Hasil untuk "North Germanic. Scandinavian"

Georgi Dimitrov

Adrian C. North, David J. Hargreaves

This study investigated the effects of the nature of music and a concurrent task on measures of task performance and musical preference. Subjects completed 5 laps of a computer motor racing game whilst listening to either arousing or relatively unarousing music in either the presence or absence of a backward‐counting task. Both these manipulations affected performance on the game with arousing music and backward‐counting leading to slower lap times than relatively unarousing music and the absence of the backward‐counting task. Backward‐counting led to lower liking for the music than did the absence of this task. These results support the idea that music and the concurrent task competed for a limited processing resource. The results also indicated that liking for the music was positively related to task performance, and in conjunction these findings seem to suggest a direct link between music and the listening context.

Kirsten Wolf

John T. Koch

The chapter develops historical linguistic work undertaken as part of a four-year cross-disciplinary project funded by the Swedish Research Council. New evidence tracing metals in Bronze Age artefacts has revealed that Scandinavia was in trade contact with metal-rich regions in Wales and the Iberian Peninsula, as well as the Italian Alps. This new knowledge leads to reopening two long-known, but poorly explained phenomena: (1) a large body of inherited vocabulary shared by Celtic and Germanic languages, but not Indo-European generally, and (2) detailed similarities shared by the Bronze Age rock art of Scandinavia and the “warrior” stelae of the Iberian Peninsula. In the past, the Celto-Germanic words have been explained as reflecting contacts in Central Europe from 500 BC down to the Roman period. However, that dating seemed possibly too late as many of the words pre-dated Grimm’s Law and lacked earmarks as loanwords, looking instead like inheritances from Proto-Indo-European with limited geographic distributions. Recent archaeogenetic discoveries have also undermined the once prevalent view that only non-Indo-European languages were spoken in Ireland, Britain, Brittany and western Iberia until ~1000 BC or later. Therefore, we now pursue the hypothesis that shared rock art motifs and Celto-Germanic words can be better explained as reflections of the ideology and language of highly mobile Bronze Age warrior/traders who brought copper from Atlantic and Central Europe to metal-poor Scandinavia. The Celto-Germanic word stock highlighted in this paper has to do with myths, beliefs, ideology and their possible resonances in rock art iconography.

Alexandra Sanmark

Scandinavian thing-sites, preserved today in place-names such as Dingwall in Ross, were places where religious debates and legal rulings, and possibly markets, were held in Scandinavian Scotland. This chapter discusses their importance and investigates their role beyond the administrative, focussing on their position in the regional landscape as widely accessible arenas where negotiation of power relations between elites and their communities could take place. It explores the regionally specific evolution of these sites in the North Atlantic, particularly Scotland, Ireland, Greenland, and the Faroe Islands. It demonstrates that in Scotland, Scandinavian elites responded to a landscape that included ancient indigenous mound monuments such as barrows or overgrown brochs, like those used in the Scandinavian homelands to legitimise ancient ruling rites that were rooted in the landscape.

Arjen P. Versloot

AbstractThe quantitative reduction and loss of Proto-Germanic vowels during the transition from some form of Common North West Germanic to the attested ‘Old’ languages, such as Old English and Old Frisian, is a complicated process, interfering with morphological restructuring processes. Various reconstructions have been presented, the most extensive one byBoutkan (1995). Scrutiny of the Runic Frisian data, from the period ca. 500–800, shows that especially the apocope of PWGmc *-aand of *-u< PGmc *-ōshould be positioned much later in the relative chronology than envisaged by Boutkan. The order that can be derived from the Runic Frisian data reflects a gradual loss of one mora, running in a cline from the least salient to the most salient vowel, which provides a phonetic rationale for the development. This gradual mora reduction can be dated to the period between ca. 500 and 700. This absolute dating can have implications for phonological processes in which root vowels interact with the quality or quantity of the vowel in the following syllable.

Arjen Versloot, Elzbieta Adamczyk

Erik W. Hansen, Alexandra Holsting, Flemming Talbo Stubkjaer

Kurt Braunmüller

Robert P. Stockwell, Donka Minkova

Alfred Bammesberger

Hans Fix

Karen H. Ebert, Jarich Hoekstra

MICHAEL R. DILTS

Werner H. Veith

Philipp F. Veit

Ph.H. Breuker

Otto Springer

Jurij Κ. Kusmenko