This paper presents the development of pharmacy and pharmacies in the city of Karlovac based on available literature, internet sources, and data from contemporaneous newspapers. In doing so, among other things, it offers an interesting and uncommon insight into the image of the city itself, its inhabitants, spaces, socio-political happenings, and the culture of that time. It highlights the significance of the pharmaceutical tradition of Karlovac as an important part of the history of Croatian pharmacy. The emphasis is on the historical continuity of the four oldest pharmacies in Karlovac (K crnom orlu, K sv. Ćirilu i Metodu, K zlatnom lavu, and K Spasitelju) as well as the importance of the pharmaceutical tradition of the Franciscan monastery in Karlovac and the Franciscans’ role in the development of Karlovac’s pharmacy services as a sort of beginning of medical care in Karlovac and the Karlovac region. The oldest pharmacy in Karlovac, K crnom orlu (now Ljekarna Grgur Ninski), was founded in 1726 and has been continuously operating for nearly three hundred years. The paper also highlights the contributions of Josip Vrbanić, one of the owners of K crnom orlu, and his role in the development of Karlovac as a modern city. K sv. Ćirilu i Metodu (now Ljekarna Banija), managed by Gustav Modrušan, a pharmacist and two-term mayor of Karlovac, is also of great importance. The work also provides a brief historical overview of the remaining two oldest pharmacies, K zlatnom lavu and K Spasitelju, which no longer exist, but their owners and employees also made a significant impact on the social and cultural life of Karlovac. Also presented are the most important facts about the historical activities of individual pharmacies and their owners and partners. Light is shed on some previously unknown historical facts about these pharmacies, such as the original location of the pharmacy K Spasitelju, which was not documented in literature until now. Finally, inaccurate information found in various literary sources is corrected.
The artilce considers the English-Russian Navigation dictionary in the context of its creation. The dictionary evolved from a small appendix to a textbook into a separate edition, which is a part of a multi-volume Marine Navigation Course. The Navigation Dictionary as part of the Marine Navigation Course ed. by Yakov Lapushkin was published twice: in 1947 by Nikolay Rybakov and in 1960 by Tamara Rutkovskaya. The representatives of the professional naval, academic, and scientific community, including the well-known lexicographer Alexander Taube, contributed to this dictionary. A comparative analysis of the sources shows the continuity between these dictionaries in their content, design and structure. The demand for the new 1960 version was explained by a rapid scientific and technological progress, as well as by the requirements to take into account not only British, but also American sources due to the increasing role of the United States in the navigation in this period. The need to create a navigation dictionary, including both special terminology and basic commands, was justified in the textbooks by Nikolay Rybakov, and in the preface to the dictionary by Tamara Rutkovskaya by the role that this language played in professional naval communication. Navigators needed a modern English-Russian dictionary that could be used for reading foreign manuals, for communication with pilots; such professional skills should have been obtained in the course of studies. Nowadays, old dictionaries compiled scores of years ago, remain a valuable source of information on the history of the Russian scientific and technical thought and professional communication.
This review presents the work of an international team of researchers devoted to a thorough description of the problems of modern sociolinguistics. The developmental stages and basic concepts of sociolinguistics are analysed, and the trends and methods of modern sociolinguistic researches are presented. The mutual influences of language and society are demonstrated and the legal status of the state language in Ukraine is analysed.
Computational linguistics. Natural language processing, Semantics
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;" align="center"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Jameel Noori Nastaleeq";">Siraj uddin Ali Khan Arzoo was a leading Dehlvi poet and Linguist of 18th Century India. A large number of great poets like Abroo, Sauda, Dard, Mazmoon, Yakrang, Bahar and Mir Taqi Mir were his followers. Arzoo was also an early philologist of Urdu. His famous lexicon <em>'Nawadar ul Alfaz'</em> is considered a milestone in Urdu lexicography. In this article a rare manuscript of another of his lexicon <em>'Chiragh e Hidayet'</em> is introduced. It was published along with <em>'Ghiyas ul Lughaat'</em> in 19th Century. The importance and basic characteristics of these two Texts are also discussed.</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Jameel Noori Nastaleeq";" lang="AR-SA"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar, Computational linguistics. Natural language processing
Lexicographers make many choices when compiling dictionary entries. Data-driven approaches can better inform such decisions. This paper proposes integration of two such sources, corpus data and perceptual survey data. A survey was distributed to 100 native speakers of English. Participants were asked to provide a definition and example sentence for 18 polysemous English words. After providing definitions, participants were presented with five definitions and asked to rank them by importance. Patterns in the rankings were analyzed to see what factors predicted higher ratings. Frequency was found to predict rankings, while concreteness was also shown to be moderate a predictor and have a potentially strong effect on certain words. Part of speech was not found to be a significant predictor of rank. Results suggest that crowdsourcing may be useful for certain linguistic tasks and that both corpus and perceptual data can be useful in making lexicographic choices.
This discussion of the entry and super-entry is the one that concerns both
the internal and external boundaries of the idiom and the identity of the
idiom and its components. It gives rise to three groups of issues. The first group includes the theoretical solutions that have already been
implemented in Croatian idiomatic lexicography, which constitute a significant shift in comparison to the previous state of linguistic knowledge. The
greatest shift undoubtedly lies in the demarcation between polysemy and
conversion and in the introduction of a multiword expression as a
super-entry. The second group involves proposing the strategies that can be
applied in idiomatic dictionaries, such as drawing a clearer distinction
between idiom variation and synonymy and identifying the occurrences of
onymization and deonymization of components. The third group of issues
uncover the dilemmas that seek solutions. First and foremost, what needs to
be resolved is the question of the nature of semi-compound words. If they
are to be treated as lexemes, which some of them are, then they cannot be
categorized as idioms, and if they are to be treated as phrases that can
turn into idioms, then they cannot be categorized as semi-compound words,
since the latter represents a term from the area of word-formation.
Antonio M. Mendes, F. Tonin, Maiko F. Buzzi
et al.
BACKGROUND Pharmacy journals constitute a heterogeneous group that can be map to identify Pharmacy scientific subareas. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to objectively map Pharmacy journals by means of a lexicographic analysis of the titles of published articles. METHODS Active journals between 2006 and 2016 containing any of the terms 'pharmacy', 'pharmacist*', 'pharmaceut*', 'pharmacol*', or 'pharmacotherap*' in their titles were searched in four databases (01/15/2018): Medline, PubMed Central, Science Citation Index expanded/Social Sciences Citation Index expanded (SCIe/SSCIe), and Scopus CiteScore Metrics. The titles of all the articles (Jan-2006 to Dec-2016) in the identified journals were gathered into a single text corpus. The following analyses were performed (Iramuteq 0.7): lexicographic analysis to determine the number, frequency and distribution of active words; descending hierarchical classification (DHC) to categorize active words and journals into lexical classes; factorial correspondence analyses (FCA) to obtain bi- and tri-dimensional graphs. RESULTS A total of 285 journals comprising 316,089 articles (median 70.4 articles [IQR 34.0-141.0] per journal per year) were included for the analyses. The journals were indexed in Scopus (90.2%) with a median CiteScore of 1.16 (IQR 0.28-2.55); in SCIe/SSCIe (44.6%) with a median impact factor of 2.410 (IQR 1.629-3.316); and in PubMed (65.7%). The DHC of active words produced three major groups (A, B, C) with two lexical classes each, representing six Pharmacy subareas depicted by the FCA as: Group A comprising 'Cell Pharmacology' (20 journals) and 'Molecular Pharmacology' (46 journals), Group B with 'Clinical Pharmacology' (57 journals) and 'Pharmacy Practice' (67 journals), and Group C with 'Pharmaceutics' (35 journals) and 'Pharmaceutical Analysis' (60 journals). Coverage of the classes in bibliographic databases and impact metrics is unbalanced. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacy journals that can be objectively classified into six different classes that represent different research subareas with uneven coverage in bibliographic databases.
The modelling and encoding of polylexical units, i.e. recurrent sequences of lexemes that are perceived as independent lexical units, is a topic that has not been covered adequately and in sufficient depth by the Guidelines of the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI), a de facto standard for the digital representation of textual resources in the scholarly research community. In this paper, we use the Dictionary of the Portuguese Academy of Sciences as a case study for presenting our ongoing work on encoding polylexical units using TEI Lex-0, an initiative aimed at simplifying and streamlining the encoding of lexical data with TEI in order to improve interoperability. We introduce the notion of macro- and microstructural relevance to differentiate between polylexicals that serve as headwords for their own independent dictionary entries and those which appear inside entries for different headwords. We develop the notion of lexicographic transparency to distinguish between those units which are not accompanied by an explicit definition and those that are: the former are encoded as <form>–like constructs, whereas the latter becomes <entry>–like constructs, which can have further constraints imposed on them (sense numbers, domain labels, grammatical labels etc.). We codify the use of attributes on <gram> to encode different kinds of labels for polylexicals (implicit, explicit and normalised), concluding that the interoperability of lexical resources would be significantly improved if dictionary encoders would have access to an expressive but relatively simple typology of polylexical units.
Larysa Masenko, “Surzhyk: Mizh Movoju i Jazykom”. Vydavnychyĭ Dim “Kiievo-Mohylians'ka Akademiia”, Kyiv 2019, Ss. 232
The reviewed monography is the first vast paper on the phenomenon of the Ukrainian–Russian linguistic contacts. The second edition is extended to include new scientific publications and completed with the respondents answers. The study as a whole depicts the etymology of the name of the phenomenon (Surzhyk), tries to place the phenomenon in the theory of linguistic contacts and gives examples of the use in the respondents answers, literature and the Internet.
Larysa Masenko, “Surzhyk: Mizh movoju i jazykom”. Vydavnychyĭ dim “Kiievo-Mohylians'ka Akademiia”, Kyiv 2019, ss. 232
Recenzowana monografia jest pierwszą obszerną pracą nad zjawiskiem kontaktów językowych ukraińsko-rosyjskich. Druga edycja jest bardziej rozbudowana o nowe prace naukowe i zilustrowana odpowiedziami respondentów.
Computational linguistics. Natural language processing, Semantics
Der Sammelband „Valenz und Dependenz. Theorie und Praxis“ ist eine Festschrift, die zu Ehren von Prof. Ulrich Engel anlässlich seines 90. Geburtstages veröffentlicht wurde. Der Band enthält 22 Beiträge (von ehemaligen Doktoranden, Mitarbeitern, Kollegen und Freunden), die mit linguistischen Interessen und Forschungstätigkeiten des Jubilars (u. a. mit seiner (Ko-)Leitung von internationalen Forschungsprojekten in der kontrastiven Grammatik) eng zusammenhängen. Die Beiträge umfassen ein breites Spektrum von Problemen der Valenz-, Dependenz- und Konstituenztheorie, der kontrastiven Grammatik und der Le-xikographie. Die vorliegende Rezension fasst kurz Ziele und Ergebnisse jeder der 22 Arbeiten zusammen.
The anthology „Valency and Dependency. Theory and Practice“ is a commemorative publication in honor of Prof. Ulrich Engel on the occasion of his 90th birthday. The book contains 22 contributions (authored by former PhD-students, co-workers, colleagues and friends) which are closely linked to linguistic in-terests and research activities of Ulrich Engel (including (co-)heading of international research projects in contrastive grammar). They cover a wide range of problems in dependency, valency and constituency theory, contrastive grammar and lexicography. The following review briefly summarizes the goals and results of each of the 22 articles.
Gulnaz I. MARDANOVA, Guzel N. KARIMULLINA, Rezeda N. KARIMULLINA
et al.
The complex (multiple) corpus of Turkisms that is described in this article is the result of a long-standing study of the Turkic layer of Russian vocabulary, which has been formed in a multicultural language environment. The data obtained during analyzing the Turkic lexical elements from ten academic explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, published within the period from the 18th
century till the 21st century, have been involved. A large number of lexicographic parameters in dictionaries of this type make it possible to create an adequate picture of the functioning of lexical units in the Russian literary language. The study uses descriptive, comparative-contrastive and statistical methods.
The article fixes various shifts and changes associated with the functioning of the Turkic vocabulary layer during the period under consideration, in particular phonetic-graphic, grammatical,
semantic, functional-stylistic changes. In addition, it analyzes the methods of lexicography (dictionary fixation) of loan words, for example, the features of the historical and etymological description of the Turkisms, which, in turn, enables to reveal various inaccuracies and inconsistencies relating to the
dictionary description of Turkic words. In addition, the article discloses the advantages of a complex fund of Turkic borrowings of the Russian language, outlines the prospects and possibilities for its use. The information resource being created allows to fix and generalize the changes, characteristic of this circle of
loan words of the Russian language.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities
Within the Russian lexicography, one of the important, but still unsolved tasks is the creation of a scientific history of German-Russian lexicography. There are not so many special works devoted to the analysis of the results of its activities in the historical perspective. Still unexplored remains the problem of the phonetic and grammatical information in the dictionaries of the 18th century. This paper presents a comparative analysis of nine general bilingual and multilingual dictionaries published in Russia in this period of time as separate books, which included a German language as a target one. The aim of this work is to study the facts of presentation and elaboration of the phonetic and grammatical information, dynamics of the introduction, ways of presentation, forms and content of this information given in relation to German and Russian words. We have revealed that the dynamics of the presentation and the scope of elaboration of the phonetic and grammatical information in the dictionaries are different. The results of the analysis of the phonetic and grammatical information allows us to give a more complete and detailed assessment of the development and achievements of the German-Russian lexicography in the 18th century.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities
After different disasters the evacuation planning support to remove the residence from accidental areas to safe destinations. Contraflow solutions minimize the congestion and make the traffic smooth during evacuation by reversing the required road directions from risk areas to safe places. Mathematical models and solution approaches appear for the maximum, the quickest and the earliest arrival contraflow problems in the literature. The research on contraflow reconfiguration has been motivated from tremendous applications improving both throughput and speed. This note briefly revisits the static and dynamic contraflow problems previously investigated. We also develop models and algorithms that obtain optimal solutions to the lexicographically maximum and the earliest arrival contraflow problems.
La terminographie se réduit-elle à la lexicographie spécialisée? L’expérience que les pays francophones ont faite de la terminologie donne à penser qu’il s’agit plutôt de deux méthodologies proches, qui puisent en partie, mais non exclusivement, dans les mêmes sources, et qui ont des finalités qui ne sont pas nécessairement identiques. Une part importante de la distinction serait d’ordre culturel, et nous proposons une explication personnelle de cette spécificité, qui, en France comme au Québec, lie la terminologie, et donc la terminographie, à la politique linguistique.
Business communication. Including business report writing, business correspondence