In recent years, the continuous application and expansion of unmanned intelligent technology in military maritime equipment have spurred the rapid development of military unmanned maritime vehicles, represented by Unmanned Surface Vehicles and Unmanned Underwater Vehicles. Their accelerating deployment across various maritime domains is profoundly reshaping patterns of maritime military competition and the maritime security order, making them an urgent topic for discussion concerning international maritime peace and development. Furthermore, with their unique advantages such as low cost, potential for mass deployment, high concealment, long endurance, and the avoidance of personnel casualties, unmanned maritime vehicles are redefining maritime situational awareness capabilities for nations, especially small and medium-sized states, to an unprecedented degree. Their large-scale application not only poses severe challenges to traditional maritime rules based on the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea but also creates uncertainty for the maintenance of the existing maritime security order. Military unmanned maritime vehicles will drive nations toward a re-balance of power. This paper aims to analyze the historical progression and practical application of military unmanned maritime vehicles. It will systematically discuss how they can constructively perform this re-balance function across dimensions such as peacetime, crises, and wartime, and re-examine their potential contributions to the international maritime security order.
Scaling laws, a defining feature of deep learning, reveal a striking power-law improvement in model performance with increasing dataset and model size. Yet, their mathematical origins, especially the scaling exponent, have remained elusive. In this work, we show that scaling laws can be formally explained as redundancy laws. Using kernel regression, we show that a polynomial tail in the data covariance spectrum yields an excess risk power law with exponent alpha = 2s / (2s + 1/beta), where beta controls the spectral tail and 1/beta measures redundancy. This reveals that the learning curve's slope is not universal but depends on data redundancy, with steeper spectra accelerating returns to scale. We establish the law's universality across boundedly invertible transformations, multi-modal mixtures, finite-width approximations, and Transformer architectures in both linearized (NTK) and feature-learning regimes. This work delivers the first rigorous mathematical explanation of scaling laws as finite-sample redundancy laws, unifying empirical observations with theoretical foundations.
Understanding how urban socio-demographic and environmental factors relate with health is essential for public health and urban planning. However, traditional statistical methods struggle with nonlinear effects, while machine learning models often fail to capture geographical (nearby areas being more similar) and topological (unequal connectivity between places) effects in an interpretable way. To address this, we propose MedGNN, a spatio-topologically explicit framework that constructs a 2-hop spatial graph, integrating positional and locational node embeddings with urban characteristics in a graph neural network. Applied to MEDSAT, a comprehensive dataset covering over 150 environmental and socio-demographic factors and six prescription outcomes (depression, anxiety, diabetes, hypertension, asthma, and opioids) across 4,835 Greater London neighborhoods, MedGNN improved predictions by over 25% on average compared to baseline methods. Using depression prescriptions as a case study, we analyzed graph embeddings via geographical principal component analysis, identifying findings that: align with prior research (e.g., higher antidepressant prescriptions among older and White populations), contribute to ongoing debates (e.g., greenery linked to higher and NO2 to lower prescriptions), and warrant further study (e.g., canopy evaporation correlated with fewer prescriptions). These results demonstrate MedGNN's potential, and more broadly, of carefully applied machine learning, to advance transdisciplinary public health research.
INTRODUCTION. The article examines the issue of such a common word combination in the practice of communication on international “space” platforms as “space resources”, which, without proper consideration of the vocabulary and terminology base of current international law, was introduced into vocabulary circulation there as a result of borrowing and uncritical use of part of the name of the informal Hague International Space Resources Governance Working Group, created in 2014. Another issue under study is how, outside the framework of international treaty and customary law, the issue of granting legal entities and individuals the right to appropriate natural resources of celestial bodies (NRCB) is resolved under the pretext of commercializing space activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The materials for the study are the international space law (ISL) treaties, the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 1969, the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982, reports of the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS), as well as its Legal Subcommittee (LSC), statements of some delegations at their sessions, works of Russian and foreign scientists, regulatory acts and documents of the USA, New Zealand, the Hague International Space Resources Governance Working Group. Carrying out a comparative analysis of regulatory acts and documents of the named states and group, as well as some provisions of international treaties (taking into account their conceptual, vocabulary and terminological content), the author uses the general scientific method of cognition.RESEARCH RESULTS. The current increase in interest to the issue of the development of the NRCB has revealed the need to clarify the international legal basis for this concept for its use in further possible practical and international legal actions of the global space community aimed at solving problems associated with development of outer space. The article examines the relationship between the concept of NRCB, the terms natural resources and minerals used in international law, and the American term space resource. The use of the first concept and the last term to regulate legal relations in space outside the limits of state supremacy makes it necessary to clarify what outer space is from the point of view of the current ISL.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. According to the norms of the current customary and treaty ISL, states only have the right to dispose (for scientific purposes) samples of mineral and other substances of celestial bodies that, in essence, represent NRCB. Assessing the currently existing international legal basis for the development of the NRCB, it can be noted that the offensive implementation of the commercialization of their appropriation is carried out with an artificially created stagnation in the development of the ISL and simultaneous attempts to use the norms of national legislation outside the territorial supremacy of states in order to create a new norm of international customary law there. The ultimate beneficiary of these norms will be global financial structures, for whose interests are commercialized space activities.
Law of nations, Comparative law. International uniform law
Yovita Arie Mangesti, Ahmad Ahmad, Mohamad Hidayat Muhtar
et al.
This article intends to use a constitutionalist lens to examine why term limits for Indonesia's People's Representative Council and Regional Representative Council are necessary. The article employs the statutory approach, the conceptual approach, and the comparative approach to writing about normative law. The article makes use of deductive and inductive reasoning strategies grounded in prescriptive analysis. Due to the inability to locate a clause or provision that regulates limitedly regarding the limitation of the term of office of members of the People's Representative Council and Regional Representative Council of the Republic of Indonesia, from a constitutionalist's perspective, the paper concludes that such a limitation is urgently necessary. Since constitutionalism necessitates checks and balances, it follows that this goes against the Republic of Indonesia's constitution. As a result, the article concludes that three (3) factors emphasize the necessity of term limits for members of the Indonesian Parliament as a means of strengthening the principle of constitutionalism: (1) the existence of a legal vacuum, (2) the poor quality of Indonesian democracy, and (3) the importance of leadership regeneration.
El presente trabajo pretende examinar el marco normativo y jurisprudencial vigente en materia de responsabilidad administrativa; y ante la inexistencia de estudios específicos sobre esta temática en Bolivia, se describen los principios pertinentes de la Carta Iberoamericana de los Derechos y Deberes del Ciudadano en relación con la Administración Pública (CIDYDCAP), así como la responsabilidad laboral establecida en la Carta Iberoamericana de la Función Pública; para luego explicar su tratamiento en el ordenamiento jurídico boliviano, explorando a su vez algunas líneas jurisprudenciales sobre la responsabilidad en el ejercicio de la función pública, con particular acercamiento a la sustanciación de la responsabilidad administrativa, y su inevitable derivación en la imposición de sanciones, dentro de los márgenes del debido proceso.
Law of nations, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Alessandro D. A. M. Spallicci, Giuseppe Sarracino, Orélien Randriamboarison
et al.
We investigate possible evidence from Extended Theories of Electro-Magnetism by looking for deviations from the Ampère-Maxwell law. The photon, main messenger for interpreting the universe, is the only free massless particle in the Standard-Model (SM). Indeed, the deviations may be due to a photon mass for the de Broglie-Proca (dBP) theory or the Lorentz Symmetry Violation (LSV) in the SM Extension (SME), but also to non-linearities from theories as of Born-Infeld, Heisenberg-Euler. With this aim, we have analysed six years of data of the Magnetospheric Multi-Scale mission, which is a four-satellite constellation, crossing mostly turbulent regions of magnetic reconnection and collecting about $95\%$ of the downloaded data, outside the solar wind. We examined 3.8 million data points from the solar wind, magnetosheath, and magnetosphere regions. In a minority of cases, for the highest time resolution burst data and optimal tetrahedron configurations drawn by the four spacecraft, deviations have been found ($2.2\%$ in modulus and $4.8\%$ in Cartesian components for all regions, but raising up in the solar wind alone to $20.8\%$ in modulus and $29.7\%$ in Cartesian components and up to 45.2\% in the extreme low-mass range). The deviations might be due to unaccounted experimental errors or, less likely, to non-Maxwellian contributions, for which we have inferred the related parameters for the dBP and SME cases. Possibly, we are at the boundaries of measurability for non-dedicated missions. We discuss our experimental results (upper limit of photon mass of $2.1 \times 10^{-51}$ kg, and of the LSV parameter $|\vec{k}^{\rm AF}|$ of $6 \times 10^{-9}$ m$^{-1}$), as the deviations in the solar wind, versus more stringent but model-dependent limits.
To promote the balanced and sustainable development of resources exploitation and environmental protection in international seabed area, improve the discourse power and execution of China in relevant field, this paper systematic analyzed the development characteristics of international seabed area environmental protection system and its existing problems. The paper also summarized China′s practice and expectation of environment protection in international seabed area, and put forward countermeasures and suggestions. The research results showed that the environmental protection system of international seabed area had experienced 4 stages: germination, formation, development and enrichment, and development features of which mainly included the renewal of the concept, the perfection of principles, and the definition of obligations and responsibilities. However, there were still some problems in the current environmental protection clauses in Exploitation of Mineral Resources in the Area, the environmental protection rights and responsibilities of non-contracting states to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, and the balance of interests. China actively practiced environmental protection of international seabed area by participating in the formulation of relevant systems and exploring domestic laws. In the future, formulating environmental protection standards, exploring policy environment and balancing the interest of all parties can improve the environmental protection system of international seabed area. China should continue to participate in the formulation of relevant international legislation system and improve domestic marine environmental protection system.
The research aims at establishing which activities or situations in maritime domain, which threaten maritime safety and / or maritime security, fall within the concept of international peace and security. Having demonstrated the validity of the international law principles that safeguard international peace and security in maritime area, the research reveals a changing list of the threats to international peace and security, which now encompasses activities and situations at sea, including terrorism, sea piracy and armed robbery against ships, proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, etc. A maritime space safe from such kind of threats generally means maritime security. Thus, a great part of the threats to maritime security are or may constitute threats to international peace and security, subject to their recognition as such threats by the United Nations Security Council in its resolutions. Usually such threats also pose risk to maritime safety (safety at sea, safety of navigation, ships, crew and passengers); however, any threat to maritime safety does not necessarily endanger maritime security or amount to the threat to international peace and security.
The first Fast Radio Burst (FRB) to be precisely localized was associated with a luminous persistent radio source (PRS). Recently, a second FRB/PRS association was discovered for another repeating source of FRBs. However, it is not clear what makes FRBs or PRS or how they are related. We compile FRB and PRS properties to consider the population of FRB/PRS sources. We suggest a practical definition for PRS as FRB associations with luminosity greater than $10^{29}$ erg s$^{-1}$ Hz$^{-1}$ that is not attributed to star-formation activity in the host galaxy. We model the probability distribution of the fraction of FRBs with PRS for repeaters and non-repeaters, showing there is not yet evidence for repeaters to be preferentially associated with PRS. We discuss how FRB/PRS sources may be distinguished by the combination of active repetition and an excess dispersion measure local to the FRB environment. We use CHIME/FRB event statistics to bound the mean per-source repetition rate of FRBs to be between 25 and 440 yr$^{-1}$. We use this to provide a bound on the density of FRB-emitting sources in the local universe of between $2.2\times10^2$ and $5.2\times10^4$ Gpc$^{-3}$ assuming a pulsar-like beam width for FRB emission. This density implies that PRS may comprise as much as 1\% of compact, luminous radio sources detected in the local universe. The cosmic density and phenomenology of PRS are similar to that of the newly-discovered, off-nuclear "wandering" AGN. We argue that it is likely that some PRS have already been detected and misidentified as AGN.
The objects that emit extragalatic fast radio bursts (FRBs) remain unidentified. Studies of the host galaxies and environments of accurately localised ($\lesssim1$ arcsec) FRBs promise to deliver critical insights into the nature of their progenitors. Here we demonstrate the effects of observational selection biases on analyses of the distributions of FRB host-galaxy properties (including star-formation rate, SFR, and stellar mass, $M_{*}$), and on the distributions of FRB offsets from the centres of their hosts. We consider the effects of "radio selection", wherein FRBs with larger dispersion measures and scattering timescales are less likely to be detected, and the effects of "optical selection", wherein FRBs with fainter host galaxies are more likely to have unidentified or mis-identified hosts. We develop a plausible, illustrative model for these effects in observations of FRBs and their host galaxies by combining the output catalogues of a semi-analytic galaxy formation model with a recently developed algorithm to associate FRBs with host galaxies (PATH). We find that optical selection biases are most important for the host-galaxy $M_{*}$ and SFR distributions, and that radio selection biases are most important for the distribution of FRB projected physical offsets. For our fiducial simulation of FRBs at $z<0.5$, the selection biases cause the median host-galaxy SFR to be increased by $\sim0.3$ dex, and the median $M_{*}$ by $\sim0.5$ dex. The median projected physical offset is increased by $\sim2$ kpc ($\sim0.25$ dex). These effects are sufficiently large so as to merit careful consideration in studies of localised FRBs, and our simulations provide a guide towards their mitigation.
Constitutional guarantees are such a body of interests or basic human rights which are inevitable for each human being. These rights are principally inherent, inalienable, and universal, and therefore, irrespective of race, sex, caste, color, or religion, everyone can enjoy them. Constitutional guarantees are distinct from all other rights and privileges because of at least two unique characteristics, such as intrinsic in nature, and inalienability. These guarantees are crucial in the state-individual relations, and recognized by major laws of the civilized nations, and often enshrined in the national constitutions. For instance, the US Constitution signifies the essence of these rights through the expression of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Nonetheless, very often, many citizens across the globe are deprived of these rights on numerous pretends and grounds, and mostly, on the public-private dichotomy. This study examined contemporary legal and philosophical discourses as to whether the constitutional guarantees of human rights apply in the private sectors in Malaysia, India, and the United States. This study used doctrinal legal research methodology with a qualitative approach based on library resources. The findings of this study showed that constitutional guarantees, primarily human rights, are presumed to have been neither created nor made but originated like organic growth. Accordingly, no authority can take them away. By examining various logics from theological to socio-historical points of view and the theory of international law, this study concluded that constitutional guarantees, particularly the equal protection of the law, should apply horizontally to cover both public and private sectors.
Abolghasem Azimi, Seyyed Mohammad Hosseini, Muhammad Dashti
The present study is conducted by a descriptive-analytical method in the framework of tetra factors and it aims to answer what are the most important factors in accelerating the corporeal, formal, subjective, and ultimate aspects of the new Islamic civilization from the view of Ayatollāh Kāmeneii. The results convey that the most important accelerating factors for the creation of the new Islamic civilization in the ideas of the supreme leader are as the following: having faith, spirituality, rationality, and justice (corporeal factors); the prioritization of educational/ethical, scientific/educational, and nation-centered/collective structures in the new Islamic civilization (formal factors); educating a human who is aware about his historical state, responsible to his civil role, with enough power of will to create civilization, and is warrior and resistant to fulfill the goals of the new Islamic civilization (subjective factors); explaining, outlining, and introducing pure life and true felicity for human society in accordance with the Islamic goals (ultimate factors).
Resolving the conflict of laws applicable to cultural heritage disputes is an important challenge in private international law. The cause of this challenge is, on the one hand, the preponderant role of cultural property in constituting of cultural and historical identity of nations, and the enormous profit of illicit trade of cultural properties on the other hand which leads to numerous disputes. In most of these claims, the lex rei sitae rule has been applied that normally leads to the issuance of unfair judgments. The negative effects of these decisions result in the question of determining the proper law governing cultural property claims. The theory of applying the lex originis rule to cultural property disputes is the theory which is accepted in this article. In order to prove this theory, this article is divided into two parts using a descriptive and analytical method: at first, the lex rei situs rule will be studied and the application of this rule to cultural property claims will be examined by a critical perspective and then the alternative courses of action will be analyzed.
Aysegul Sirakaya, Aysegul Sirakaya, Klaas De Brucker
et al.
In this paper we conduct a multi-criteria analysis (MCA) from a multiple stakeholder point of view for the design of access and benefit sharing (ABS) agreements concerning genetic resources, in particular regarding the access component of such agreements. We start by analyzing the objectives defined by international law (viz. the Convention on Biodiversity and the Nagoya Protocol) that every party (i.e., all United Nations member states, except the United States) must strive to attain when developing national legislation on ABS. As countries have a certain degree of freedom concerning the way and the extent to which they need to integrate these objectives into their national frameworks and since stakeholders attach different levels of importance to these objectives, such an MCA will help identify those options that command the highest value added from the community of stakeholders. Consequently, those options are expected to hold the highest potential for successful implementation. The MCA performed in this paper is based on Saaty’s analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and starts from the objectives (i.e., criteria) enshrined in international law, and then proceeds by assessing the relative importance of these criteria from the point of view of four different stakeholder groups (industrial users, academic users, collections and provider countries). The alternatives to be evaluated in the MCA are based upon options discussed qualitatively in our previous study published in Frontiers in Plant Science (2019b). These options are now transformed into “design parameters” and are evaluated in terms of their contribution to stakeholder criteria. This evaluation is now performed in a quantitative way using MCA and is based on previous qualitative discussions with stakeholders that have been reported qualitatively in our previous paper in Frontiers in Plant Science referred to above. The final result of our MCA consists of pointing out which design parameters regarding access obtain the highest priority from the community of stakeholders and hence need to be present in national regulatory frameworks on ABS that will be implemented by member states. It is our intention to undertake similar research for the Benefit Sharing component of ABS agreements in the future.
Sauradip Nag, Palaiahnakote Shivakumara, Wu Yirui
et al.
Identifying crime for forensic investigating teams when crimes involve people of different nationals is challenging. This paper proposes a new method for ethnicity (nationality) identification based on Cloud of Line Distribution (COLD) features of handwriting components. The proposed method, at first, explores tangent angle for the contour pixels in each row and the mean of intensity values of each row in an image for segmenting text lines. For segmented text lines, we use tangent angle and direction of base lines to remove rule lines in the image. We use polygonal approximation for finding dominant points for contours of edge components. Then the proposed method connects the nearest dominant points of every dominant point, which results in line segments of dominant point pairs. For each line segment, the proposed method estimates angle and length, which gives a point in polar domain. For all the line segments, the proposed method generates dense points in polar domain, which results in COLD distribution. As character component shapes change, according to nationals, the shape of the distribution changes. This observation is extracted based on distance from pixels of distribution to Principal Axis of the distribution. Then the features are subjected to an SVM classifier for identifying nationals. Experiments are conducted on a complex dataset, which show the proposed method is effective and outperforms the existing method
There is an evident and rapid trend towards the adoption of evaluation exercises for national research systems for purposes, among others, of improving allocative efficiency in public funding of individual institutions. However the desired macroeconomic aims could be compromised if internal redistribution of government resources within each research institution does not follow a consistent logic: the intended effects of national evaluation systems can result only if a "funds for quality" rule is followed at all levels of decision-making. The objective of this study is to propose a bibliometric methodology for: i) large-scale comparative evaluation of research performance by individual scientists, research groups and departments within research institution, to inform selective funding allocations, and ii) assessment of strengths and weaknesses by field of research, to inform strategic planning and control. The proposed methodology has been applied to the hard science disciplines of the Italian university research system for the period 2004-2006.
How to define sharing benefits from Marine Genetic Resources in the High Seas (water column) as equitable and just? Supposedly, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, international custom and the Convention on Biological Diversity do not rule Marine Genetic Resources in the High Seas as far as sharing benefits is concerned. The basic feature of international law and its sub-disciplines (of environment, investment, conflict resolution), subjects, and objects has to do with its content whatever the validity from international law as such or national law and the content based on sense and limits by interpretation and application (internationally and nationally). Interpreting international legal rules is only possible utilizing the elements established by international law, one is the systematically interpretation considering all and certain legal rules as foundations of the international legal system.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence