Indium selenide (In2Se3), a layered chalcogenide with multiple polymorphs, is a promising material for optoelectronic and ferroelectric applications. However, achieving polymorph-pure thin films remains a major challenge due to the complex growth space. In this work, Bayesian Optimization (BO) is successfully leveraged to guide the molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth of In2Se3 on Al2O3 substrates. By training a predictive Gaussian Process Regressor with sequential learning, we efficiently explored substrate temperature, indium flux, selenium flux, and cracker temperature, reducing experimental trials required for successful synthesis. A γ-In2Se3 film with 91% phase purity was achieved after fewer than ten trials. Attempts to isolate α-In2Se3 were limited by amorphous film formation at low temperatures, indicating that single-step co-deposition is unsuitable for crystalline α-In2Se3 on Al2O3. Overall, this study validates Bayesian Optimization as a powerful approach for phase-selective growth in complex materials systems.
Tuva Källberg, Chi Yan Law, Jonathan C. Tan
et al.
The role of magnetic fields in regulating the formation of massive stars remains much debated. Here we present sub-millimeter polarimetric observations with JCMT-POL2 at $850\:μ$m of 13 regions of massive star formation selected from the SOFIA Massive (SOMA) star formation survey, yielding a total of 29 massive protostars. Our investigation of the $p'-I$ relationship suggests that grain alignment persists up to the highest intensities. We examine the relative orientations between polarization-inferred magnetic field direction and source column density elongation direction on small and large scales. On small scales, we find a bimodal distribution of these relative orientations, i.e., with an excess of near-parallel and near-perpendicular orientations. By applying a one-sample Kuiper test and Monte Carlo simulations to compare to a relative orientation distribution drawn from a uniform distribution, we statistically confirm this bimodal distribution, independent of the methods to measure structural orientation. This bimodal distribution suggests that magnetic fields are dynamically important on the local scales ($\lesssim 0.6\:$pc) of massive protostellar cores. We also examine how basic polarization properties of overall degree of polarization and local dispersion in polarization vector orientations depend on intrinsic protostellar properties inferred from spectral energy distribution (SED) modeling. We find a statistically significant anti-correlation between the debiased polarized fraction and the luminosity to mass ratio, $L_{\rm bol}/M_{\rm env}$, which hints at a change in the dust properties for protostellar objects at different evolutionary stages.
We construct and classify all polynomial growth solutions to certain drift-harmonic equations on complete manifolds with paraboloidal asymptotics. These encompass the natural drift-harmonic equations on certain steady gradient Ricci solitons. Specifically, we show that all drift-harmonic functions with polynomial growth asymptotically separate variables, and compute the dimensions of spaces of drift-harmonic functions with a given polynomial growth rate. The proof uses an inductive argument that alternates between constructing and asymptotically controlling drift-harmonic functions.
A tragédia da Boate Kiss ganhou repercussão nacional e, no último mês de dezembro, foi julgada no Tribunal do Júri. Todavia, a principal controvérsia que decorreu do julgamento veio justamente do Supremo Tribunal Federal. No último dia 16 de dezembro, o Ministro Luiz Fux, a bem da verdade, impediu que o Tribunal de Justiça do Rio Grande do Sul concedesse Habeas Corpus aos acusados. No limite, houve supressão da garantia do Habeas Corpus. Se mantida tal decisão pelo plenário, todavia, o Brasil poderá ser condenado no Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos. Diante desse quadro, à luz da Constituição Federal, evidencia-se o fundamental papel que o Plenário do Supremo desempenhará no julgamento do caso concreto.
Criminal law and procedure, Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology
Abstract: Myths about health and abortion in Chile have been identified as a barrier to the implementation of Law 21.030 on the Voluntary Termination of Pregnancy. However, no measure adapted to the Chilean socio-cultural reality with adequate psychometric properties would allow us to verify the extent of misinformation. This study aims to design and analyze the psychometric properties of the Myths About Health and Abortion Scale (MHAS) in a Chilean community population. This study presents a sample of 613 participants. We obtained a unidimensional 5-item scale by cross-validity (χ2 = 21.702; df = 4; p < .001); RMSEA = .085 (90% CI [.052, .122]); CFI = .993; TLI = .982; GFI = .995) with adequate reliability of scores in the study sample (Sub-sample 1, McDonald's omega = .871; Sub-sample 2, McDonald's omega = .842); and evidence of validity in relation to other variables (e.g., the MHAS correlates with Sexual Double Standard (r = .354; p < .001), and Group Dominance (r = .307; p < .001), for use on the Chilean population. The most uninformed participants have a low education level, are older, have a conservative ideological profile in terms of religion and politics, and have a higher agreement with sexual double standards and social domination. This new approach allows us to quantify the issue of stigmatization and decision-making faced by women contemplating abortion, as well as to expose the deliberate dissemination of misinformation as a political strategy to oppose permissive abortion legislation.
Keywords: beliefs; voluntary termination of pregnancy; instrument; validity; reliability; misinformation.
Resumen: Los mitos sobre salud y aborto en Chile han sido identificados como una barrera para la implementación de la Ley 21.030 sobre Interrupción Voluntaria del Embarazo. No obstante, no existe una medida adaptada a la realidad sociocultural chilena con adecuadas propiedades psicométricas que nos permita constatar la extensión de la desinformación. Este estudio tiene como objetivo diseñar y analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Mitos sobre Salud y Aborto (EMSA) en población comunitaria chilena. Este estudio presenta una muestra de 613 participantes. Como resultado obtuvimos una escala de 5 ítems unidimensional mediante validez cruzada (χ2 = 21,702; gl = 4; p < ,001; RMSEA = ,085 (IC 90% [,052 ,122]); CFI = ,993; TLI = ,982; GFI = ,995); con adecuada fiabilidad de las puntuaciones en la muestra de estudio (submuestra 1, Omega de McDonald = ,871; submuestra 2, Omega de McDonald = ,842); y evidencias de validez en relación con otras variables (p. ej., , EMSA correlaciona con Doble Moral Sexual (r = ,354; p < ,001), y Dominación Grupal (r = ,307; p < ,001) para su uso con población chilena. Las y los participantes más desinformados tienen un bajo nivel educativo, son mayores, un perfil ideológico conservador en lo religioso y lo político, y mayor acuerdo con el doble estándar sexual y la dominación social. Esta nueva herramienta nos brinda la posibilidad de medir una problemática implicada en la estigmatización y toma de decisión de las mujeres que se plantean el acceso al aborto; y de transparentar el uso de la desinformación como estrategia política para desincentivar políticas permisivas sobre el aborto.
Palabras clave: creencias; interrupción voluntaria del embarazo; instrumento; validez; fiabilidad; desinformación.
Resumo: Os mitos sobre saúde e aborto no Chile foram identificados como uma barreira à implementação da Lei 21.030 sobre a Interrupção Voluntária da Gravidez. No entanto, não existe uma medida adaptada à realidade sociocultural chilena com propriedades psicométricas adequadas que nos permita verificar a extensão da desinformação. Este estudo tem como objetivo desenhar e analisar as propriedades psicométricas da Escala de Mitos sobre Saúde e Aborto (EMSA) numa população comunitária chilena. Este estudo apresenta uma amostra de 613 participantes. Como resultado, obtivemos uma escala unidimensional de 5 itens, por validade cruzada (χ2 = 21,702; gl = 4; p < ,001; RMSEA = ,085 (IC 90% [,052 ,122]); CFI = ,993; TLI = ,982; GFI = 995); com fiabilidade adequada das pontuações na amostra do estudo (Subamostra 1, Omega de McDonald = ,871; Subamostra, Omega de McDonald = ,842); e evidência de validade em relação a outras variáveis (por exemplo, o EMSA correlaciona-se com a Moral Sexual Dupla (r = ,354; p < ,001), e a Dominância de Grupo (r = ,307; p < ,001), para uso com a população chilena. Os participantes mais desinformados têm um baixo nível de escolaridade, são mais velhos, têm um perfil ideológico conservador na religião e na política, e têm uma maior concordância com a dupla moral sexual e a dominação social. Esta nova ferramenta dános a possibilidade de medir um problema implicado na estigmatização e na tomada de decisão das mulheres que consideram aceder ao aborto; e de tornar transparente a utilização da desinformação como estratégia política para desencorajar políticas permissivas sobre o aborto.
Palavras-chave: crenças; interrupção voluntária da gravidez; instrumento; validade; confiabilidade; desinformação.
Tin telluride (SnTe) is an IV-VI semiconductor with a topological crystalline insulator band structure, high thermoelectric performance, and in-plane ferroelectricity. Despite its many applications, there has been little work focused on understanding the growth mechanisms of SnTe thin films. In this manuscript, we investigate the molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) synthesis of SnTe (111) thin films on InP (111)A substrates. We explore the effect of substrate temperature, Te:Sn flux ratio, and growth rate on the film quality. Using a substrate temperature of 340 °C, a Te:Sn flux ratio of 3, and a growth rate of 0.48 Å/s, fully coalesced and single crystalline SnTe (111) epitaxial layers with x-ray rocking curve full-width-at-half-maxima (FWHM) of 0.09° and root-mean-square surface roughness as low as 0.2 nm have been obtained. Despite the 7.5% lattice mismatch between the SnTe (111) film and the InP (111)A substrate, reciprocal space mapping indicates that the 15 nm SnTe layer is fully relaxed. We show that a periodic interfacial misfit (IMF) dislocation array forms at the SnTe/InP heterointerface, where each IMF dislocation is separated by 14 InP lattice sites/13 SnTe lattice sites, providing rapid strain relaxation and yielding the high quality SnTe layer. This is the first report of an IMF array forming in a rock-salt on zinc-blende material system and at an IV-VI on III-V heterointerface, and highlights the potential for SnTe as a buffer layer for epitaxial telluride film growth. This work represents an important milestone in enabling the heterointegration between IV-VI and III-V semiconductors to create multifunctional devices.
The article is devoted to the comparison of characteristics of virtual assets and other objects of private law relations. Due to the lack of thorough scientific research and monographs that would classify virtual assets and these objects, it became necessary to analyse in detail the regulatory acts and case law of Ukraine and several leading jurisdictions regulating this area, and to systematise the conclusions reached by other scholars who have studied certain aspects of this issue in order to determine which category of objects of private law relations is more correct and useful from the point of view of development of the Ukrainian economy and protection of investors’ rights. In order to conduct this study of the modern categorisation of virtual assets and, in some cases, to equate them with existing objects of private law relations, systematic, comparative, hypothetical, analytical and inductive methods were used. As a result of the study, virtual assets were compared with property, money, securities, property rights, works and services, results of intellectual and creative activity, information, and intangible goods. Definitions of virtual assets in the legal acts of different jurisdictions were compared. It was analysed how other jurisdictions address the issues of classification and correlation of virtual assets and other objects of private law relations. Consideration is also given to the expediency of including the term ‘digital property’ in Ukrainian legislation on virtual assets, as well as the possibility of other classifications in view of the need to harmonise Ukrainian and European legislation. Another result of the inclusion of this category of objects is that virtual assets also become property, although they exist exclusively in the digital environment. It is concluded that a significant part of virtual assets, depending on their category, can be classified as either securities or means of payment. At the same time, the Ukrainian legislator has chosen a different path: all virtual assets have been effectively equated with property due to the absence of special regulations in this field.
Статтю присвячено аналізу теоретико-правового аспекту взаємодії політичної влади та громадянського суспільства. З'ясовано, що взаємодія політичної влади і громадянського суспільства постійно набуває політичної гостроти та актуальності, адже влада не може ефективно функціонувати без взаєморозуміння і конструктивної взаємодії з громадянським суспільством. Визначено праворегулюючі функції у відносинах політичної влади та громадянського суспільства. З'ясовано, що наразі в Україні процеси як становлення демократичної правової держави, так і інституціона- лізації громадянського суспільства відбуваються практично одночасно, взаємодоповнюючи один одного. Взаємодія політичної влади та громадянського суспільства складається із двох взаємно відповідальних впливів - держави на громадянське суспільство та громадянського суспільства - на державу. Проаналізовано наукові погляди щодо специфіки та актуальності взаємодії політичної влади та інститутів громадянського суспільства. Констатовано, що відносини політичної влади та громадянського суспільства можуть бути збалансованими лише за умови «зрілості» громадянського суспільства. Політична ж активність громадськості - ознака розвинутого громадянського суспільства, і, відповідно, підґрунтя демократії. Теоретично обґрунтовано, що до основних принципів взаємодії політичної влади та громадянського суспільства належать соціальне партнерство, забезпечення рівних можливостей, взаємовідповідальність, відкритість та прозорість, невтручання, визнання органами державної влади різних видів діяльності громадських об'єднань, підвищення ефективності процесу взаємодії. Проаналізовано концепцію «енергійне громадянське суспільство завжди послаблює, а не підсилює демократію». Виокремлено основні причини, які перешкоджають належній взаємодії політичної влади з громадськістю. Обґрунтовано, що саме ефективність взаємодії політичної влади та громадянського суспільства визначає якість існуючої моделі державно-громадського управління, яка має безпосередній вплив на процес державотворення.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Nuriyah Fara Muthia, Juajir Sumardi, Maskun Maskun
This research aims to analyze the legal implications of the increase in space debris generated through space commercialization activities. This research uses a normative legal method using a qualitative approach to determine the application of law in commercial activities carried out in space. The results of this study, namely: (1) the increase in space junk cases caused by commercial activities in space is increasing until 2022 due to various satellites being launched and causing junk to scatter freely in space. The rules of the Outer Space Treaty 1967 are still unable to guarantee legal certainty so that all parties carrying out commercial activities in space obey them; (2) the calculation of damage caused by commercial activities in space will result in liability that has been regulated in the Space Liability Convention 1972 that there are two legal principles governing the responsibility for compensation carried out by all parties in space, both state and private parties.
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Islamic law
The article defines the legal mechanism of access to justice in martial law. The first part analyzes the problems with access to justice related to the introduction of martial law. The second part deals with the use of electronic means to ensure access to administrative justice. The third part reveals the role of administrative justice in ensuring human rights and freedoms in martial law. It is concluded that with the introduction of martial law the right to judicial protection cannot be limited, and the state has a positive obligation to provide the widest possible access to justice, in particular through electronic document management and video conferencing with the authorization of participants with an electronic signature. The introduction of elements of e-government better ensures the activities of administrative jurisdiction, because with the proper authorization of the participants in the process, allows for a court hearing by videoconference. Also, the improvement of access to administrative proceedings is facilitated by the provision of electronic document management, in particular the execution of case materials in electronic format, which is allowed by the current Code of Administrative Procedure of Ukraine. Analysis of the peculiarities of administrative courts in martial law shows that administrative proceedings are possible by videoconference, the participation of judges remotely in court is carried out in exceptional cases where there are real and insurmountable obstacles to access to the workplace. Under martial law, it is possible to move a court to another location in connection with hostilities or the temporary occupation of the territory in order to ensure the continuity of justice, including the security of judges.
El artículo toma como punto de partida acontecimientos de las campañas políticas más recientes para detallar el funcionamiento de las estructuras paralelas en el sistema de financiamiento electoral de Costa Rica. A través de tales ejemplos, se sintetizan las principales características de estos mecanismos, los rasgos que las convierten en estrategias contrarias al ordenamiento electoral, así como las implicaciones políticas y jurídicas que reflejan en el sistema de partidos en el país. Finalmente, se indican las pautas regulatorias que son propias y aplicables a este tipo de estructuras de financiamiento, las respuestas sancionatorias del ordenamiento y los puntos álgidos de la fase procedimental de investigación y sanción en el pleno desarrollo de la campaña electoral.
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Однією з актуальних проблем практики діяльності Конституційного Суду України є реалізація його актів, не вирішення якої ставить під сумнів не лише гарантування ним верховенства Конституції України як Основного Закону держави, а й авторитет Конституційного Суду України як органу конституційної юрисдикції. Реалізація Конституційним Судом України покладених на нього завдань досягається не тільки прийняттям відповідних рішень і висновків, але і їх виконанням, впровадженням в життя. Без реалізації актів Конституційного Суду України зводиться нанівець вся його попередня робота щодо розгляду і вирішення відповідних справ, вона просто втрачає зміст.
Як відомо, акти Конституційного Суду України є самодостатніми, тобто такими, що мають пряму дію, є остаточними та обов’язковими до виконання, а для набрання чинності не потребують підтвердження жодних органів державної влади. Обов'язок виконання рішення Конституційного Суду України є вимогою Конституції України, яка має найвищу юридичну силу щодо всіх інших нормативно-правових актів. Відповідно ж до ст. 69 Закону “Про Конституційний Суд України”, обов'язковими до виконання рівною мірою є висновки і рішення Конституційного Суду України.
Проблема полягає в тому, що в чинному законодавстві не визначено принципів і механізму виконання рішень і висновків Конституційного Суду України. Як наслідок – значна частина таких актів не знаходять своєї практичної реалізації.
Вбачається, що проблеми реалізації притягнення до відповідальності, так само як і виконання самого рішення, пов’язані з відсутністю чіткого механізму контролю, який би дозволив виявити факт невиконання рішення Конституційного Суду України, результатом котрого могло би стати притягнення до відповідальності.
Також в ситуації російської військової агресії, що склалася нині в Україні, важливим засобом забезпечення реалізації актів органу конституційної юстиції є підтримання високого авторитету Конституційного Суду України, підвищення рівня правової культури і правосвідомості громадян, а особливо осіб, які уповноважені на здійснення державної влади. Важливими умовами ефективності діяльності Конституційного Суду, в тому числі і реалізації його актів, є утвердження в Україні засад правової, демократичної держави, а також забезпечення політичної та соціально-економічної стабільності в країні.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Saadia Nasir, Walter J. Smith, Thomas E. Beechem
et al.
Bi$_2$Se$_3$ is a widely studied 3D topological insulator having potential applications in optics, electronics, and spintronics. When the thickness of these films decrease to less than approximately 6 nm, the top and bottom surface states couple, resulting in the opening of a small gap at the Dirac point. In the 2D limit, Bi$_2$Se$_3$ may exhibit quantum spin Hall states. However, growing coalesced ultra-thin Bi$_2$Se$_3$ films with a controllable thickness and typical triangular domain morphology in the few nanometer range is challenging. Here, we explore the growth of Bi$_2$Se$_3$ films having thickness down to 4 nm on sapphire substrates using molecular beam epitaxy that were then characterized with Hall measurements, atomic force microscopy, and Raman imaging. We find that substrate pre-treatment -- growing and decomposing a few layers of \BiSe before the actual deposition -- is critical to obtaining a completely coalesced film. In addition, higher growth rates and lower substrate temperatures led to improvement in surface roughness, in contrast to what is observed for conventional epitaxy. Overall, coalesced ultra-thin Bi$_2$Se$_3$ films with lower surface roughness enables thickness-dependent studies across the transition from a 3D-topological insulator to one with gapped surface states in the 2D regime.
Having examined the legal properties of legal opinions of the Supreme Court of Ukraine embodied in provisions of Ukrainian law in view of the concept asserting the law-making orientation of the legal opinions of the Supreme Court as well as in view of the concept stating that all the outcomes of judicial application of law only specify and individualize law without changing or repealing any existing legal norms, the author concludes that at the moment, despite the proximity of legal opinions to the legal norms in terms of their universally binding nature and their establishment of rules of conduct beyond the literal reproduction of the relevant legislation, a more convincing scientific justification has the thought that the legal opinions of the Supreme Court of Ukraine only set out the results of interpretation of legal norms and determine the way to specify its meaning to the extent necessary to determine the rights and duties of parties to particular relationships based on their individual features. It is noted that there is no reason to state categorically that, having determined the pattern of correct application of law, the Supreme Court of Ukraine filled it with a completely new meaning, which does not follow from this or other rules of law. The author argues that the formation of a completely new legal rule by the Supreme Court is impossible, given that there are no phenomena that have legal significance and are not covered by the legal rules and regulations, at least, by the most abstract legal instruments. Moreover, the law-making nature of the Supreme Court's legal opinions is not substantiated by the fact that they are officially recognized as derived from legal norms, the proper application of which they determine, while the rule of law is always the primary legal regulator and has no external source of legal force. It should also be taken into account that the legal opinion of the Supreme Court cannot be a self-sufficient legal basis for resolving the issue of law.
Multi-label (ML) classification is an actively researched topic currently, which deals with convoluted and overlapping boundaries that arise due to several labels being active for a particular data instance. We propose a classifier capable of extracting underlying features and introducing non-linearity to the data to handle the complex decision boundaries. A novel neural network model has been developed where the input features are subjected to two transformations adapted from multi-label functional link artificial neural network and autoencoders. First, a functional expansion of the original features are made using basis functions. This is followed by an autoencoder-aided transformation and reduction on the expanded features. This network is capable of improving separability for the multi-label data owing to the two-layer transformation while reducing the expanded feature space to a more manageable amount. This balances the input dimension which leads to a better classification performance even for a limited amount of data. The proposed network has been validated on five ML datasets which shows its superior performance in comparison with six well-established ML classifiers. Furthermore, a single-label variation of the proposed network has also been formulated simultaneously and tested on four relevant datasets against three existing classifiers to establish its effectiveness.
Spinning black holes create electromagnetic storms when immersed in ambient magnetic fields, illuminating the otherwise epically dark terrain. In an electromagnetic extension of the Penrose process, tremendous energy can be extracted, boosting the energy of radiating particles far more efficiently than the mechanical Penrose process. We locate the regions from which energy can be mined and demonstrate explicitly that they are no longer restricted to the ergosphere. We also show that there can be toroidal regions that trap negative energy particles in orbit around the black hole. We find that the effective charge coupling between the black hole and the super-radiant particles decreases as energy is extracted, much like the spin of a black hole decreases in the mechanical analogue. While the effective coupling decreases, the actual charge of the black hole increases in magnitude reaching the energetically-favored Wald value, at which point energy extraction is impeded. We demonstrate the array of orbits for products from the electromagnetic Penrose process.
Objective: to study the Constitution as a stabilizing factor of social development.Methods: dialectical approach to the cognition of social phenomena that allows analyzing them in their historical development and functioning in the context of a set of objective and subjective factors, which determined the choice of the following research methods: formal-logical, comparative-legal, sociological.Results: the article attempts to comprehend the role of the Constitution as a stabilizing factor of social development. The reason for the theoretical analysis was the amendments to the text of the current Russian Constitution initiated by the President of the Russian Federation and approved by the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. The author proposes a threefold vision of the Constitution, recognizes the probable dissonance between the image of the Constitution in public opinion, the legal and actual (valid) Constitution, and focuses on those fundamental provisions of the Law of the Russian Federation on the amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation of 14 March 2020 No. 1-FKZ “On improving the regulation of certain issues of organization and functioning of public authorities”, which reveal the dynamic or static function of law. The Constitution in all its manifestations is conditioned by the statics and dynamics of political and legal life, and science is obliged to discover, again and again, the symbolic (linguistic) means of the harmonious and relatively stable development of the material and ideal.Scientific novelty: for the first time, the article analyzes the provisions of the Law of the Russian Federation on the amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation of 14 March 2020 No. 1-FKZ “On improving the regulation of certain issues of organization and functioning of public authorities”, identifies their strengths and weaknesses in view of the upcoming nationwide voting on approval of amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, and formulates proposals on improving the constitutional norms for the progressive development of the Russian society and state.Practical significance: the conclusions and provisions of the article can be used in scientific, law-making and law enforcement activities, as well as in the educational process of higher educational institutions.
Economics as a science, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
This letter solves an open question of origami paper spring risen by Yoneda et al.(Phys. Rev. E 2019). By using both dimensional analysis and data fitting, a universal scaling law of a paper spring is formulated. The scaling law shows that origami spring force obeys power square law of spring extension, however strong nonlinear to the total twist angle. The study has also successfully generalized the scaling law from the Poisson ratio 0.3 to an arbitrary Poisson's ratio with the help of dimensional analysis.
Abstract There is a growing body of evidence that interest rate spreads in Africa are higher for big banks compared to small banks. One concern is that big banks might be using their market power to charge higher lending rates as they become larger, more efficient, and unchallenged. In contrast, several studies found that when bank size increases beyond certain thresholds, diseconomies of scale are introduced that lead to inefficiency. In that case, we also would expect to see widened interest margins. This study examines the connection between bank size and efficiency to understand whether that relationship is influenced by exploitation of market power or economies of scale. Using a panel of 162 African banks for 2001–2011, we analyzed the empirical data using instrumental variables and fixed effects regressions, with overlapping and non-overlapping thresholds for bank size. We found two key results. First, bank size increases bank interest rate margins with an inverted U-shaped nexus. Second, market power and economies of scale do not increase or decrease the interest rate margins significantly. The main policy implication is that interest rate margins cannot be elucidated by either market power or economies of scale. Other implications are discussed.
"Upaya Mengoptimalkan Fungsi Laporan Gratifikasi di Kementerian Hukum dan HAM" adalah ruang lingkup dari makalah ini, yang bertujuan untuk mengoptimalkan fungsi UPG di Kementerian Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia. Solusi dan kendala yang tiap UPG di Unit, Pertama adalah: Belum dapat berjalan secara optimal dalam meningkatkan sistem atau program kerja di UPGbaik dari internal maupun eksternal; Kedua, Dalam rangka meningkatkan integritas kinerja karyawan yang rentan terhadap penerimaan terkait gratifikasi belum mengerti wajib lapor; Ketiga, belum berjalannya secara maksimal laporan pengendalian gratifikasi di Kementerian Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia.Tulisan ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normative pendekatan kualitatif sebagai metode pendukung berupa bentuk kata-kata dan bahasa, pada suatu konteks khusus yang alamiah secara diskriptif berkaitan dengan peraturan perundang-undangan yang ada sebagai dasar untuk diimplementasikan menuju kesuksesan pelayanan publik bebas dari gratifikasi.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Political institutions and public administration (General)