Hasil untuk "Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages"

Corentin Barloy, Michaël Cadilhac, Kyle Ockerlund

In single-core processors, when multiple processes execute concurrently, they are, in practice, intertwined by a scheduler as a single thread of execution. The language-theoretic operation that corresponds to this is the shuffle of two languages: in general, this is defined as the set of words obtained by interleaving words from the first and second language in an arbitrary fashion. It is well known that regular languages are closed under shuffles, while context-free languages (CFL) are not. Following an established line of research, this paper considers shufflings according to regular "trajectories", that is, subject to scheduling constraints expressed by an automaton. Unsurprisingly, some trajectories, such as "a word from the first language first, then a word from the second", allow for CFLs to be shuffled into CFLs, while some other trajectories do not. This paper provides a robust toolset to show that a given trajectory would always shuffle two nonregular CFLs into a nonCFL. In the case of deterministic CFLs (DCFLs), a salient trichotomy of trajectories depending on how they shuffle DCFLs is provided. These results are based on intricate expressiveness lemmas for CFLs and DCFLs of independent interest, the latter lemma relying on a recent result of Jančar and Šíma (MFCS'2021).

Iosif Lazaridis, Songül Alpaslan-Roodenberg, Ayşe Acar et al.

Николай Николаевич Станков

В статье на основе опубликованных и архивных документов автор рассматривает политику Чехословакии в отношении СССР во время подготовки судебного процесса над патриархом Тихоном весной 1923 г. Особое внимание уделено анализу сообщений в Народный комиссариат иностранных дел СССР советского полпреда в Чехословацкой республике К. К. Юренева. В своих донесениях он указывал на выступления в чехословацкой и русской эмигрантской печати и на проведение массовых собраний в Праге в защиту патриарха Тихона. Наибольшую активность в их организации проявили Чехословацкая народная партия и Национально-демократическая партия, требовавшие от правительства ЧСР полного разрыва отношений с Советским Союзом. Юренев подчеркивал, что в связи с религиозными преследованиями в СССР в Чехословакии значительно расширился круг противников сотрудничества с советским правительством. Чехословацкая дипломатия не довела дело до разрыва отношений с Москвой, но министр иностранных дел Э. Бенеш, ссылаясь на угрозу правительственного кризиса, отказался от своего обещания вынести на заседание Национального собрания ЧСР вопрос о ратификации советско-чехословацкого Временного договора от 5 июня 1922 г. Статья поступила в редакцию 21.04.2025. Рецензирование завершено 05.08.2025. Статья принята к публикации 16.09.2025. Цитирование Станков Н. Н. «Дело» патриарха Тихона и чехословацко-советские отношения в апреле – июне 1923 г. (по документам советского полпредства в Праге) // Славянский альманах. 2025. No 3–4. С. 53–76. DOI: 10.31168/2073-5731.2025.3-4.03

Roman Timenchik

The note continues a series of more than fifty publications that provide detailed commentary on the names of individuals recorded in Anna Akhmatova’s working notebooks. It analyzes the topics of Akhmatova’s conversations with the poet and translator of her poems into Lithuanian, Tomas Venclova. These conversations concern Akhmatova’s book of poems published in Lithuania in 1964, as well as Lithuanian poets and translators – both those documented in the notebooks and those presumably known to Akhmatova. A recurring topic of their discussions was the episode of Akhmatova’s and Nikolai Gumilyov’s brief stay in Vilnius in December 1914. In Venclova’s memoirs, we find Akhmatova’s remarks on Ivan Bunin’s Nobel lecture, selected poems by Osip Mandelstam, and the composer Andrei Volkonsky. The note also clarifies the identity of the ‘hero’ of one of Akhmatova’s favorite oral stories, which is likewise recorded in her Lithuanian interlocutor’s recollections.

V. A. Bondarev

This study examines the economic aspects of the volunteer movement in rural areas of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) during the Great Patriotic War, focusing on the Rostov region as one of Russia's historically agrarian territories. The research is grounded in both published and archival materials. It explores the influence of the collective farm system, established in the USSR throughout the 1930s, on the volunteer movement. The findings reveal that collective farms emerged as a crucial factor in wartime volunteering. The significance of these collective enterprises is highlighted in their role in organizing and supplying volunteer Cossack cavalry units formed in the Rostov region during the Great Patriotic War. Unlike pre-Soviet practices, collective farms enabled the provision of essential equipment and supplies to Cossack cavalrymen without causing significant material hardship for the families of volunteer Cossacks. The study notes that, thanks to the high mobilization potential of collective farms, Cossack cavalry units received necessary reinforcements in personnel and horses, maintaining their combat effectiveness throughout the war years. The role of collective farms in organizing voluntary material support for the front is highly valued, with collective farmers processing additional “defense hectares” and collecting donations for the active army in the form of money, food, clothing, and other goods.

David van Balen, Tiziano De Matteis, Clemens Grelck et al.

Parallel functional array languages are an emerging class of programming languages that promise to combine low-effort parallel programming with good performance and performance portability. We systematically compare the designs and implementations of five different functional array languages: Accelerate, APL, DaCe, Futhark, and SaC. We demonstrate the expressiveness of functional array programming by means of four challenging benchmarks, namely N-body simulation, MultiGrid, Quickhull, and Flash Attention. These benchmarks represent a range of application domains and parallel computational models. We argue that the functional array code is much shorter and more comprehensible than the hand-optimized baseline implementations because it omits architecture-specific aspects. Instead, the language implementations generate both multicore and GPU executables from a single source code base. Hence, we further argue that functional array code could more easily be ported to, and optimized for, new parallel architectures than conventional implementations of numerical kernels. We demonstrate this potential by reporting the performance of the five parallel functional array languages on a total of 39 instances of the four benchmarks on both a 32-core AMD EPYC 7313 multicore system and on an NVIDIA A30 GPU. We explore in-depth why each language performs well or not so well on each benchmark and architecture. We argue that the results demonstrate that mature functional array languages have the potential to deliver performance competitive with the best available conventional techniques.

Wolfgang Stadler

This article examines the usage of the prefixes mono-, multi-, pluri-, inter-, and trans-(cultural) in two Council of Europe language policy documents, the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR, 2001) and its Companion Volume (2020). It focuses on their evolution and implications in language teaching and cultural understanding, particularly translating these concepts into Russian to illustrate their application in Slavic language education. The article highlights a shift from monolingual frameworks towards embracing multilingualism and plurilingual competences, reflecting a broader societal move towards recognising and integrating linguistic and cultural diversity. The article also addresses the limited but emerging engagement with transcultural perspectives, suggesting areas for further development in European language policies.

Federico Mora, Justin Wong, Haley Lepe et al.

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) for code applications have demonstrated remarkable zero-shot fluency and instruction following on challenging code related tasks ranging from test case generation to self-repair. Unsurprisingly, however, models struggle to compose syntactically valid programs in programming languages unrepresented in pre-training, referred to as very low-resource Programming Languages (VLPLs). VLPLs appear in crucial settings, including domain-specific languages for internal tools, tool-chains for legacy languages, and formal verification frameworks. Inspired by a technique called natural programming elicitation, we propose designing an intermediate language that LLMs "naturally" know how to use and which can be automatically compiled to a target VLPL. When LLMs generate code that lies outside of this intermediate language, we use compiler techniques to repair the code into programs in the intermediate language. Overall, we introduce \emph{synthetic programming elicitation and compilation} (SPEAC), an approach that enables LLMs to generate syntactically valid code even for VLPLs. We empirically evaluate the performance of SPEAC in a case study for the UCLID5 formal verification language and find that, compared to existing retrieval and fine-tuning baselines, SPEAC produces syntactically correct programs more frequently and without sacrificing semantic correctness.

S. Bochaver, E. Tereshko

This article examines the perception of ‘rare’ and ‘common’ languages through literary translations. The study is based on the materials from De Bezige Bij Publishing House in the Netherlands, comparing the periods of 2010—2013 and 2020—2023. A significant increase in the role of translators is reflected in the rise of translation share in the publishing house. There is an observed growth in the number of source languages for translation, with a dec­rease in the proportion of English. Translations from French, Italian, German, Scandinavian languages, Portuguese, and Japanese have emerged. A comparison with the Polyandria Rus­sian Publishing House during the period of 2020—2023 reveals common and distinct source lan­guages. Both publishers translate literature into Danish, Finnish, and French to a similar extent. The Russian publishing house represents Norwegian and Japanese to a greater extent, while the Dutch publishing house releases more translations from German, Swedish, Turkish, and Italian. The Russian publisher also includes Icelandic, Albanian, Korean, and Croatian, while the Dutch publisher includes Hebrew, Romanian, and Portuguese. Both publishers en­com­pass a total of 20 source languages, which is a small number compared to the global lin­guistic diversity. Comparing the volumes of source languages also indicates diffe­ren­ces in pre­ferences. Central European languages are chosen in the Netherlands, while Nor­wegian and Ice­landic are favored in Russia. These differences may be influenced by the cost of rights to works, editorial preferences, and translator availability. The analysis results indicate that neither typological similarity between the source language and the target language, nor association with a specific language group, influences the preference for translating books from a particular language. This highlights the importance of sociocultural factors.

A. Daugavet, P. Arkadiev

This paper presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of the functions of the present, past and future perfect forms in standard Latvian and Lithuanian based on two complementary types of data: the typological questionnaire devised for the study of the perfect for the EUROTYP project and the Lithuanian-Latvian parallel corpus. We analyse the data qualitatively as well as quantitatively and demonstrate that the two Baltic languages show both similarities and important differences in their perfect grams. While the Present Perfect in Latvian clearly shows a higher degree of grammaticalisation than in Lithuanian, manifested in the frequency of use, obligatoriness and functional extent, the differences betweenthe two languages in the uses of the other tenses of the perfect are more intricate and largely pertain to the expression of modal and discourse-oriented functions.

Iuliia Zaitova, Badr M. Abdullah, D. Klakow

Xiaoge Li

The article is devoted to the study of the principles of the formation of abbreviated words and the establishment of semantic and syntactic relationships between their constituent parts using the example of new abbreviated words that appeared with the onset of the coronavirus pandemic. The words recorded in the Chinese language in 2020—2021 are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the principle of selecting the first morpheme, in which the first morphemes of the original significant segments are preserved to form an abbreviated form. The relevance of the study is due to the increasing number of new abbreviated words, the complexity of their word-formation structures and the importance of their adequate understanding by both native Chinese speakers and foreign students. 12 compound abbreviated words (4 single-level and 8 multi-level) were analyzed, naming current phenomena in the life of Chinese society in the era of coronavirus. Five types of semanticsyntactic connections have been established: attributive connection, copulative connection, verbal-object connection, resultative connection and subject-predicative connection. It is concluded that among the principles on the basis of which complex abbreviated words are formed in modern Chinese, such as equivalence, distinctiveness, familiarity, etc., the principle of selecting the first morpheme plays an important role.

Robert Grošelj

V prispevku sta obravnavani pomenski razmerji meronimije oz. holonimije v pomenskih razlagah za lekseme, ki se nanašajo na izbrane dele telesa v Slovarju slovenskega knjižnega jezika (SSKJ2), Velikem rječniku hrvatskoga standardnog jezika (VRH), Rečniku srpskog jezika (RSJ) in Vocabolario della lingua italiana (VLI). Analiza je pokazala, da meronimično-holonimično pomensko razmerje zaznamuje uvrščevalne pomenske sestavine pri večini leksemov za izbrane dele telesa in razločevalne pomenske lastnosti pri skoraj vseh leksemih za dele telesa v analiziranih slovarjih.

Monika V. Orlova

The article is devoted to the outstanding Russian poet of the late 19th–early 20th century Valery Bryusov as a teacher who influenced many of his contemporaries. The paper starts with his students at “Bryusov Institute” overview. Then the critic Korney Chukovsky’, the writer Alexei Remizov’, and the poet Nikolai Gumilyov’ attitudes to their teacher Bryusov are briefly reviewed. The article mostly focuses on the relationships between Bryusov and his female students including his wife Ioanna Bryusova, and a writer Nina Petrovskaya. The special attention is given to Bryusov’s influence on Nadezhda L’vova. The article contains a review of a recently edited book about Nadezha L’vova by Tat'yana Karpacheva. The appendix document “In dubio pro reo” written by lawyer V.K. Chakilev refutes all the charges against Bryusov who was accused of the suicide of L’vova in the book.

Kartik Singhal, Kesha Hietala, Sarah Marshall et al.

Q# is a standalone domain-specific programming language from Microsoft for writing and running quantum programs. Like most industrial languages, it was designed without a formal specification, which can naturally lead to ambiguity in its interpretation. We aim to provide a formal language definition for Q#, placing the language on a solid mathematical foundation and enabling further evolution of its design and type system. This paper presents $λ$-Q#, an idealized version of Q# that illustrates how we may view Q# as a quantum Algol (algorithmic language). We show the safety properties enforced by $λ$-Q#'s type system and present its equational semantics based on a fully complete algebraic theory by Staton.

Léo Poirier, Wolfgang Steiner

A set of words, also called a language, is letter-balanced if the number of occurrences of each letter only depends on the length of the word, up to a constant. Similarly, a language is factor-balanced if the difference of the number of occurrences of any given factor in words of the same length is bounded. The most prominent example of a letter-balanced but not factor-balanced language is given by the Thue-Morse sequence. We establish connections between the two notions, in particular for languages given by substitutions and, more generally, by sequences of substitutions. We show that the two notions essentially coincide when the sequence of substitutions is proper. For the example of Thue-Morse-Sturmian languages, we give a full characterisation of factor-balancedness.

S. A. Gerasimova

The article is devoted to the issues of reflection of the intellectual culture of the Enlightenment in popular science discourse, represented in the activities of encyclopedic educators. The relevance of the research topic is due to the study of the views of the scientist, which influenced the value coordinates of popular science knowledge of the society of that time. The research methodology is based on a narrative approach in a historiographic perspective, as well as a culture-anthropocentric method that reveals the biography of a scientist as a manifestation of the socio-cultural processes of the era. The use of these methods determined the novelty of the research as a vector of movement of research thought, modeling the phenomenon of professionalism, since it contributes to a deeper understanding of the specifics of the professional picture of the scientist’s world. The dynamics of the views of the French educator Louis de Jaucourt is revealed, the degree of his contribution to the formation of the French Encyclopedia (Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers) is determined. It is proved that moral satisfaction from participation in the creation of an encyclopedia, due to the creativity of his personality, has become significant for the scientist. The research material was the articles by L. de Jaucourt posted on the website of the first edition of the encyclopedia. Analysis of the articles shows that their pragmatics are aimed at trans-mitting information to an educated reader in popular science discourse.

Maja Popovic, Alberto Poncelas, M. Brkić et al.

Mikołaj Bojańczyk, Edon Kelmendi, Rafał Stefański et al.

We consider extensions of monadic second order logic over $ω$-words, which are obtained by adding one language that is not $ω$-regular. We show that if the added language $L$ has a neutral letter, then the resulting logic is necessarily undecidable. A corollary is that the $ω$-regular languages are the only decidable Boolean-closed full trio over $ω$-words.

A. Zhuravlev

The article is an attempt to determine the origin of the idiom ‘stand on end’ with greater precision. Looking for the sources of its roots only in the Russian terminology of physical games (‘gorodki’ and others) cannot be regarded sufficient, whereas drawing parallels with other dialects and non-Slavic languages may enable us to reveal a wider motivational model.