Hasil untuk "Physical anthropology. Somatology"

D. Fassin

Mariano Jesús Tapia, Jose Ignacio Cuitiño, Eduardo Guillermo Ottone et al.

During the Early Miocene (ca. 23–16 Ma), Patagonia underwent pronounced climatic reorganisations that influenced distribution patterns and biodiversity across terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Here, we explore the response of the floras from south-western Patagonia to the climatic shifts that occurred during the early Burdigalian (ca. 20 Ma–18 Ma), just before the onset of the Miocene Climatic Optimum (MCO), which took place between 17 Ma and 15 Ma. Using fossil spores and pollen grains recovered from the El Chacay Formation (south-western Patagonia), we found a ~ 50% increase in diversity from ~ 20 Ma to ~ 18 Ma. The major difference between the two ages lies in the number of rare species (singletons and doubletons) according to our non-asymptotic standardisation analysis. The increasing trend in richness mirrors the re-appearance of many plant species with predominantly tropical and subtropical current distributions (e.g. Cupania, Ilex, Arecaceae) that had severely declined from the high latitudes during the cooling trend of the Oligocene-Miocene Transition (~ 23 Ma). Overall, the recovered assemblages point to the dominance of closed-canopy forests although the record of open vegetation elements — that would later expand — became evident. Our finding reveals that plant richness increased prior to the onset of the MCO, though not reaching the peak levels observed during this climatic optimum.

Steven Kuhn, Dušan Mihailović, Slobodan Marković et al.

This paper presents archeological data and chronometric dates documenting human presence in Serbia, central Balkans, during MIS 2. We describe findings from excavations at three cave sites and dating results from two additional localities. The evidence suggests that people were present in the area during the second half of the glacial peak between 25 and 19ka calBp. The chronological placement of these sites is complementary to what is known from adjoining regions, indicating that people may have occupied this part of the Balkans when they were not present elsewhere. All three excavated sites appear to represent short-term occupations, with relatively narrow ranges of activities, raising the question of whether they are fully representative of the land use system of foragers during MIS 2.

Larissa Straffon, Claudio Tennie

Despite growing consensus that cognitive differences between Neanderthals and modern humans were not as significant as once assumed, visual art remains disproportionately associated with Homo sapiens. This paper explores why that is. Rather than appealing to underlying cognition, we argue that early art was pushed and pulled by social dynamics and demographic contexts on a larger scale and eventually formed through cultural transmission. Drawing on the archaeological record, we focus on pigment use, ornamentation, engravings and painting. We suggest that these practices initially remained ad hoc while still functioning as tools for social signalling and intergroup communication in the small-scale communities of Neanderthals and early modern humans. We argue that visual art moved beyond ad hoc practices under conditions of increased population density and interaction – first via the crystallization of art as a tradition and second, as cumulative cultural art. Lack of cognitive ability is not a well-supported explanation for the empirical low frequency of Neanderthal art. Instead, we propose effects of differences in social connectivity and population densities as an alternative. By reframing art as a flexible, context-dependent behaviour, we challenge essentialist models and advocate for a pluralistic view of cognitive and cultural expression across different hominin groups.

Jinyan Meng, Runlin Yu, Zeyu Wen et al.

Abstract With the increasing prevalence of drug resistance from antibiotic abuse, bacterial diseases pose a serious threat to the livestock farming industry and public health. This study aimed to investigate and compare the pharmacokinetic profiles of the combined injection comprising colistin sulfate–berberine sulfate and its individual components (colistin sulfate and berberine sulfate) in swine. The combined injection was administered either intramuscularly at doses of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mg/kg or intravenously at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg, while single-agent injections were administered intramuscularly at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg. Colistin sulfate and berberine sulfate concentrations in plasma were quantified via ultra-performance liquid chromatography‒tandem Mass spectrometry, and the pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed via a noncompartmental analysis model. A Linear mixed-effect model was used for the combined injection within the 0.5–4.0 mg/kg range. At the 2.0 mg/kg intramuscular dose, the combination injection produced higher maximum concentration for colistin sulfate (7.00 ± 2.18 μg/mL) and berberine sulfate (3.36 ± 1.04 μg/mL) than the single-agent injections (4.37 ± 0.72 and 1.44 ± 0.32 μg/mL, respectively). Following the combined injection of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, or 4.0 mg/kg and the single-agent injections of 2.0 mg/kg, the corresponding absolute bioavailabilities were 48.00%, 52.05%, 79.04%, 82.40%, and 77.52%, respectively, for colistin sulfate and 2.98%, 6.81%, 10.49%, 11.35%, and 8.00%, respectively, for berberine sulfate. Furthermore, the combined injection showed dose proportionality following intramuscular administration across the tested dose range for both colistin sulfate and berberine sulfate. Our research findings provide a theoretical basis for the precise clinical use of this drug combination in veterinary medicine and ensure the safety of animal-derived food and public health. Further research is warranted to explore its efficacy and safety in clinical settings.

Jing Zhang, Hanyu Wang, Aoxiao Chen et al.

Abstract The rise in antibiotic resistance among Gram-negative bacteria poses significant challenges to global health. This study evaluates the in vitro efficacy of tigecycline, omadacycline, and eravacycline against clinical isolates harboring the mobile tigecycline resistance genes tet(X4) and tet(A). A total of 175 clinical strains collected between 1999 and 2023 were analyzed. Resistance genes, including tet(X4) and tet(A), were determined using Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined using the broth microdilution method. Eravacycline exhibited significantly lower MIC values than those of tigecycline for Escherichia coli carrying tet(X4) (P < 0.0001), despite similar resistance rates. Omadacycline consistently displayed the highest MIC values, indicating reduced potency. In contrast, Klebsiella pneumoniae carrying tet(A) showed higher MIC values for eravacycline than tigecycline. Universal resistance was observed in Enterobacter cloacae carrying tet(A). Eravacycline demonstrated superior in vitro efficacy, particularly against E. coli carrying tet(X4), underscoring its potential as a therapeutic option for multidrug-resistant infections. MIC values should complement resistance rates in clinical decision-making, and further studies are warranted to validate eravacycline’s clinical utility.

Djenabou Bayo, Burak Çivitcioğlu, Joseph J Webb et al.

The detection of phase transitions is a fundamental challenge in condensed matter physics, traditionally addressed through analytical methods and direct numerical simulations. In recent years, machine learning techniques have emerged as powerful tools to complement these standard approaches, offering valuable insights into phase and structure determination. Additionally, they have been shown to enhance the application of traditional methods. In this work, we review recent advancements in this area, with a focus on our contributions to phase and structure determination using supervised and unsupervised learning methods in several systems: (a) 2D site percolation, (b) the 3D Anderson model of localization, (c) the 2D $J_1$-$J_2$ Ising model, and (d) the prediction of large-angle convergent beam electron diffraction patterns.

J. Dubisch, M. Winkelman

Bikers converge at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C. Thousands flock to a Nevada desert to burn a towering effigy. And the hopeless but hopeful ill journey to Lourdes as they have for centuries. Although pilgrimage may seem an antiquated religious ritual, it remains a vibrant activity in the modern world as pilgrims combine traditional motives'such as seeking a cure for physical or spiritual problems?with contemporary searches for identity or interpersonal connection. That pilgrimage continues to exercise such a strong attraction is testimony to the power it continues to hold for those who undertake these sacred journeys. This volume brings together anthropological and interdisciplinary perspectives on these persistent forms of popular religion to expand our understanding of the role of the traditional practice of pilgrimage in what many believe to be an increasingly secular world. Focusing on the healing dimensions of pilgrimage, the authors present case studies grounded in specific cultures and pilgrimage traditions to help readers understand the many therapeutic resources pilgrimage provides for people around the world. The chapters examine a variety of pilgrimage forms, both religious and non-religious, from Nepalese and Huichol shamanism pilgrimage to Catholic journeys to shrines and feast days to Nevada's Burning Man festival. These diverse cases suggest a range of meanings embodied in the concept of healing itself, from curing physical ailments and redefining the self to redressing social suffering and healing the wounds of the past. Collectively and individually, the chapters raise important questions about the nature of ritual in general, and healing through pilgrimage in particular, and seek to illuminate why so many participants find pilgrimage a compelling way to address the problem of suffering. They also illustrate how pilgrimage exerts its social and political influence at the personal, local, and national levels, as well as providing symbols and processes that link people across social and spiritual boundaries. By examining the persistence of pilgrimage as a significant source of personal engagement with spirituality, Pilgrimage and Healing shows that the power of pilgrimage lies in its broad transformative powers. As our world increasingly adopts a secular and atheistic perspective in many domains of experience, it reminds us that, for many, spiritual quest remains a potent force.

Карапетян М.К. , Куфтерин В.В.

Введение. В работе сравниваются паттерны продольного роста длинных трубчатых костей населения Южного Урала эпохи поздней бронзы, основой жизнеобеспечения которого было животноводство с преобладанием скотоводства, и условно синхронного земледельческого населения Средней Азии путем анализа стандартизированных z-оценок. Материалы и методы. Анализируемые материалы происходят из двух могильников срубной культуры (Каранаевского и Чумарово-1), расположенных в Приуралье, и двух – срубно-алакульского типа (Неплюевского и Юлалы-8), расположенных в Зауралье. Сравнительные материалы представляют данные по Гонур-депе – протогородскому центру эпохи бронзы в Юго-Восточном Туркменистане. Обсуждаются выборки детей 2–12 лет численностью 32 и 56 индивидов соответственно. Для получения z-оценок использованы результаты измерения шести длинных трубчатых костей и обновленные референсные значения стандартов М. Мареш (середина XX века, США). Анализ z-оценок проводился с использованием как параметрических методов, так и непараметрической статистики. Результаты. Различия между z-оценками диафизарных длин костей в обсуждаемых выборках оказались высоко достоверны – кривая распределения для выборки из Гонур-депе заметнее смещена в сторону более низких значений стандартизированных относительно референсных данных оценок. В южноуральской выборке 6,7% детей характеризовались величинами z-оценок не ниже, чем в референсной группе, в то время как в выборке из Гонур-депе это значение составляло всего 0,6%. Z-оценки для костей верхней конечности в обеих группах достоверно выше таковых для костей нижней конечности. Дети младше 6 лет из памятников эпохи бронзы Южного Урала имели z-оценки достоверно большие, чем дети возрастной категории 9–12 лет. Для выборки из Гонур-депе подобные различия не обнаружены. Заключение. Объединенная выборка эпохи бронзы Южного Урала обнаруживает меньшее отставание в росте от референсной группы в сравнении с выборкой из Гонур-депе, что согласуется с гипотезой о редукции размеров тела в земледельческих группах по сравнению со скотоводческими. Более низкие величины z-оценок для костей нижней конечности по сравнению с верхними в обеих группах свидетельствуют о том, что первые демонстрируют большее отставание в росте относительно референсных значений.

Luca Gamberi, Alessia Annibale, Pierpaolo Vivo

Information in the form of data, which can be stored and transferred between users, can be viewed as an intangible commodity, which can be traded in exchange for money. Determining the fair price at which a string of data should be traded is an important and open problem in many settings. In this work we develop a statistical physics framework that allows to determine analytically the fair price of information exchanged between players in a game of chance. For definiteness, we consider a game where $N$ players bet on the binary outcome of a stochastic process and share the entry fees pot if successful. We assume that one player holds information about past outcomes of the game, which they may either use exclusively to improve their betting strategy or offer to sell to another player. We find a sharp transition as the number of players $N$ is tuned across a critical value, between a phase where the transaction is always profitable for the seller and one where it may not be. In both phases, different regimes are possible, depending on the "quality" of information being put up for sale: we observe symbiotic regimes, where both parties collude effectively to rig the game in their favor, competitive regimes, where the transaction is unappealing to the data holder as it overly favors a competitor for scarce resources, and even prey-predator regimes, where an exploitative data holder could be giving away bad-quality data to undercut a competitor. Our analytical framework can be generalized to more complex settings and constitutes a flexible tool to address the rich and timely problem of pricing information in games of chance.

J. Jie, S. Zhong, Q. Zhang et al.

$^{23}$Na spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates are used to experimentally demonstrate that mean-field physics beyond the single-mode approximation can be relevant during the non-equilibrium dynamics. The experimentally observed spin oscillation dynamics and associated dynamical spatial structure formation confirm theoretical predictions that are derived by solving a set of coupled mean-field Gross-Pitaevskii equations [J. Jie et al., Phys. Rev. A 102, 023324 (2020)]. The experiments rely on microwave dressing of the $f=1$ hyperfine states, where $f$ denotes the total angular momentum of the $^{23}$Na atom. The fact that beyond single-mode approximation physics at the mean-field level, i.e., spatial mean-field dynamics that distinguishes the spatial density profiles associated with different Zeeman levels, can -- in certain parameter regimes -- have a pronounced effect on the dynamics when the spin healing length is comparable to or larger than the size of the Bose-Einstein condensate has implications for using Bose-Einstein condensates as models for quantum phase transitions and spin squeezing studies as well as for non-linear SU(1,1) interferometers.

Debojyoti Kundu, Santosh Kumar, Subhra Sen Gupta

We study the spectral properties of and spectral-crossovers between different random matrix ensembles (Poissonian, GOE, GUE) in correlated spin-chain systems, in the presence of random magnetic fields, and the scalar spin-chirality term, competing with the usual isotropic and time-reversal invariant Heisenberg term. We have investigated these crossovers in the context of the level-spacing distribution and the level-spacing ratio distribution. We use random matrix theory (RMT) analytical results to fit the observed Poissonian-to-GOE and GOE-to-GUE crossovers, and examine the relationship between the RMT crossover parameter λ and scaled physical parameters of the spin-chain systems in terms of a scaling exponent. We find that the crossover behavior exhibits universality, in the sense that it becomes independent of lattice size in the large Hamiltonian matrix dimension limit.

I. Sineva, E. Permiakova, AA Khafizova et al.

Materials and methods. The materials of complex anthropological surveys of the Department of Anthropology of Moscow State University 2020–2021 were used. The anthropometric characteristics, components of the physique, physiological indicators, psychological characteristics and data of a sociological survey of 245 respondents (176 girls and 69 boys) – students of different universities in Moscow aged 18 to 23 years were studied. To assess adaptive capabilities, an integrative indicator is calculated – the level of physical condition of the body (PCL). Results. Reliable correlations with PCL were obtained mainly in the group of girls: statistically significant relationships were revealed for a cluster of morphological features, blocks of body composition, functional indicators and physical activity, for the values of phase angle, specific metabolism and the indicator of orientation to appearance. In the group of boys, there were significantly fewer reliable correlations: as in girls, a block of functional indicators and specific metabolism, as well as the level of total thyroxine in the blood and satisfaction with body parameters were significantly associated with PCL. The structure of relationships between groups of traits is as follows: socio-cultural characteristics are associated with levels of anxiety, aggressiveness and depression; the component composition of the body – with physique and functional indicators, which also correlate with social characteristics (education of parents, number of children in the family, level of family income). Conclusion. The closeness of the connections between the PCL and the blocks of the body's component composition and functional indicators is due to the commonality of their biological nature and the unity of subsystems in the structure of the general human constitution. A small but statistically reliable association with the PCL of the level of physical activity confirms the positive effect of daily physical activity on the adaptive capabilities of the body. The reliable connection with the PCL of individual socio-cultural features reflects the degree of importance of the perception of the features of one's own physique in the life of modern boys and girls and indicates the influence of self-esteem of appearance not only on the psychological state and quality of life, but also on the physical condition of the body and adaptive capabilities. The results obtained are consistent with the concept of intersystem integration of the organism and confirm the influence of socio-economic and socio-cultural factors on the processes of morphophysiological and psychosocial adaptation of modern youth to the conditions of the superurbanized environment of the XXI century.

Елизавета Веселовская, Юлия Пеленицына, Ольга Алехина et al.

The article is devoted to the findings of military‑ patriotic search teams. It provides the results of the anthropological study and restoration of the lifetime appearance of the soldiers who died in the Great Patriotic War based on the exhumed remains. The work was carried out in the Laboratory of Anthropological Reconstruction of the Center for Physical Anthropology of the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IEA RAS) within the research project “Restoring the appearance of fallen WWII soldiers”. Project participants: employees of the IEA RAS, the Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, students of Moscow State University and Russian State University for the Humanities, vol‑unteers. The aim of the work is to obtain the most complete information about the appearance of soldiers who were found many years later on the battlefields. We also consider it important to draw attention to specific episodes of the war.Contour and graphic reconstructions (face and profile) were made for each indi‑vidual, verbal descriptions of appearance were prepared. Tables of individual mea‑surements of the postcranial skeletons and skulls are presented. Based on osteolog‑ical data, body length and constitution were determined. Individual lifetime head sizes were calculated based on craniometric data. Eight people are immortalized in portraits. It is possible that readers will identify their relatives who went to the front and did not return. And some more gaps in our knowledge of the Second World War will be filled by the new information.

М С Герасимова, Наталья Александровна Лейбова, Наталья Федоровна Харламова

The scientific conference «Evolutionary continuum of the genus Homo», dedicated to the 130th anniversary of the birth of Viktor Valerianovich Bunak (IX Bunak’s Readings), was held on October 18–20, 2021 in Moscow. The organizers were the Center for Physical Anthropology of the IEA RAS, the K.A. Timiryazev State Biological Museum and D.N. Anuchin Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Moscow State University. The article provides a brief overview of the conference. It is emphasized that V.V. Bunak creative thinking sets an extremely broad framework for discussing the problems of modern physical anthropology, and the topics of the reports during IX Bunak’s Readings demonstrated it.

Adriana Zamora, Antinea Menéndez Garmendia, Fernando Ruiz-Velazco et al.

In bioarchaeology and forensic anthropology the most reliable skeletal element for sex estimation is the pelvis; nevertheless, when it is missing, other postcranial elements must be used. The main goal of this research is to provide sectioning points for sex assessment from humeral and femoral head diameters for three prehispanic and two contemporary Mexican populations. Using a sliding caliper, a total of 386 (45.3% female and 54.6% male) humeral and femoral head diameters were recorded. The sectioning point was calculated as the mean between sexes, and univariate independent sample t-tests were performed to test significant differences between sexes. The results demonstrate significant sexual differences in all populations and high percentages of correct sex classification (90%-94%). We conclude that the proposed cut-off points can be used as an alternative for sex estimation in Mexican populations, in contexts with incomplete skeletons and/or fragmented bones.

Rafael Santos, Chellasamy Jebarathinam, Remigiusz Augusiak

We propose a family of noncontextuality inequalities and show that they can be used for certification of multiqubit quantum systems. Our scheme, unlike those based on non-locality, does not require spatial separation between the subsystems, yet it makes use of certain compatibility relations between measurements. Moreover, it is scalable in the sense that the number of expectation values that are to be measured to observe contextuality scales polynomially with the number of qubits that are being certified. In a particular case we also show our scheme to be robust errors and experimental imperfections. Our results seem promising as far as certification of physical set-ups is concerned in scenarios where spatial separation between the subsystems cannot be guaranteed.

D. Samson

The human sleep pattern is paradoxical. Sleep is vital for optimal physical and cognitive performance, yet humans sleep the least of all primates. In addition, consolidated and continuous monophasic sleep is evidently advantageous, yet emerging comparative data sets from small-scale societies show that the phasing of the human pattern of sleep–wake activity is highly variable and characterized by significant nighttime activity. To reconcile these phenomena, the social sleep hypothesis proposes that extant traits of human sleep emerged because of social and technological niche construction. Specifically, sleep sites function as a type of social shelter by way of an extended structure of social groups that increases fitness. Short, high-quality, and flexibly timed sleep likely originated as a response to predation risks while sleeping terrestrially. This practice may have been a necessary preadaptation for migration out of Africa and for survival in ecological niches that penetrate latitudes with the greatest seasonal variation in light and temperature on the planet. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Anthropology, Volume 50 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Robin G Nelson

In its broadest conceptualization, violence includes everything from physical assault to the creation and maintenance of institutional structures that are discriminatory and exclusionary. However, violence as a topic of biological and archaeological anthropological inquiry has often been limited to malevolent physical assault perpetrated by men against other men. This is due to an outsized focus on the role that men played in the evolutionary history of our species. This conceptualization of violence obscures both the ways that other forms of harm—other violence(s) also often committed by men—structure the daily lives of people who do not have significant social or institutional power and how this harm becomes embodied. In this paper I explore how gendered knowledge production in anthropology has influenced our acceptance of what counts as meaningful harm. I posit that the threat of physical violence and encounters with other violence(s), specifically emotional and structural violence, shape the lives of people who are structurally disadvantaged in ways that are missing from our analyses. When we forgo emphases on war and murder and choose to study other violence(s) that are enacted in families and relationships, we become aware of the kinds of hidden assaults that are often meted out in small doses, eventually accumulating and impacting individual mental and physical health and survivorship.

Daniel Barasoain, Laureano R. González Ruiz, Rodrigo L. Tomassini et al.

Vetelia is a Miocene genus of armadillos from Argentina and Chile, traditionally included within the subfamily Euphractinae (Chlamyphoridae, Cingulata, Xenarthra). It includes the species Vetelia puncta (early–middle Miocene), Vetelia perforata (middle–late Miocene), and Vetelia gandhii (late Miocene), mostly known by isolated osteoderms. In this contribution, we provide the first description of the skull for this genus, based on new materials (PVSJ-289 and PVSJ-154) here assigned to V. gandhii. A detailed characterization allows us to amend the diagnosis of the three known species, and to include, for the first time, the genus Vetelia into a morphological phylogenetic analysis. Phylogenetic results reveal a closer affinity to the Tolypeutinae, including the extant genera Priodontes (giant armadillos), Cabassous (naked-tailed armadillos), and Tolypeutes (three banded armadillos), and the fossil genera Pedrolypeutes and Kuntinaru, than to the Euphractinae. More specifically, Vetelia is included within the Priodontini, as sister group of the clade composed by Cabassous + Priodontes. Taking into account the scarce record of fossil Tolypeutinae, this new proposal fills an important temporal gap in the evolutionary history of this linage. Finally, we also provide new information on the diagnostic morphological characters of the Priodontini and Tolypeutini.