Hasil untuk "Modern history, 1453-"

Alberto Marcos Martín

El largo enfrentamiento entre la Monarquía Hispánica y el Imperio Otomano y sus aliados, los países musulmanes del norte de África, creó un problema de considerables dimensiones en forma de un aumento espectacular del número de cautivos, esclavos y renegados. Ello dio lugar a un comercio del hombre frecuentemente ligado al comercio de mercancías, y generó una “economía del rescate” que conocemos en sus contornos pero no en su profundidad. Este artículo analiza algunas particularidades de ese tráfico y de esa economía, y pone el acento en el papel desempeñado por la piedad solidaria en la financiación de los rescates de cautivos cristianos durante los siglos XVI y XVII.

Justin Kuhn

The essay reassesses the ways in which book historians define the politics of early modern publishers by examining a selection of books published during the late 1640s and 1650s by Humphrey Moseley, a prominent London bookseller whom modern scholars have routinely characterized as a Royalist stationer. It argues that starting in 1648 Moseley’s publishing began to shift away from the overt Royalism of his earlier career just as Parliamentary and republican forces were consolidating their victories over King Charles I. From that year onwards, Moseley increasingly published material that repackaged the social, political and cultural values of former Royalists for inclusion within the intellectual and discursive spheres of republican England. His political flexibility during this period of Parliamentary supremacy and republican rule received expression through publishing strategies of contingency, conformity and collaboration. These publishing strategies offer modern scholars a set of critical methods for making sense of seemingly contradictory evidence within the historical archive. Rather than inconsistency, such evidence may signify that a publisher was changing their specialization or simply adapting to the times. With the shifting developments of his career after 1648, Moseley’s example ultimately cautions us against assigning fixed political identities to early modern publishers.

Roberto Ibba

Yiqing Li

Abstract The mid-1950s saw the relationship between China and Indonesia evolve from one of mutual hostility to one of fraternity as a trend of détente emerged out of the Geneva (1954) and the Bandung (1955) conferences. This article explores why and how the two newly independent nations applied art diplomacy to reduce their ideological differences and facilitate their commercial and political rapprochements for the sake of Asian solidarity. Through contextualizing a series of art activities between the two nations, especially China’s reproduction of President Sukarno’s private collection of paintings and Chairman Mao Zedong’s gifts of Chinese ink paintings to President Sukarno, this article argues that interactions in the name of art exemplify how China shaped its modern profile as an independent and industrialized power. It will also show how China deviated from its diplomacy of ‘Leaning to One Side’, formulated in the late 1940s, towards the ‘Peaceful United Front’ of the mid-1950s. More broadly, art relations between China and Indonesia reflect intensive cultural exchanges between the newly independent, yet ideologically clashing, nations of the Third World in the postwar period and offer a multifaceted history of the Cold War beyond the binary paradigm of the two superpowers of the United States and the Soviet Union.

Regina Jucknies

Constadina Charalambous

This article revisits discussions of the relationship between language and heritage, bringing into the picture processes and experiences of (in)security and conflict. It draws largely on critical heritage studies literature, as well as on literature that deals with managing heritage in postconflict situations, and uses insights and concepts from this literature to inform current debates in modern language education and heritage language education in particular. Using the notion of conflicted heritage, it focuses on a particular type of language class, Turkish classes in Greek-Cypriot educational settings, where the target language has been part of a long history of conflict. The discussion of these classes reveals the role that language education can potentially play in wider social and political processes of managing a conflicted heritage as a society attempts to move beyond a conflict-troubled past. Finally, the article points to the implications for language education when a language is associated with a conflicted heritage and discourses of (in)security.

José Manuel Vázquez Lijó

Desde mediados del siglo XVIII, la navegación de recreo por el Tajo fue una de las diversiones primaverales de la corte durante las «jornadas» de Aranjuez. Allí se construyeron varias embarcaciones con lujoso empavesado para el recreo de la familia real, y otras auxiliares. Anualmente para su cuidado y equipamiento, y para la periódica limpieza del cauce del Tajo, desde  el departamento naval de Cartagena se enviaron efectos y pertrechos, un número variable de hombres de marinería y de maestranza (carpinteros de ribera y calafates), y unos pocos de las brigadas de artillería. Este destino en las llamadas «jornadas» fue muy apetecible, por llevadero y bien retribuido en comparación con la dura prestación militar en la Armada. Por tal motivo, en general un mismo personal eventual sirvió en Aranjuez varios años, siendo un mérito que facilitaba su promoción profesional y la de sus hijos.   Abstract From the middle of the 18th century, royal recreational navigation on the Tagus River, known as the «jornadas» of Aranjuez, was one of the court’s springtime leisure activities.  At the same place they were built several ships as auxiliary vessels; these were decorated and dressed luxuriously for the entertainment of the royal family. The naval department of Cartagena was responsible for the care and equipment of the ships and carried out regular cleaning of the Tagus riverbed, an operation which took place every year. They would sent fixtures and fittings, and assign a number of seamen and skilled workers (carpenters and specialists in caulking), and a few personnel from the artillery brigades; the number of staff would vary accordingly. This work destination, so-called «jornadas», was very attractive being less demanding and better paid than the hard military work in the Armada. For this reason, as a general rule, the same personnel served in Aranjuez for several years, this was considered a privilege since it enabled their professional advancement and that of their children.    

Stephanie Dick, Daniel Volmar

Software is relational. It can only operate in correlation with the other software that enables it, the hardware that runs it, and the communities who make, own, and maintain it. Here, we consider a phenomenon called “DLL hell,” a case in which those relationships broke down, endemic to the Microsoft Windows platform in the mid-to-late 1990s. Software applications often failed because they required specific dynamic-link libraries (DLLs), which other applications may have overwritten with their own preferred versions. We excavate “DLL hell” for insight into the experience of modern computing, especially in the 1990s, and into the history of legacy class software. In producing Windows, Microsoft had to balance a unique and formidable tension between customer expectations and investor demands. Every day, millions of people relied on software that assumed Windows would behave a certain way, even if that behavior happened to be outdated, inconvenient, or just plain broken, leaving Microsoft “on the hook” for the uses or abuses that others made of its platform. But Microsoft was also committed to improving, repairing, and transforming their flagship product. As such, DLL hell was a product of the friction between maintenance and innovation. Microsoft embodied late 20th-century liberalism, seeking simultaneously to accommodate and to discipline various stake holders who had irreconcilable needs. DLL hell reveals the collective work, even when unsuccessful, of developing contractual norms for software as process and practice. Ultimately, many users became disaffected in the face of a perceived failure of technocratic expertise. We attend to implementation, use and misuse, management and mismanagement, in order to recover and reconstruct the complexities of a computing failure.

Paul Anderson

ABSTRACT Indian Ocean and Mediterranean studies have highlighted the limitations imposed on our understanding of the dynamics of West Asia by the paradigm of area studies and the category of the ‘Middle East’. But less attention has been paid to how expansive perspectives that do not invoke an explicitly maritime geography might enrich our understanding of the region's formative connections. This article seeks to locate the modern city of Aleppo in a trans-regional Asian geography by tracing the shifting history of mercantile networks that connected Aleppo to other parts of Eurasia – notably, parts of the formerly Soviet world and the city of Yiwu in Southeast China. It highlights the importance of trans-regional flows of Soviet patronage, and then Chinese state subsidies and credit, in embedding Aleppo into these expansive circuits. It also argues that these flows have fostered the emergence of a hitherto-unstudied business class in Syria.

Annalisa Cegna è direttrice scientifica dell’Istituto storico della Resistenza e dell’età contemporanea di Macerata. Ha al suo attivo diverse pubblicazioni aventi per oggetto tematiche inerenti la resistenza civile, l’occupazione tedesca, la mezzadria e la storia delle donne.

During the Second World War Fascism sent a large number of women to internment camps. This article describes the structures that exclusively housed women and reconstructs who these women were, the reasons for which they were interned, and what led them to be totally uprooted from everyday life. Many experienced segregation as a parenthesis, but for others it was the beginning of a different life, always separate from their previous one. For some, therefore, it was the beginning of a “descent into hell” that would lead to Auschwitz and almost always to death.

Albert Soler Ruda

Este artículo gira alrededor de la construcción de la nueva subcultura del veterano de guerra soviético, nacida a partir de la experiencia bélica derivada de la invasión de Afganistán (1979-1989). La premisa del artículo es presentar los elementos y consecuencias que definen y caracterizan la nueva cultura de la desmovilización en la URSS, partiendo de la base que, como subcultura asociada al mundo juvenil, viene definida no solo por el trauma bélico, sino en gran medida por el amplio marco de crisis social, política, militar y contracultural relacionado con la generación juvenil soviética de los años 80.

Rui Calado

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar a origem, conceito e dimensões da Justiça de Transição. Partindo do estudo sobre transições políticas, procura compreender como estes condicionam o regime democrático e, consequentemente, a justiça de transição. Distinguem-se três modelos: imposta, rutura e negociada. A partir do pensamento da autora Ruti Tietel, desenvolve-se a historicidade da justiça de transição, que se delimita em três fases. A primeira, iniciada no pós Segunda Guerra Mundial, consubstanciada com o Tribunal de Nuremberga, caracteriza-se como sendo uma justiça de transição no âmbito do direito internacional; a segunda fase corresponde às “redemocratizações" do sul da Europa e da América Latina; por fim, uma última etapa, começada no final do século XX, em que a justiça transicional se reinventa, no contexto da globalização. Adquire diferentes valências, como exemplo o caso argentino. Assim, o conceito atual de justiça de transição não se limita à sua dimensão jurídica, estende-se a diferentes aspetos: reconhecer e valorizar a memória e “verdade, conceder às vítimas as reparações devidas e, por fim, reforma institucional. Em suma, a busca de uma verdadeira “reconciliação" da sociedade, enquanto um todo, respeitando os mais elementares princípios da democracia e direitos humanos.

C. Schaumann, S. Ireton

Introduction: The Meaning of Mountains: Geology, History, Culture - Caroline Schaumann and Sean Ireton Prelude: Classical Mountain Landscapes and the Language of Ascent - Dan Hooley Terra Incognita? Mountains in Medieval and Early Modern German Literature - Albrecht Classen From Meadows to Mountaintops: Albrecht von Haller's"Die Alpen" - Caroline Schaumann Geo-Poetics: The Alpine Sublime in Art and Literature, 1779-1860 - Anthony Ozturk Time and Narrative in the Mountain Sublime around 1800 - Sean Franzel Faust's Mountains: An Ecocritical Reading of Goethe's Tragedy and Science - Heather I. Sullivan Spectacular Scenery and Slippery Descents: Narrating the Mountains of Tropical Polynesia - Sabine Wilke Fascinating Voids: Alexander von Humboldt and the Myth of Chimborazo - Oliver Lubrich From Eros to Thanatos: Hiking and Spelunking in Ludwig Tieck's Der Runenberg - Peter Arnds Geology, Mountaineering, and Self-Formation in Adalbert Stifter's Der Nachsommer - Sean Ireton "An Apparition from Another World" -- The Mountains of the Moon and Kilimanjaro from the Perspective of Nineteenth-Century Germany - Christof Hamman Leaving the Summit Behind: Tracking Biographical and Philosophical Pathways in Richard Strauss's Eine Alpensinfonie - Peter Hoeyng Elevation and Insight: Thomas Mann's Der Zauberberg - Johannes Turk "The Essence of the Alpine World Is Struggle": Strategies of Gesundung in Arnold Fanck's Early Mountain Films - Wilfried Wilms PhD "Mountain of Destiny": The Filmic Legacy of Nanga Parbat - Harald Hoebusch Spatial Orientation and Embodied Transcendence in Werner Herzog's Mountain Climbing Films - Roger F. Cook W. G. Sebald's Magic Mountains - Scott Denham Conflicting Ascents: Inscriptions, Cartographies, andDisappearance in Christoph Ransmayr's Der fliegende Berg - Olaf Berwald Works Cited Notes on the Contributors Index

Kaya Şahin

Enrique BARÓN CRESPO

<p>El balance de los 30 años de presencia española en el Parlamento Europeo debe partir de la consideración de la Unión Europea como un proceso de creación de una democracia parlamentaria supranacional por voluntad de sus padres fundadores frente a los regímenes dictatoriales dominantes en la primera mitad del siglo xx. Proceso que no fue constituido de una vez, sino de avance paso a paso.</p><p>La participación española en la institución no se mide solo por el resultado de lograr importantes resultados positivos en financiación o ayudas. Además de las tres presidencias de españoles del Parlamento Europeo, lo más importante es el sostenido impulso al desarrollo político de la ue como una democracia parlamentaria supranacional con prioridades como la inclusión de la ciudadanía, las políticas de cohesión económica y social, la codecisión y la investidura del presidente de la Comisión en un proceso constituyente abierto.</p>

Alberto Vanzo

Chun-xiang Li, Yu Dong, Minxuan Liu et al.

P. Bohannan

Lewis Perry

Göran Rydén

[no abstract]