Hasil untuk "Other systems of medicine"

R. Radi

J. Mateo, D. Chakravarty, R. Dienstmann et al.

Background In order to facilitate implementation of precision medicine in clinical management of cancer, there is a need to harmonise and standardise the reporting and interpretation of clinically relevant genomics data. Methods The European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) Translational Research and Precision Medicine Working Group (TR and PM WG) launched a collaborative project to propose a classification system for molecular aberrations based on the evidence available supporting their value as clinical targets. A group of experts from several institutions was assembled to review available evidence, reach a consensus on grading criteria and present a classification system. This was then reviewed, amended and finally approved by the ESMO TR and PM WG and the ESMO leadership. Results This first version of the ESMO Scale of Clinical Actionability for molecular Targets (ESCAT) defines six levels of clinical evidence for molecular targets according to the implications for patient management: tier I, targets ready for implementation in routine clinical decisions; tier II, investigational targets that likely define a patient population that benefits from a targeted drug but additional data are needed; tier III, clinical benefit previously demonstrated in other tumour types or for similar molecular targets; tier IV, preclinical evidence of actionability; tier V, evidence supporting co-targeting approaches; and tier X, lack of evidence for actionability. Conclusions The ESCAT defines clinical evidence-based criteria to prioritise genomic alterations as markers to select patients for targeted therapies. This classification system aims to offer a common language for all the relevant stakeholders in cancer medicine and drug development.

G. T. Strickland

Part I CLINICAL PRACTICE in the TROPICS. General Principles. Pulmonary Diseases. Cardiovascular Diseases. Gastrointestinal Diseases. Hepatobiliary Diseases. Hematologic Diseases. Urinary Tract Diseases. Dermatologic Diseases. Neurologic Diseases. Opthalmolgic Diseases. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Malignant Diseases. Surgery. Orthopedics. Maternal and Child Health. Integrated Management of Childhood Illness. Heat-Associated Illness. Traditional Medicine. Health and Nutrition Among. Refugees and Displaced Persons. Environmental and Occupational. Health in the Tropics. Imaging in the Tropics and The. Imaging of Tropical Diseases. Part II VIRAL INFECTIONS. General Principles. Human Immunodeficiency Virus. And AIDS. Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus. Infections. Viral Infections with Cutaneous Lesions. Viral Respiratory Infections. Enteric Viral Infections. Viral Hepatitis. Viral Febrile Illnesses. Viral Encephalitis. Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers. PART III BACTERIAL INFECTIONS. Section a Infections of the Eye and Throat. Trachoma and Inclusion Conjunctivitis Diphtheria. Section B Respiratory Tract Infections. Q Fever. Psittacosis. Pertussis. Melioidosis. Actinomycoses. Nocardiosis. Section C Gastrointestinal Tract Infections. Shigellosis. Cholera and Other Vibrioses. Diarrhea Caused By Escherichia Coli. Campylobacter Enteritis. Miscellaneous Bacterial Enteritides. Helicobacter PyloriInfections. Section D Sexually Transmitted Infections. Chlamydial Infections. Lymphogranuloma Venereum. Syphilis and the Endemic Treponematoses. Gonococcal Infections. Chancroid. Granuloma Inguinale. Section E Infections Causing Neurological Manifestations. Acute Bacterial Meningitis. Tetanus. Botulism. Section F Infections of Skin and Soft Tissues. Anthrax. Glanders. Gas Gangrene. Pyomyositis. Tropical Phagedenic Ulcer. Section G Febrile Lymphadenitis. Bartonella-Associated Infections. Plague. Tularemia. Pasteurella. Brucellosis. Section H Disseminated Febrile Illnesses. Rickettsial Infections: General. Principles. Typhus. Spotted Fevers. Trench Fever. Scrub Typhus. Ehrlichiosis. Relapsing Fever. Leptospirosis. Lyme Disease. Meningococcal Disease. Typhoid Fever. Nontyphoidal Salmonellosis. Section I Mycobacterial Infections. Tuberculosis. Leprosy. Nontuberculosis Mycobacterial. Part IV the MYCOSES. General Principles. Superficial Mycoses. Subcutaneous Mycoses. Systemic Mycoses. Treatment of Systemic Mycoses. Part V PROTOZOAL INFECTIONS. General Principles. Section a Intestinal and Genital Infections. Amebiasis. Giardiasis. Cryptosporidiosis. Cyclosporiasis. Miscellaneous Intestinal Protozoa. Trichomoniasis. Section B Infections of the Blood and Reticuloendothelial System. Malaria. African Trypanosomiasis. American Trypanosomiasis. Leishmaniasis. Babesiosis. Section C Tissue Infections. Toxoplasmosis. Pneumocystosis. Free-Living Amebic Infections. OtherTissue Protozoa Infections. PART VI HELMINTHIC INFECTIONS. General Principles. Section a Intestinal Nematode Infections. General Principles. Nematodes Limited to the . Intestinal Tract. Intestinal Nematodes That. Migrate Through Lungs. Intestinal Nematodes That. Migrate Through Skin And. Lung. Section B Filarial Infections. Filariasis. Loiasis. Onchocerciasis. Miscellaneous Filarial Infections. Section C Other Tissue Nematode Infections. Dracunculiasis. Trichinosis. Toxocariasis. Gnathostomiasis. Angiostrongyliasis. Cutaneous Larva Migrans. Anisakiasis. Section D Trematode Infections. General Principles. Schistosomiasis. Intestinal Fluke Infections. Liver Fluke Infections. Lung Fluke Infections: Paragonimiasis. Section E Cestode Infections . General Principles. Tapeworm Infections. Larval Cestode Infections. PART VII POISONOUS and TOXIC PLANTS and ANIMALS. Poisonous Plants and Fish. Animals Hazardous to Humans. Pentastomiasis. Injurious Arthropods. PART VIII NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS and DEFICIENCY DISEASES. General Principles. Protein-Energy Malnutrition. Vitamin Deficiencies. Mineral Deficiencies. Other Nutrition-Related Disorders. PART IX VECTOR TRANSMISSION of DISEASES. General Principles of Infectious . Disease Transmission. Zoonoses. Mollusks Involved in Disease. Transmission. Ticks and Mites in Disease. Transmission. Insects in Disease Transmission. Control of Arthropods of Medical. Importance. PART X TROPICAL DISEASE in a TEMPERATE CLIMATE. General Principles. Establishing a Travel Clinic. Adviceto Travelers. Screening Long Term Travelers. Diarrhea in Travelers. Fever in Travelers. Skin Lesions in Travelers. Eosinophilia in Travelers and Immigrants. Diseases of Immigrants. Global Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases. PART XI LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS of PARASITIC DISEASES. Examination of Stool and Urine Specimens. Examination of Blood, Other Body Fluids, Tissues, And Sputum. Parasitic Immunodiagnosis .

V. Emiliani, E. Entcheva, R. Hedrich et al.

Nishtha Panwar, Alana M. Soehartono, Kok Ken Chan et al.

Nanocarbons with different dimensions (e.g., 0D fullerenes and carbon nanodots, 1D carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoribbons, 2D graphene and graphene oxides, and 3D nanodiamonds) have attracted enormous interest for applications ranging from electronics, optoelectronics, and photovoltaics to sensing, bioimaging, and therapeutics due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Among them, nanocarbon-based theranostics (i.e., therapeutics and diagnostics) is one of the most intensively studied applications, as these nanocarbon materials serve as excellent biosensors, versatile drug/gene carriers for specific targeting in vivo, effective photothermal nanoagents for cancer therapy, and promising fluorescent nanolabels for cell and tissue imaging. This review provides a systematic overview of the latest theranostic applications of nanocarbon materials with a comprehensive comparison of the characteristics of different nanocarbon materials and their influences on theranostic applications. We first introduce the different carbon allotropes that can be used for theranostic applications with their respective preparation and surface functionalization approaches as well as their physical and chemical properties. Theranostic applications are described separately for both in vitro and in vivo systems by highlighting the protocols and the studied biosystems, followed by the toxicity and biodegradability implications. Finally, this review outlines the design considerations for nanocarbon materials as the key unifying themes that will serve as a foundational first principle for researchers to study, investigate, and generate effective, biocompatible, and nontoxic nanocarbon materials-based models for cancer theranostics applications. Finally, we summarize the review with an outlook on the challenges and novel theranostic protocols using nanocarbon materials for hard-to-treat cancers and other diseases. This review intends to present a comprehensive guideline for researchers in nanotechnology and biomedicine on the selection strategy of nanocarbon materials according to their specific requirements.

C. S. Carter, W. Kenkel, Evan L. MacLean et al.

Oxytocin is a pleiotropic, peptide hormone with broad implications for general health, adaptation, development, reproduction, and social behavior. Endogenous oxytocin and stimulation of the oxytocin receptor support patterns of growth, resilience, and healing. Oxytocin can function as a stress-coping molecule, an anti-inflammatory, and an antioxidant, with protective effects especially in the face of adversity or trauma. Oxytocin influences the autonomic nervous system and the immune system. These properties of oxytocin may help explain the benefits of positive social experiences and have drawn attention to this molecule as a possible therapeutic in a host of disorders. However, as detailed here, the unique chemical properties of oxytocin, including active disulfide bonds, and its capacity to shift chemical forms and bind to other molecules make this molecule difficult to work with and to measure. The effects of oxytocin also are context-dependent, sexually dimorphic, and altered by experience. In part, this is because many of the actions of oxytocin rely on its capacity to interact with the more ancient peptide molecule, vasopressin, and the vasopressin receptors. In addition, oxytocin receptor(s) are epigenetically tuned by experience, especially in early life. Stimulation of G-protein–coupled receptors triggers subcellular cascades allowing these neuropeptides to have multiple functions. The adaptive properties of oxytocin make this ancient molecule of special importance to human evolution as well as modern medicine and health; these same characteristics also present challenges to the use of oxytocin-like molecules as drugs that are only now being recognized. Significance Statement Oxytocin is an ancient molecule with a major role in mammalian behavior and health. Although oxytocin has the capacity to act as a “natural medicine” protecting against stress and illness, the unique characteristics of the oxytocin molecule and its receptors and its relationship to a related hormone, vasopressin, have created challenges for its use as a therapeutic drug.

Michael R. King

M. Popoviciu, Nirja Kaka, Yashendra Sethi et al.

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) is a common hyperglycemic disease characterized by the autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas. Various attempts have been made to understand the complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors which lead to the development of the autoimmune response in an individual. T1DM is frequently associated with other autoimmune illnesses, the most common being autoimmune thyroid disorders affecting more than 90% of people with T1D and autoimmune disorders. Antithyroid antibodies are present in around 20% of children with T1D at the start of the illness and are more frequent in girls. Patients with T1DM often have various other co-existing multi-system autoimmune disorders including but not limited to thyroid diseases, parathyroid diseases, celiac disease, vitiligo, gastritis, skin diseases, and rheumatic diseases. It is a consistent observation in clinics that T1DM patients have other autoimmune disorders which in turn affect their prognosis. Concomitant autoimmune illness might affect diabetes care and manifest itself clinically in a variety of ways. A thorough understanding of the complex pathogenesis of this modern-day epidemic and its association with other autoimmune disorders has been attempted in this review in order to delineate the measures to prevent the development of these conditions and limit the morbidity of the afflicted individuals as well. The measures including antibody screening in susceptible individuals, early identification and management of other autoimmune disorders, and adoption of personalized medicine can significantly enhance the quality of life of these patients. Personalized medicine has recently gained favor in the scientific, medical, and public domains, and is frequently heralded as the future paradigm of healthcare delivery. With the evolution of the ‘omics’, the individualization of therapy is not only closer to reality but also the need of the hour.

Junshi Chen

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chmed.2023.05.001 1674-6384/ 2023 Tianjin Press of Chinese Herbal Medicines. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is an ancient healing system that has been practiced for thousands of years in China and other East Asian countries. According to the TCM theory, medicine and food share the same origin and may have the same functions in the prevention and treatment of various health conditions. This is how the concept of medicine and food homology is developed and popularized. In China, an official list of medicine and food homology substances is promulgated by the China National Health Commission (formerly Ministry of Health) (NHC, 2002; NHC, 2020a; NHC, 2020b). All these substances are included in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and safe to be used as food.

Julia Prakofjewa, Luigi Conte, David Ludwig et al.

Abstract Background Hybrid knowledge systems are central to community negotiations of environmental, social, and epistemic pressures. In multilingual borderland areas, interactions between local ecological knowledge (LEK), formal, and popular knowledge systems remain underexplored, despite their importance for the persistence and transformation of medicinal plant use today. Methods We conducted 67 semi-structured interviews and participant observation in 21 rural settlements of the Vilnius region (Lithuania), an area bordering Belarus, focusing on the two largest local groups, Lithuanians (LT) and Poles (PL). Detailed Use Reports (n = 1446) on medicinal plant use were coded by the origin of knowledge, classified as local, formal, or popular, and the degree of hybridisation was quantified using the Shannon–Wiener diversity index and hybridisation metrics. Sociodemographic variables (age, gender, education, and multilingualism) were tested for associations with hybridisation using Spearman’s ρ and Student’s t-tests. Results A total of 139 medicinal taxa were recorded, of which 68 (49%) were shared between the two groups. Overall, recorded medicinal plant knowledge remained primarily grounded in LEK, sustained through intergenerational transmission. Compared with PL, LT interviewees drew on a broader mix of knowledge-origin domains (H′ = 0.97 vs 0.52) and combined them more often (HD = 0.195 vs 0.059). In total, 39 taxa showed hybrid use, predominantly in the LT group. Hybridisation was negatively associated with age but positively correlated with the number of listed plants and their reported uses, while multilingualism showed a near-significant positive trend. Conclusions The study suggests that medicinal plant knowledge has evolved here through hybridisation, a process whose consequences are context-dependent, offering opportunities for revitalisation but also a risk of displacement. Dialogic exchanges across families, communities, languages, and media expand people’s plant repertoire and strengthen community adaptive capacity. Yet when these exchanges lead to excessive standardisation, they risk eroding the diversity of local traditions. Ethnobotanical research must therefore go beyond documenting popular and formal knowledge sources to interrogate how linguistic and sociopolitical contexts condition the emergence of hybrid knowledge systems, privileging certain forms while rendering others transformed or marginalised.

G. Corona, D. Cucinotta, G. Di Lorenzo et al.

Purpose Erectile dysfunction (ED) is one of the most prevalent male sexual dysfunctions. ED has been in the past mistakenly considered a purely psycho-sexological symptom by patients and doctors. However, an ever-growing body of evidence supporting the role of several organic factors in the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying ED has been recognized. Methods The Italian Society of Andrology and Sexual Medicine (SIAMS) commissioned an expert task force involving several other National Societies to provide an updated guideline on the diagnosis and management of ED. Derived recommendations were based on the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system. Results Several evidence-based statements were released providing the necessary up-to-date guidance in the context of ED with organic and psychosexual comorbidities. Many of them were related to incorrect lifestyle habits suggesting how to associate pharmacotherapies and counseling, in a couple-centered approach. Having the oral therapy with phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors as the gold standard along with several other medical and surgical therapies, new therapeutic or controversial options were also discussed. Conclusions These are the first guidelines based on a multidisciplinary approach that involves the most important Societies related to the field of sexual medicine. This fruitful discussion allowed for a general agreement on several recommendations and suggestions to be reached, which can support all stakeholders in improving couple sexual satisfaction and overall general health.

Fang-Wei Lin, Yann-Jen Chen, Hui-Rong Cheng et al.

Introduction: Taiwan Chingguan Yihau (NRICM101) is a novel anti-inflammatory traditional Chinese medicine formula developed in 2020 for COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of NRICM101 on periodontal inflammation, using human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) exposed to Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (Pg LPS) and rat models of ligature-induced periodontitis. Methods: In vitro, HGFs were stimulated with Pg LPS and NRICM101. Cell viability and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and IL-1β were measured using MTS assay and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). In vivo, Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control, ligature placement, and NRICM101 treatment groups. Ligature placement was performed at day one and oral administration of NRICM101 (50 or 100 mg/kg body weight/day) or saline began one day prior to ligation and the following days. On day 8, the rats were sacrificed, periodontal tissue specimens were analyzed using microcomputed tomography (Micro-CT) imaging, RT-qPCR, and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining to evaluate the effects of the treatments. Results: NRICM101 reduced HGFs viability above 1.0 mg/mL, while Pg LPS caused similar effects at concentrations above 1.0 μg/mL. Co-treatment with Pg LPS (0.5–1.0 μg /mL) and NRICM101 (0.1–0.5 mg/mL) showed no cytotoxicity. In vivo, NRICM101 attenuated alveolar bone loss and significantly decreased IL-6, TNF-α, and partially IL-1β expression, as confirmed by micro-CT, RT-qPCR, and IHC analyses. Discussion: This study demonstrates that NRICM101 exerts protective anti-inflammatory effects in both cellular and animal models of periodontitis. It suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in HGFs and mitigated alveolar bone loss in ligature-induced periodontitis rats. The effects on IL-6 and TNF-α were pronounced, while the partial reduction of IL-1β may reflect additional regulatory mechanisms such as inflammasome activation, which warrants further investigation. These findings indicate that NRICM101 reduces inflammation without cytotoxicity and supports its potential application in managing chronic periodontal inflammation.

Yun-Han Wang, Yun-Lin Wang, Dara Kiu Yi Leung et al.

Abstract Background Emerging evidence has shown that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) is effective in improving depressive symptoms in the older population. However, the accessibility to MBCT is limited by the shortage of psychotherapists or mindfulness teachers. One potential solution is to involve social workers, who have the knowledge and skills to promote individual and community well-being in various settings, in delivering modified MBCT to enhance its accessibility and sustainability. This study examined the effectiveness of an eight-week age-modified MBCT led by different mental health professionals (mindfulness teacher only vs. mindfulness teacher and social worker) in improving mental health outcomes as compared with a control group. Methods Older adults (N = 112) were recruited through five community-based centres for older adults and mental wellness in Hong Kong. Participants were allocated to one of three groups: (1) mindfulness teacher-led modified MBCT, (2) social worker/teacher co-led modified MBCT (50% led by social workers and 50% led by mindfulness teacher), or (3) control (care as usual). The age-modified MBCT consisted of eight weekly sessions, with age-related modifications including more sitting meditation, shortened duration of each session, and the removal of the retreat. Outcome variables (i.e., depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, perceived stress, and mindfulness) were assessed at baseline (T0), after the intervention (T1), and four weeks after the intervention (T2), through self-reported questionnaires. Linear mixed models were performed while controlling for demographic variables to examine changes in outcome variables between the groups. Results Participants from the age-modified MBCT intervention groups (teacher-led and social worker/teacher co-led) showed significantly greater reductions in depressive symptoms and stress, as well as greater increase in mindful non-reactivity, compared to the control group post-intervention. No significant interaction effect of time and group was found for anxiety and both overall mindfulness and its other facets. The improvements in mental health and mindfulness outcomes post-intervention were not significantly different between the teacher-led and social worker/teacher co-led MCBT groups. Discussion Age-modified MBCT is beneficial in managing depressive and stress symptoms and in improving mindful non-reactivity among older adults at risk for depression. The findings support the feasibility and effectiveness of partial task-shifting in the delivery of MBCT to trained social workers. Future studies may explore the possibility for social workers in leading MBCTs independently to further improve its scalability and service accessibility for older adults in the community. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05995587. Retrospectively registered on 16 August 2023.

Asma Begum, Sathiya Ramu, Lakshmi M Sundar et al.

Background: In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Toddalia asiatica (Chinese name: Fei Long Zhang Xue) is used as the principal ingredient in analgesic-hemostatic granule formulations for managing traumatic pain, bleeding wounds, and heat-associated inflammation. Although it boasts a rich phytochemical profile and traditional applications, its potential for cognitive enhancement remains largely unexplored in modern research. Objective: The cognitive-enhancing potential of Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam was examined in this study using extraction, thin film formulation, and a combination of in-vitro, in-vivo, and in silico molecular docking methods. Methods: Extraction was carried out with ethanol, and a thin film was formulated using the ethanolic extract, which was evaluated for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition. In-vivo tests assessed the cognitive effects of both the extract and the thin film formulation. Molecular docking was performed to study the interaction of phytoconstituents with AChE. Results: Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of several secondary metabolites. The ethanolic extract showed moderate AChE inhibition in-vitro (IC50 = 76.4 ± 3.1 μg/mL) compared to donepezil (IC50 = 4.8 ± 0.3 μg/mL). In-vivo, both the extract and its herbosomal formulation significantly and dose-dependently improved cognitive performance in treated groups compared to the illness group (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). Molecular docking revealed favorable binding affinities of several phytoconstituents, with 8S-10-O-demethylbocconoline (TA3) showing the highest binding score (−8.66 kcal/mol) at the AChE active site. Conclusion: Toddalia asiatica demonstrates promising cognitive-enhancing activity through AChE inhibition, both in-vitro and in-vivo. These findings support its potential as a natural therapeutic candidate for managing cognitive impairments such as those seen in Alzheimer’s disease.

Robert Sparrow, Joshua Hatherley

In the much-celebrated book Deep Medicine, Eric Topol argues that the development of artificial intelligence for health care will lead to a dramatic shift in the culture and practice of medicine. In the next several decades, he suggests, AI will become sophisticated enough that many of the everyday tasks of physicians could be delegated to it. Topol is perhaps the most articulate advocate of the benefits of AI in medicine, but he is hardly alone in spruiking its potential to allow physicians to dedicate more of their time and attention to providing empathetic care for their patients in the future. Unfortunately, several factors suggest a radically different picture for the future of health care. Far from facilitating a return to a time of closer doctor-patient relationships, the use of medical AI seems likely to further erode therapeutic relationships and threaten professional and patient satisfaction.

G. Malcangi, A. Patano, Mariafrancesca Guglielmo et al.

Precision medicine (PM) is personalized medicine that can develop targeted medical therapies for the individual patient, in which “omics” sciences lead to an integration of data that leads to highly predictive models of the functioning of the individual biological system. They enable rapid diagnosis, assessment of disease dynamics, identification of targeted treatment protocols, and reduction of costs and psychological stress. “Precision dentistry” (DP) is one promising application that need further investigation; the purpose of this paper is therefore to give physicians an overview of the knowledge they need to enhance treatment planning and patient response to therapy. A systematic literature review was conducted on the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases by analyzing the articles examining the role of precision medicine in dentistry. PM aims to shed light on cancer prevention strategies, by identifying risk factors, and on malformations such as orofacial cleft. Another application is pain management by repurposing drugs created for other diseases to target biochemical mechanisms. The significant heritability of traits regulating bacterial colonization and local inflammatory responses is another result of genomic research, and is useful for DP in the field of caries and periodontitis. This approach may also be useful in the field of orthodontics and regenerative dentistry. The possibility of creating an international network of databases will lead to the diagnosis, prediction, and prevention of disease outbreaks, providing significant economic savings for the world’s health care systems.

Linxian Zhao, Chunyi Xu, Weiling Zhou et al.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Polygonati Rhizoma (PR), which contains rich national cultural connotations, is a traditional Chinese medicine with homology of medicine and food. It has been used for a long time as a tonic in China's multi-ethnic medical system, and is also used to treat diseases such as premature graying hair, deficiency of blood and essence, diabetes, hypertension, etc. Meanwhile, PR is often used as food in China, India, South Korea and other Asian countries, which can satisfy hunger and provide many health benefits. AIM OF THE REVIEW This paper systematically reviewed the ethnopharmacology, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and related applications research of PR, and provided a reference for the comprehensive applications of PR, including basic research, product development and clinical applications. This paper also refined the national application characteristics of PR, such as rich plant resources, special chemical components and anti-hidden hungry, which laid a foundation for its high value and high connotation development in the future. MATERIALS AND METHODS The literature information was collected systematically from the electronic scientific databases, including PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Geen Medical, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, as well as other literature sources, such as classic books of herbal medicine. RESULTS A comprehensive analysis of the above literature confirmed that PR has been used in the ethnic medicine system of Asian countries such as China for thousands of years. In this paper, 12 species including official species that can be used as PR are summarized, which provide rich plant resources for PR. The chemical components in PR are divided into nutritional components and active components. The former not only contains non-starch polysaccharides and fructo-oligosaccharides, which account for about 50% in PR and are recognized as high-quality diet in the world, but also contains inorganic elements and mineral elements. And a total of 199 kinds active ingredients, including saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, etc., were sorted out by us. The above ingredients make PR have a special property of anti-hidden hunger. Studies have shown that PR has a wide range of pharmacological activities, such as immune regulation, blood glucose regulation, lipid-lowering, antioxidant, anti-tumor, antibacterial, etc. It has been widely used in medicine, food, cosmetics, gardens and other fields. CONCLUSIONS PR, as a classic medicinal material of the same origin, is widely used in the traditional ethnic medicine system. It contains abundant potential plant resources, chemical components and pharmacological activities. This paper also suggests that PR with high application value in food industry, has the potential to become a high-quality coarse grain. Exploring the way of grain and industrialization of PR is beneficial to fully develop the economic value of PR.

Anshul Pannu, Sunita Kapila, Swati Secrain et al.

Introduction: Marchantia polymorpha L. is a common liverwort in the family Marchantiaceae. It is used in traditional Chinese herbal medications to heal cuts, scalds, snake bites, fractures, burns and open wounds. Chinese people used it to treat jaundice and inflammation also. Polyphenols (bis-bibenzyls and flavonoids), long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and terpenoids have been identified as the primary metabolites in M. polymorpha by phytochemical studies. The present study was aimed to explore the phytochemicals and the fungicidal properties of M. polymorpha extracts against Rhizoctonia solani by Poisoned Food Technique. Methods: The plant was extracted in four different solvents (Acetone, Methanol, Hexane and Di-ethyl ether) for assessing antifungal activity by Poisoned Food Technique and for phytochemical characterization by GC–MS and LC-MS. The extract with best antifungal activity was further examined for its mode of action using FE-SEM and Fluorescence microscopy. Results: Significant fungal growth inhibition was caused by M. polymorpha extracts. The highest inhibition was shown by di-ethyl ether extract (PI= 77.25±0.68). Field Emission Scanning electron microscopy and Fluorescence microscopy depicted the ultrastructural changes in the fungal species induced after treatment with the plant extract. GC–MS analysis revealed the presence of various bioactive compounds in di –ethyl ether extracts such as n- Hexadecanoic acid, Stigmasterol and Phytol with reported pharmacological properties. LC-MS revealed the presence of three antifungal compounds: Marchantin A, Marchantin B. and Plagiochin E. Discussion: The antifungal properties of M. polymorpha were equivalent to the standard, Amphotericin, which had significant effects against R. solani, indicating good efficacy of the plant extract. The damaging effect of plant extract was further confirmed by FE-SEM and Confocal microscopy. Thus, the present study potentially introduces a solution to the existing dilemma caused by antifungal agrochemicals.

Akram Tayanloo-Beik, Azin Eslami, Masoumeh Sarvari et al.

The global incidence of cancer is increasing, with estimates suggesting that there will be 26 million new cases and 17 million deaths per year by 2030. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) and extracellular vesicles (EVs) are key to the resistance and advancement of cancer. They play a crucial role in tumor dynamics and resistance to therapy. CSCs, initially discovered in acute myeloid leukemia, are well-known for their involvement in tumor initiation, progression, and relapse, mostly because of their distinct characteristics, such as resistance to drugs and the ability to self-renew. EVs, which include exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies, play a vital role in facilitating communication between cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME). They have a significant impact on cellular behaviors and contribute to genetic and epigenetic changes. This paper analyzes the mutually beneficial association between CSCs and EVs, emphasizing their role in promoting tumor spread and developing resistance mechanisms. This review aims to investigate the interaction between these entities in order to discover new approaches for attacking the complex machinery of cancer cells. It highlights the significance of CSCs and EVs as crucial targets in the advancement of novel cancer treatments, which helps stimulate additional research, promote progress in ideas for cancer treatment, and provide renewed optimism in the effort to reduce the burden of cancer.

Wasif Khan, Seowung Leem, Kyle B. See et al.

Foundation models (FMs) are large-scale deep learning models trained on massive datasets, often using self-supervised learning techniques. These models serve as a versatile base for a wide range of downstream tasks, including those in medicine and healthcare. FMs have demonstrated remarkable success across multiple healthcare domains. However, existing surveys in this field do not comprehensively cover all areas where FMs have made significant strides. In this survey, we present a comprehensive review of FMs in medicine, focusing on their evolution, learning strategies, flagship models, applications, and associated challenges. We examine how prominent FMs, such as the BERT and GPT families, are transforming various aspects of healthcare, including clinical large language models, medical image analysis, and omics research. Additionally, we provide a detailed taxonomy of FM-enabled healthcare applications, spanning clinical natural language processing, medical computer vision, graph learning, and other biology- and omics- related tasks. Despite the transformative potentials of FMs, they also pose unique challenges. This survey delves into these challenges and highlights open research questions and lessons learned to guide researchers and practitioners. Our goal is to provide valuable insights into the capabilities of FMs in health, facilitating responsible deployment and mitigating associated risks.