Hasil untuk "Speculative philosophy"

Danilo Martins Vitagliano

O presente artigo tem como objetivo realizar uma leitura crítica a respeito das fórmulas da sexuação assim como apresentadas por Jacques Lacan, ao longo dos Seminários 18 a 21, principalmente no que tange sua associação a um binarismo na nomeação de ambos os seus lados, propondo a um deles o título de ‘homem’ e a outro o título de ‘mulher’. A partir de um entendimento do estruturalismo e do significante, assim como propostos por Lacan, e da construção fundamentada na lógica e na topologia que sustentam tais fórmulas, pretendemos demonstrar uma leitura delas que não se prende a esse binarismo, e que, portanto, pode evidenciarse mais condizente à proposta lacaniana de desessencialização e desontologização, no sentido clássico do termo. Aliado a isso, recorremos a um dos temas que são escritos pelas fórmulas, a inexistência da relação sexual, a qual, como Lacan propõe, vem a substituir o princípio aristotélico da não-contradição para a psicanálise, aparecendo como a impossibilidade de se constituir uma unidade entre o que poderia ser dito de uma essência e de uma existência, cópula nunca satisfeita entre sujeito e significante, restando sempre como não-todo, entendimento que, a partir da lógica da sexuação, pode nos dizer de uma diferença pura, sempre contraditória e paradoxal, dos modos de se constituir o sexual.

Saulius Geniusas

Este artículo explora la noción del dolor en relación con su experiencia temporal. Se desafía la presunción de que el dolor es algo experimentado exclusivamente de forma consciente en el presente. Para llevar a cabo esta empresa, se parte de la noción de la sedimentación husserliana con el fin de dar cuenta de la relación entre la estructura temporal de la conciencia y el dolor. La exploración de las experiencias sedimentadas e implícitas se analiza primero fenomenológicamente, principalmente a partir de los Manuscritos C. Esto es enseguida aplicado a diferentes casos médicos, lo que pone de relieve la paradójica fuerza del pasado en la experiencia del dolor. En otras palabras, se argumenta que la anticipación del futuro también puede ser una experiencia dolorosa. La apreciación de estas situaciones aporéticas en la experiencia del dolor, analizadas a la par con dos tipos de conciencia, la explícita y la implícita, plantean la cuestión de si se puede vivir un “dolor inadvertido”, puramente implícito, en el presente. El fenómeno se explica con base en la distinción entre sedimentaciones primarias y secundarias que hace Merleau-Ponty: las primeras, aparentemente contradictorias, pueden no obstante interpretarse como conciencia en su modalidad de inatención. Al igual que las experiencias temáticas o co-atendidas, estas también pertenecen al arco de la intencionalidad. La idea de un dolor no-advertido hace aún más compleja la afirmación de que el dolor sea algo vivido exclusivamente de forma consciente en el presente.

Elison Antonio Paim, Maria Aparecida de Souza Ramos, Manuel Cochole Paulo Gomane

Apresentação do dossiê: "Histórias Africanas, pensamentos/ou culturas Afro-brasileiras e Ética Ubuntu"

Juliano Bonamigo Ferreira de Souza

Recently, Critical Theory has been revisited due to the relevance of its critique of contemporary forms of alienation. This critique allows the unveiling of structural ele- ments of contemporary ways of life, offering an accurate analysis of the material and subjective causes of the current environmental crisis. An example of this contribution is Herbert Marcuse’s book Counterrevolution and Revolt, published in 1972. This article addresses the relationship between aesthetics and political ecology established in the main theses of Marcuse’s book. The objective is to present how Marcuse employs the German philosophical tradition, more specifically elements of Kant’s Critique of the Power of Judgment and Marx’s Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts, to constitute a conceptual project of emancipation based on what he calls the aesthetic dimension. The article concludes by claiming that Marcuse’s critics and formulation entail a double requirement in which the field of Aesthetics has a central role.

L. S. Namazova­-Baranova, O. A. Perminova, T. A. Romanova et al.

Relevance. Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) has high morbidity and mortality, with infants and young children among those at greatest risk.Materials & Methods. A phase III, open-­label, randomized study in toddlers aged 12–23 months evaluated the immunogenicity and safety of MenACYW­TT, a tetanus toxoid conjugated vaccine against meningococcal serogroups A, C, W, and Y, when coadministered with paediatric vaccines (measles, mumps and rubella [MMR]; varicella [V] in South Korea and Thailand; 6­in­1 combination vaccine against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, hepatitis B and Haemophilus influenzae type b [DTaP­IPVHepB­Hib] in Mexico and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine [PCV13]) in the Russian Federation (NCT03205371). This manuscript reports the outcome of the part of the study conducted in the Russian Federation using PCV13 as the co­administered vaccine. Immunogenicity to each meningococcal serogroup was assessed by serum bactericidal antibody assay using human complement (hSBA) and, for a subset of subjects, baby rabbit complement (rSBA). Vaccine safety profiles were described up to 30 days postvaccination.Results. A total of 1,183 participants were enrolled in the study, out of which 400 were from the Russian Federation. The proportion with seroprotection (hSBA ≥1:8) to each meningococcal serogroup at Day 30 was comparable between the MenACYW­-TT and MenACYW-­TT + PCV13 groups (≥91% and ≥84%, respectively). The safety profiles of MenACYW­-TT and PCV13, when given alone or concomitantly, were generally comparable.Conclusion. Coadministration of MenACYW­-TT with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in toddlers had no clinically relevant effect on the immunogenicity and safety of any of the vaccines.

Giorgi Tskhadaia

The neo-Kantian, deontological liberal theory seeks to overcome the paradoxes of tolerance. It claims to accomplish this task by grounding tolerance in purportedly universal higher-order moral reasoning. I argue that in reality, such an approach cannot separate tolerance from particular ethical norms or empirical realities. For this reason, it cannot resolve the paradoxes of tolerance. However, I contend there is another path to account for the value of tolerating “others”. Jacques Derrida’s deconstruction provides us the way to retain the necessarily particularistic character of tolerance, without forfeiting its context-transcending, “universalistic” potential. In this article, I show that the paradoxes of tolerance need to be maintained as quasi-transcendental structures, instead of being discarded in the name of higher-order moral reasoning.

M. Fadlullah, Fathi Hidayah

Discussing the transformation of Al-Ghazali's thinking from rational tendency to sufistic is not as easy as al-Ghazali immediately changing the character of his thinking. This transformation process is very long. Over a long period of time, within al-Ghazali there was a transformation in his speculative interests, and even his outlook on life. He was not interested in philosophy anymore, and devoted himself entirely to Sufism and the renewal of orthodox Islamic teachings. In the aftermath of the psychological crisis and his escape in Sufism, he produced a book that became a magnum opus for al-Ghazali, Ihya' Ulum Al-Din. However, he is still remembered and inspires Muslims afterwards especially in the matter of fiqh, theology, philosophy, and also sufism which became the conversion of the end point of his scientific imagination options. This research uses library research design and uses al-Ghazali's rational-sufistic epstemology historical approach with the theory of transformation in al-Ghazali's Intellectual history from rational to sufistic.

John F. Newell

A Century of Weird Fiction, 1832–1937 offers a new critical perspective on the weird that combines two ways of looking at weird and cosmic horror. On the one hand, critics have considered weird fiction in relation to aesthetics – the emotional effects and literary form of the weird. On the other hand, recent scholarship has also emphasised the potential philosophical underpinnings and implications of weird fiction, especially in relation to burgeoning philosophical movements such as new materialism and speculative realism. This study bridges the gap between these two approaches, considering the weird from its early outgrowth from the Gothic through to Lovecraft’s stories – a ‘weird century’ from 1832–1937. Combining recent speculative philosophy and affect theory, it argues that weird fiction harnesses the affective power of disgust to provoke a re-examination of subjectival boundaries and the complex entanglement of the human and nonhuman.

G. Harman

One of the fifty most influential living philosophers, a “self-promoting charlatan” (Brian Leiter), and the orchestrator of an “online orgy of stupidity” (Ray Brassier). In Skirmishes: With Friends, Enemies, and Neutrals, Graham Harman responds with flair and wit to some of his best-known critics and fellow travelers. Pulling no punches, Harman gives a masterclass in philosophical argumentation by dissecting, analyzing, and countering their criticism, be it from the Husserlian, Heideggerian, or Derridean corner. At the same time, Skirmishes provides an excellent introduction to the hottest debates in Speculative Realism and Object-Oriented Ontology, a speculative style of philosophy long foreclosed by the biases of mainstream continental thought, but which has turned in recent years into one of the most encompassing philosophies of our time, with a major impact on the arts, humanities, and architecture. Part One considers four prominent books on speculative realism. In dialogue with Tom Sparrow’s The End of Phenomenology, Harman expresses agreement with Sparrow’s critique while taking issue with Lee Braver’s “transgressive realism” as not realist enough. Turning to Steven Shaviro’s The Universe of Things, Harman defends his own object-oriented model against Shaviro’s brand of process philosophy, while also engaging in side-debate with Levi R. Bryant’s distinction between virtual proper being and local manifestations. In the third chapter, on Peter Gratton’s Speculative Realism: Problems and Prospects, Harman opposes the author’s attempt to use Derridean notions of time and difference against Speculative Realism, in what amounts to his most extensive engagement with Derrida to date. Chapter Four gives us Harman’s response to Peter Wolfendale’s massive polemic in Object-Oriented Philosophy, which he shows is based on a failed criticism of Harman’s reading of Heidegger and a grumpy commitment to rationalist kitsch. Part Two responds to a series of briefer criticisms of object-oriented ontology. When Alberto Toscano accuses Harman and Bruno Latour of “neo-monadological” and anti-scientific thinking, Harman responds that the philosophical factors pushing Leibniz into monadology are still valid today. When Christopher Norris mocks Harman for seeing merit in the occasionalist school, he shows why Norris’s middle-of-the-road scientific realism misses the point. In response to Dan Zahavi’s contention that phenomenology has little to learn from speculative realism, Harman exposes the holes in Zahavi’s reasoning. In a final response, Harman gives a point-by-point answer to Stephen Mulhall’s critical foray in the London Review of Books. Amidst these lively debates, Harman sheds new light on what he regards as the central bias of philosophical modernism, which he terms the taxonomical standpoint. It is a book sure to provoke lively controversy among both friends and foes of object-oriented thought.

Russell J. Duvernoy

The book develops a process metaphysical conception of subjectivity from the work of Gilles Deleuze and Alfred North Whitehead. This alters existential orientations towards affect and attention in ways described as ecological attunement. The study is guided by two methodological commitments: (i) demonstrating the importance and relevance of responsible speculative thinking and (ii) translating metaphysical ideas into their existential implications. Both commitments are motivated by a contemporary context of ecological crisis and paradigm transformation. In the course of its argument, the book relates the work of Deleuze and Whitehead to other speculative trends in recent philosophy, particularly posthumanisms and speculative realisms. Deleuze and Whitehead are read in a shared lineage of radical empiricism that emphasizes processes and events as metaphysically primary. A key theme is understanding subjectivity through dynamic processes of individuation at variable scales where feeling/affect and attention acquire metaphysical rather than psychological scope and status. Whitehead’s analysis of “feeling” as metaphysical operation is explored in relation to Deleuze and Guattari's Spinozist-inspired deployment of affect. Attending participates as a crucial bridge between the metaphysical and the existential in processes of consolidation of present real actual occasions. The book develops existential implications of these claims in the context of an expanded philosophical conception of ecology. These implications challenge dominant modes of subjectification under what Guattari calls “Integrated World Capitalism” (IWC). The book concludes with discussion of how speculative philosophy may contribute to alternative futures.

P. Pecere

Argument In this paper I present an interpretation of du Bois-Reymond’s thesis on the impossibility of a scientific explanation of consciousness and of its present importance. I reconsider du Bois-Reymond’s speech “On the limits of natural science” (1872) in the context of nineteenth-century German philosophy and neurophysiology, pointing out connections and analogies with contemporary arguments on the “hard problem of consciousness.” Du Bois-Reymond’s position turns out to be grounded on an epistemological argument and characterized by a metaphysical skepticism, motivated by the unfruitful speculative tendency of contemporary German philosophy and natural science. In the final sections, I show how contemporary research can benefit from a reconsideration of this position and its context of emergence, which is a good vantage point to trace open problems in consciousness studies back to their historical development.

A. Badiou

This paper examines the relationship between philosophy and its conditions. The affirmation “mathematics is ontology”, which I posited thirty years ago, has certain inconveniences. In this article, I present six varying possibilities for ontology. My own philosophical decision was to proclaim that being is a pure multiplicity, without the One and without any specific attribute such as “matter” or “spirit”. This movement of thought brought me to study the mathematical condition of philosophy and to search for a rigorous structuration of my speculative decision within the field of mathematics. However, my initial postulate that “Being is the multiplicity without the One” is not a mathematical but a philosophical statement. This paper concludes with a presentation of the relationship between mathematics and philosophy in Being and Event, Logics of Worlds, and The Immanence of Truths.

Timo Sampolahti, Aarno A. Laitila

Our starting point in this article is that the question of the essence of psychotherapy has to some extent been neglected. Its medical context has strengthened the tendency to interpret psychotherapy in general from a technical and overtly rationalistic standpoint. Instead, we would underline the importance of the philosophical and historical roots of all psychotherapies. In our view, it is imperative to acknowledge the antirationalistic underpinnings that have always informed the discipline. We show how speculative mysticism and the late philosophy of Martin Heidegger have proved to be indispensable tools in setting psychotherapies in their philosophical and historical context. Robert Stolorow has also recently emphasised that Heidegger’s philosophy in Time and Being can be used to both understand and develop thinking in psychotherapies. We find it surprising that Heidegger’s late philosophy has not previously been considered a promising standpoint for theoretical research and show how Heidegger’s concepts of twofold thinking and Gelassenheit are useful conceptual tools in understanding various dimensions of psychotherapies.

Anatoliy Holovka

Наукова стаття присвячена дослідженню поняття згуртованості місцевих громад в умовах передачі значних повноважень від державних органів місцевим самоврядним одиницям. Метою публікації є виявлення соціально-економічних та соціально-політичних факторів згуртованості місцевих громад у прикордонних регіонах Західної України. Представлено класифікацію методів підвищення згуртованості громад шляхом, по-перше, створення рівних можливостей участі в процесі управління та вирішення місцевих проблем, по-друге, активізації економічного розвитку та посилення конкурентоспроможності громад та регіону на основі наявних конкурентних переваг. Виокремлено напрямки та засоби реалізації інклюзивної політики на місцях та визначення драйверів економічного зростання прикордонних (включно гірських) територій як чинників згуртування місцевих громад.

CERA, AGOSTINO

From the Anthropocene to the Technocene: Ethical-anthropological Perspectives from the “terra incognita” By assuming a transcendental approach, my paper aims to suggest that “the essence of the Anthropocene is by no means anything anthropocenic”. That is to say, the Anthropocene represents a philosophical rather than a scientific question, because it essentially equates to a Weltanschauung or «a paradigm dressed as epoch» (§1). Given this assumption, I try to bring out the basic features of such a paradigm, namely: the osmotic fusion between techne and physis (§ 2); the problem of periodization (§ 3); the ontological equation between “being” and “being makeable” (§ 4); the anthropological metamorphosis of homo faber into homo materia/Bestand man (§ 4). The final outcome of these considerations is that this aspirant new (geological) epoch isn’t the «Age of Humans» or «Menschenzeit», rather the age of technology as «subject of history» and thus my re-definition of Anthropo-cene as Techno-cene.

Régis de Melo Alves

Este trabalho intenta analisar a relação de Hegel com a ironia romântica através de sua consideração da ironia subjetiva de Schlegel e da ironia "objetiva", divina, de Solger a fim de compreender em que sentido o pensar especulativo supera o espírito de contradição desordenado da ironia romântica que bloqueia o desenvolvimento dialético. Abordaremos primeiro os momentos centrais em que Hegel trata da ironia em sua obra em ordem cronológica, no âmbito ético e estético, nos quais destaca-se a consideração da subjetividade moderna desatrelada dos conteúdos substanciais do espírito, cujo maior representante aos seus olhos é Friedrich Schlegel. Por fim, concentraremo-nos na análise hegeliana do pensamento de Solger apresentada na Resenha dos Escritos Póstumos e Correspondência de Solger, já que sua compreensão da ironia é muito próxima da dialética hegeliana, ocupando, assim, um lugar limítrofe entre romantismo e filosofia especulativa. Solger teria superado a unilateralidade da subjetividade romântica que se contrapunha à efetividade (Wirklichkeit). Porém, apesar de aceder à necessidade da unidade dialética dos opostos na apreensão do absoluto, Solger ainda concede primazia à experiência do divino como algo contraposto às mediações conceituais, deste modo, mantendo-se na perspectiva do entendimento que pressupõe o absoluto como um em-si inapreensível pelo pensamento e que apenas pode se manifestar na forma da experiência imediata.

James Duban

R. Askin

Proposes a new model for understanding narrative, grounded in the philosophy of Gilles Deleuze What is narrative? Ridvan Askin answers this question by bringing together aesthetics, contemporary North American fiction, Gilles Deleuze, narrative theory, and the recent speculative turn. Through this process he develops a transcendental empiricist concept of narrative. Against the established consensus of narrative theory he argues for an understanding of narrative as fundamentally nonhuman, unconscious, and expressive. Narrative and Becoming provides close readings of a number of contemporary North American fictions, most prominently Ana Castillo's The Mixquiahuala Letters (1986), Michael Ondaatje's The Collected Works of Billy the Kid (1970), Colson Whitehead's The Intuitionist , and Mark Z. Danielewski's House of Leaves (2000), showcasing their genuine metaphysical quality.

S. Gardner

N. Coombs

Preface and Acknowledgements Introduction Part I: History and Event in Marxist Dialectics 1. Hegel's Leaps and the Historicist Theory of Knowledge 2. Marx's Idea of Communist Transformation 3. Lenin's Philosophy: A New Dialectics of Revolution? Part II: Events and Historical Judgement after Althusser 4. Althusser's Science: Naming the Epistemological Break 5. Badiou's Decision: To Give Up Leadership, Somewhat 6. Meillassoux's Politics: Speculative Justice Part III: Suggestions about Where this Road Might Take us 7. Afterword: Towards a Complex Science of History Notes Bibliography Index.