de psikososyal anlamda hızlı değişimlerin yaşandığı kritik bir dönemdir. Bu yaş grubunda sağlıklı yaşam alışkanlıklarının teşvik edilmesi, uzun vadeli sağlık açısından büyük öneme sahiptir. Bu araştırmanın amacı COVID-19 sonrası süreç de lise öğrencilerinde fiziksel aktivite, beslenme davranışı ve VKİ düzeyleri ile bunlar arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesidir. Araştırmaya, Uşak ilindeki genel ortaöğretim okullarında öğrenim gören 278 kız (14±3,4 yaş), 192 erkek (14±3,1 yaş), olmak üzere toplamda 470 öğrenci gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Çalışmada veri toplama araçları olarak “Kişisel Bilgiler Formu” fiziksel aktivite durumlarını belirlemek için “Fiziksel Aktivite Soru Formu” beslenme davranışlarını için ise “Beslenme Davranış Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Araştırmaya katılım sağlayan öğrencilerin vücut kitle indekslerini tespit etmek için Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (WHO) tarafından kabul edilen kg/m2 formülü kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada elde edilen veriler SPSSIBM 26 paket program kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Verilerin analizinde betimsel istatistik, bağımsız örneklem t-testi, Pearson korelasyon analiz analiz teknikleri kullanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak katılımcıların fiziksel aktivite düzeyleri (X̄= 25,37±5,759) oldukça düşük, beslenme davranış puanları (X̄= -2,04±5,221) çok kötü, Vücut Kitle İndeks puanları ise (X̄= 21,2343±2,76047) normal sınırlarda tespit edilmiştir. VKİ puanlarında kızlarda erkeklere göre daha düşük VKİ sergilerken fiziksel aktivite düzeyleri ve beslenme davranış puanları farklılaşmamaktadır. Katılımcıların VKİ sınıflamalarına göre fiziksel aktivite ve beslenme davranış puanları arasında pozitif bir ilişki tespit edilmilştir.
Sports participation and the risk of osteoarthritis (OA) have been a concern for decades. Few research efforts have been dedicated to clarify this issue for females, although they are considered at greater risk of developing OA than males. In contrast, several reviews have established an association between sports participation and OA for males. The aim of the systematic review was to assess the association between OA and participation in popular sports for females. PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar were searched and yielded 578 articles. Nine eligible studies were included and covered ballet (age range: 19–54 years), running or tennis (age range: 40–65 years), Olympic sports (age range: not specified), volleyball (age range: 16.0 ± 0.8 to 46.8 ± 5.1 years), and cross-country skiing (age range: 15 to ≥60 years). For females, participating in sports at an elite level was associated with a higher risk of OA and an increased need for surgical treatment. At non-elite level, it was associated with a higher risk of OA, but it did not materialize to an increased risk for surgical treatment. Few studies compared females and males, and these studies suggested that sex did not affect the risk of developing OA from participating in sports. Nevertheless, to isolate the precise effect of sports participation on the development of OA remains difficult as injuries are common among athletes and are independently associated with an increased risk of OA.
Problem and objective: To inform about the incidence, causes and prevention measures of sudden cardiac death in sports. Methods: A literature search was performed (PubMed, Web of Science, Researchgate) using the terms sudden cardiac death (SCD), sudden cardiac arrest (SCA), sudden death, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, sport, exercise and athlete. Observational studies, systematic reviews and meta-analyses that examined SCD/SCA during exercise or up to one hour afterwards in recreational, competitive or elite athletes were considered.Results: Of 6350 study titles and abstracts 11 full-text studies were included in this clinical review. When the incidence was calculated based on multiple sports, it varied between populations and ranged from 0.1 to 2.9/100,000 athlete-years (AY). The incidence was highest in male professional basketball players, with 19/100,000 AY. The most frequent cause of SCD/SCA in athletes >35 years was coronary artery disease (CAD), while in younger athletes the predominating underlying pathologies (autopsy-negative sudden unexplained death, myocarditis, cardiomyopathies, coronary artery anomalies and premature CAD) differed by region. The most effective screening tool for cardiovascular disease in athletes is the ECG. Survival after CPR is substantially influenced by the use of an automated external defibrillator (AED).Discussion: SCD/SCA in athletes is a rare but very tragic event. Incidence rates in athletes differ among populations, studies, and sports. Some degree of underreporting can be assumed as there is no mandatory reporting of sports-related SCD/SCA in most countries and few scientific registries exist. Potentially, primary screening measures could be adapted to the regionally different causes of SCD/SCA. In addition, training athletes and staff in the use of an AED is paramount to improving survival rates.Key Words: Athletes, Cardiac Arrest, Cardiovascular Disease
Competition anxiety among equestrians has been examined very little so far. Therefore, this study investigated the extent and distribution of competition anxiety in female and male equestrians. Furthermore, it was examined whether there are specific differences among equestrians in different disciplines (dressage, show jumping, western, recreational, and eventing) and performance levels. The sample (N = 406) consisted of female (n = 385) and male (n = 21) German competition riders (meanage = 34.84). Competition anxiety (somatic anxiety, concern, concentration (decrease)) was measured with the Competition Anxiety Inventory Trait (German: Wettkampf-Angst-Inventar/WAI-T). The data analysis was based on t-tests, analyses of variance (ANOVAs) including post-hoc tests and correlation analyses. The results reveal that equestrians in higher-level performance classes (2, 3, and 4) had lower perceptions of somatic anxiety (meanclass 2 = 8.70; mean class 3 = 9.13; meanclass 4 = 9.79) than respondents in lower-level classes (meanclass 6 = 11.76, p < .001). There were differences among the disciplines in concern (p < .01) and concentration (decrease); (p < .001). Dressage riders showed higher concern scores (mean = 10.67) than western riders (mean = 7.90). Furthermore, dressage riders scored higher on concentration (decrease) (mean = 7.57) compared to show jumping (mean = 6.69) and eventing (mean = 5.76). Equestrians competing in show jumping (mean = 6.69) had significantly lower concentration (decrease) scores than in recreational riding (mean = 8.22). Female riders (mean = 1.71) rated worrying thoughts as more performance-inhibiting compared to male respondents (mean = 2.19, p < .01). Dressage riders (mean = 1.74) reported feeling more physical arousal before competitions than show jumpers (mean = 1.71). These results underline the importance of considering competition anxiety to adapt training for riders, minimize risks of injuries in equestrian sports, and improve performance. Results may also be of interest for selecting advice and coaching processes.
Dayanne Sampaio Antonio, Danielle Ledur Antes, Aline Cviatkovski
et al.
This study aimed to map the scientific production on training methods for 5 to 10 km long-distance running by means of a bibliometric analysis. PubMed, SciELO and Lilacs databases were used, and data were collected until December 31, 2019. The analysis included experimental studies with the intervention of training methods in runners. Data were analyzed descriptively. It was found that the first article was published in 1981 and 2018 was the year with the highest number of publications. The United States was the country with the highest number of publications, authors and journals. The most frequently cited methods were continuous execution and interval execution. Consequently, the main results were an increase in running economy, VO2max and a reduction in time trial.
This article proposes to apprehend some particularities of the place and role of PE teachers in the education system questioning the identification dynamics of trainee PE teachers. It aims to grasp the way in which these young professors constituted themselves as a disciplinary subject and to better understand how their movements of subjectivation and individuation can account for some springs of the identity matrix of this discipline. The three case studies, carried out from interviews with a non-directive tendency, made it possible to draw three figures of the discipline, in which physical and sports activities have been able to play a role of adjuvant to existence, temporary space of detestation or life-saving support for socialization.
Hery Sigit Cahyadi, Herlan Suherlan, Muhammad Aldo Dewantara
The purpose of the research is to analyze the cost and benefit analysis and find out the feasibility of sport tourism development at Cikole, Lembang in support the lacal community income. This research was conducted at the Downhill Track Cikole Bike Park in Lembang District and is a tourist attraction in the form of downhill bicycle track facilities. The number obtained is the result of calculating the comparison between benefits and costs and shows the value that can be defined as a feasible activity, because the numbers obtained have a value of more than 1 which is an indication of eligibility with a results in the form of> 1 declared feasible and if <1 (less of) is declared ineligible. Based on the calculation results of the Cost-Benefit Ratio (CBR) analysis with the final result in the form of a comparison value of 3,3128528. With the increase in the number of visits and opening of new jobs, the results of the analysis in the form of downhill activities have been declared feasible.
Exercise-induced immune perturbations have been proposed to increase susceptibility to viral infections. We investigated the replication of persisting viruses as indicators of immune function in elite cross-country skiers after ten months of sustained high-performance exercise. The viruses evaluated, nine human herpesviruses (HHVs) and torque teno virus (TTV), are typically restrained in health but replicate actively in immunosuppressed individuals. We collected sera from 27 Finnish elite cross-country skiers at the end of the competition’s season and 27 matched controls who perform moderate exercise. We quantified all the HHVs and—TTV via highly sensitive qPCRs. To verify equal past exposures between the groups, we assessed the IgG antibody prevalences toward HHV-4 (Epstein–Barr virus, EBV) and HHV-5 (human cytomegalovirus, HCMV). We found equal TTV DNA prevalences in athletes (63%) and controls (63%) and loads with respective geometric means of 1.7 × 10<sup>3</sup> and 1.2 × 10<sup>3</sup> copies/mL of serum. Overall, the copy numbers were low and consistent with those of healthy individuals. Neither of the groups presented with herpesvirus viremia despite similar past exposures to HHVs (seroprevalences of EBV 70% vs. 78% and HCMV 52% vs. 44% in athletes and controls, respectively). We found no evidence of increased replication of persistent viruses in elite athletes, arguing against impaired viral immunity due to high-performance exercise.
<p>An analytical review of research in the field of epidemiology and carcinogenesis of cervical cancer and measures and technologies for the prevention of this form of cancer has been carried out. There are considered data on the main proven risk factors for cervical cancer, which are as follows: certain characteristics of sexual behavior and reproductive history, sexual infections and infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), tobacco smoking and some other lifestyle characteristics. According to world reference data the analysis of existing methods of cervical cancer prevention including sanitation, HPV vaccination and various types of screening for cervical cancer was conducted. Data on the significance, effectiveness and availability of various preventive technologies are presented.</p>
<strong>چاقی و نیاز به کنترل انرژی، درسراسر جهان بهعنوان یکی از بزرگترین عوامل در بروز بیماریهای مزمن محسوب میشوند و بهدلیل انتقال مضرات آن از مادر به فرزند بسیار اهمیت دارند؛ بنابراین، هدف از انجام پژوهش حاضر، بررسی تأثیر تمرین تناوبی پرشدت در موش صحرایی مادة چاق قبل از بارداری بر زمان خستگی، متیلاسیون ژنهای</strong><strong>Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha</strong><strong> (</strong><strong>PGC-1α</strong><strong>) و سارکولیپین در عضلة دوقلوزادههای موش بود؛ برایناساس، 40 موش صحرایی سهماهة مادة نژاد ویستار خریداری شدند و به چهار گروه مساوی تغذیة پرچرب، (گرم 22</strong><strong> ± </strong><strong>250) کنترل (گرم 30</strong><strong> ± </strong><strong>170)، تمرین + تغذیة پرچرب (گرم 30</strong><strong> ± </strong><strong>240) و تمرین (گرم 33</strong><strong> ± </strong><strong>190) تقسیم شدند. بعد از انجام شش هفته پروتکل تمرین تناوبی شدید، موشهای ماده باردار شدند و پس از تولد نوزادان، آنها به دو گروه تقسیم شدند. گروه اول برای بررسی متیلاسیون </strong><strong>PGC-1α</strong><strong> و سارکولیپین، به روش</strong><strong>واکنش زنجیرهای پلیمراز اختصاصی</strong><strong>تشریح شدند و گروه دوم بعد از دوماه، پروتکل شنا برای سنجش خستگی را انجام دادند. نتایج آزمون آنوای یکطرفه نشان داد که کاهش معناداری (</strong><strong>P = 0.001</strong><strong>) در مقادیر متیلاسیون ژن </strong><strong>PGC-1α</strong><strong> و افزایش معناداری (</strong><strong>P = 0.001</strong><strong>) در آزمون سنجش مقاومت به خستگی، بین گروه تمرین با گروههای دیگر و گروه تمرین + تغذیة پرچرب با گروه تغذیة پرچرب وجود داشتند؛ بنابراین، انجام تمرینهای تناوبی شدید قبل از بارداری بر متیلاسیون ژن </strong><strong> PGC-1α</strong><strong>و عملکرد ورزشی نوزادان موش صحرایی در مقاومت به خستگی نقش دارد. همچنین، تمرین تناوبی شدید میتواند تأثیر ناشی از مصرف غذای پرچرب را کاهش دهد.</strong>
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kinerja gerak teknik lompat jangkit mahasiswa penjaskesrek semester 4 UIR. Selain itu dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui kesalahan gerak teknik lompat jangkit yang sering terjadi. Metode penelitian menggunakan metode survey, polulasi yang digunakan adalah mahasiswa penjaskesrek semester 4 UIR sebanyak 10 orang yang menjadi sampel. Desain penelitian yang digunakan deskriptif dengan satu variable, yaitu:lompat jangkit, instrumen yang digunakan adalah test lompat jangkit. untuk menganalisa data yang sudah terkumpul, peneliti menganalisa menggunakan perangkat lunak video maker untuk menganalisa gerak teknik lompat jangkit. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa kinerja gerak tehnik lompat jangkit pada tahap gerak awalan sudah baik dan efektif dikarenakan lutut diangkat tinggi, dorongan kaki belakang baik hingga terjadi pelurusan dan posisi badan tetap tegak, pada tahap hop yang sebagian besar masih kurang efektif dikarenakan dari pada saat menumpu posisi badan berada dibelakang kaki tumpu, pada tahap step sebagian besar masih efektif dikarenakan dorongan kaki tumpu sebagian besar masih lurus sehingga sangat efektif dan posisi badan saat menumpu berada lurus dengan kaki tumpu, pada tahap jump hasil dari sebagian besar masih kurang efektif dikarenakan penurunan kaki terlalu cepat sehingga akan mengakibatkan cepat mendarat sehingga kurang efektif. Hasil analisa dari ke-10 mahasiswa penjaskesrek semester 4 UIR menunjukan bahwa masih kurang efektif.
Irena Puszkarz, Edyta Guty, Iwona Stefaniak
et al.
Background: Over 300 million people around the world have thyroid problems.
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is the most common reason for hypothyroidism among people
aged 45 to 65, mostly women. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is a mysterious immune-mediated
disease and its reason is still not fully clear. According to specialists nutritional habits have
impact on the development of the disease. Fatigue, reduction of exercise capacity,
movement deceleration, drowsiness, hair and eyebrow loss, dry skin, nail fragility, feeling
cold and chronic constipation are dominant feelings in the clinical picture of the disease.
The objective of the paper is indication of food ingredients that support thyroid
gland activity as well as those that should be limited.
Content: In many publications it is emphasized that right nutrition and proper
selection of nutrients are necessary in occurring and development of Hashimoto’s
thyroiditis. The diet of patients with hypothyroidism should be based on increased content
of complete protein, polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as carbohydrates with a low
glycaemic index. Consumption of complex carbohydrates which provide the most of
mineral nutrients, vitamins and dietary fibres is recommended. The supply of vitamins and
mineral nutrients is important due to their impact on secretory activity of the thyroid. They
include iodine, iron, selenium and zinc as well as vitamins: A, D, E, B2, B3 and B12.
Existence of relation between vitamin D deficiency and the risk of development of
autoimmune thyroiditis is also indicated.
Summary: The diet of patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis should be considered
in a complex way, including hormone deficiency as well as changes in diet and
supplementing it in necessary mineral nutrients and vitamins. Therefore education
regarding the rules of proper nutrition should be a component of the process of treatment.
Resumen: Los beneficios de la actividad física y el ejercicio en la salud de la mujer son indiscutibles, hecho que está respaldado con fuerte evidencia científica en más de veinticinco condiciones médicas, incluidas la enfermedad cardiovascular y la mortalidad prematura.La actividad física provee beneficios de forma multifactorial con efectos en el sistema inmune, hemostático, autonómico, metabólico y hormonal entre otros, que pueden ser aplicables en las diferentes etapas de la historia fisiológica de la mujer. Por ende se requiere un abordaje específico de cada una de esas etapas para dar provecho a todas las ganancias que trae consigo la práctica del ejercicio físico.Los beneficios de la actividad física y la prescripción de ejercicio individualizada siempre superan considerablemente los posibles riesgos a los que se exponen por su práctica. A la hora de la prescripción del ejercicio es importante tener en cuenta características propias de la mujer, como composición corporal y rasgos endocrinológicos ya que representan diferencias en la respuesta fisiológica al ejercicio agudo y a entrenamientos prolongados. Adicionalmente, dentro de la evaluación médica es importante hacer una búsqueda activa de los riesgos cardiovascular, osteoarticular y metabólico.A pesar de los beneficios demostrados, los indicadores de inactividad física y sus consecuencias siguen siendo alarmantes en las mujeres. Estrategias que promuevan la actividad física en las mujeres y que permitan eliminar las barreras de acceso, además de nuevos métodos para cuantificar de manera indicada los niveles de actividad física, se convierten en un desafío para los profesionales de la salud y los planificadores de políticas de salud pública. Abstract: The benefits of physical activity and exercise on health are indisputable for women. There is scientific evidence of the benefits in more than 25 medical conditions, including cardiovascular disease and premature mortality.Physical activity provides multifactorial benefits with effects on the hemostatic, autonomic, metabolic, endocrine and immune systems, among others, that may be applicable at different stages of a woman's physiological history. A specific approach is therefore required at each of these stages to gain all the benefits that physical exercise can bring. Differences in physiological responses to acute exercise and periods of training are related to body size, body composition, and the endocrinological properties of women.The benefits of physical activity and the individualized prescription of exercise always outweigh their possible risks. Nevertheless, it is necessary to bear in mind that if there is a cardiovascular, osteoarticular or metabolic risk, there must be a proper assessment by medical professionals specialized in the management of physical activity and sports. Despite the known benefits, women's physical inactivity indicators are alarming, as well as their potential effects and consequences. Strategies that promote physical activity in women, new methods to adequately quantify its levels, and strategies for eliminating barriers to access have become a challenge for health professionals and public health policy planners. Palabras clave: Actividad física, Ejercicio, Mujer, Hormonas, Embarazo, Keywords: Physical activity, Exercise, Women, Hormones, Pregnancy
Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system
Charlie Godwin, Matthew D. Cook, Mark E. T. Willems
It was observed previously that New Zealand blackcurrant (NZBC) extract reduced slowing of the maximal 15 m sprint speed during the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test. We examined the effect of NZBC extract on the performance of the Running Based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST, 6 × 35-m sprints with 10 seconds passive recovery) in trained youth and recreationally active football players. Fifteen recreationally active (University team) (age: 20 ± 1 years, height: 174 ± 19 cm, body mass: 80 ± 13 kg) and nine trained youth players (English professional club) (age: 17 ± 0 years, height: 178 ± 8 cm, body mass: 69 ± 9 kg, mean ± SD) participated in three testing sessions. Prior to the RASTs, participants consumed two capsules of NZBC extract (600 mg∙day−1 CurraNZ®) or placebo (P) for 7 days (double blind, randomised, cross-over design, wash-out at least 14 days). Ability difference between groups was shown by sprint 1 time. In the placebo condition, trained youth players had faster times for sprint 1 (5.00 ± 0.05 s) than recreationally active players (5.42 ± 0.08 s) (p < 0.01). In trained youth players, there was a trend for an effect of NZBC extract (p = 0.10) on the slowing of the sprint 1 time. NZBC extract reduced slowing of the sprint 5 time (P: 0.56 ± 0.22 s; NZBC: 0.35 ± 0.25, p = 0.02) and this was not observed in recreationally active players (P: 0.57 ± 0.48 s; NZBC: 0.56 ± 0.33, p = 0.90). For fatigue index, expressed as a % change in fastest sprint time, there was a strong trend to be lower in both trained youth and recreationally active players combined by NZBC extract (P: −13 ± 7%; NZBC: −11 ± 6%, p = 0.06) with 12 participants (five trained youth) experiencing less fatigue. New Zealand blackcurrant extract seems to benefit repeated sprint performance only in trained football players.