Mirian Carbonera, Sergio Francisco Serafim Monteiro da Silva, Antoine Lourdeau
et al.
Resumo Descobertas recentes de deposições funerárias no sítio Uruguai 1 contribuem com novos elementos sobre o comportamento mortuário relativos à unidade arqueológica Guarani. Tratam-se de cinco sepultamentos que incluem uma deposição em urna e ao menos quatro diretamente no solo, sendo a primeira vez que se documenta este último tipo de deposição para o alto vale do rio Uruguai. A ocupação Guarani desse sítio se situa da primeira metade do século XV até o século XVIII (510 ± 20 e 240 ± 30 anos 14C AP). Esse sítio está inserido no contexto da área arqueológica da Foz do Chapecó, que vem sendo estudada nas últimas duas décadas e na qual já foram documentadas pelo menos outras sete deposições funerárias, todas em urna. Neste artigo, apresentamos os achados de campo e laboratório sobre as deposições do sítio Uruguai 1, assim como novas datações radiocarbônicas para o nível analisado. Os dados não apenas contribuem para a arqueologia regional, mas trazem novos elementos para o entendimento do comportamento mortuário dessa unidade arqueológica na bacia do Prata.
Este artículo arroja nueva luz sobre los derroteros de Ezra Teubal, el inmigrante judío de origen alepino que fue un protagonista de referencia en la industria textil argentina, y Torcuato Di Tella, que creó el emporio industrial más emblemático de la Argentina a mediados del siglo XX. No pretende comparar dos empresas alineadas en sectores radicalmente diferentes. Tampoco aspira a confrontar el talento o el carácter individual de ambos. La brecha entre ellos abarca rasgos culturales, formación profesional, afinidades políticas y sobre todo identidades étnicas y religiosas. Sin embargo, la pertenencia a una misma generación y la condición de inmigrantes y emprendedores durante el mismo período formativo de la industrialización en Argentina, revelan varios puntos en común. El texto se centra en el desarrollo de las empresas que fundaron hasta la muerte prematura de Di Tella en 1948. Aunque Di Tella y Teubal no hayan sido rechazados por las élites de sus propios grupos étnicos, los dos no ejercieron funciones en instituciones líderes de sus respectivas comunidades. Marginados o auto-marginados, ambos eran rara aves, el primero por su aislamiento de los grupos económicos italianos dominantes, el segundo por su enajenación idiosincrática y cultural del 90% de la judeidad argentina de origen askenazí. En cualquier caso, sin haber renegado sus profundas identidades italianas y judías, su liderazgo empresarial no tuvo manifestaciones de liderazgo étnico.
A translation of ‘The Coloniality of Nature’ from the book La Naturaleza Colonizada. This piece is an examination of a particularly Latin American perspective on political ecology. In a quest for a sense Latin American identity and heritage, it looks at how the continent has been shaped since the Spanish conquest through environmental factors. It argues that human societies have been just as shaped by the traumatic destruction rendered to nature, as the environment has been shaped by said societies.
Yaset Caicedo-Ochoa, David E. Rebellón-Sánchez, Marcela Peñaloza-Rallón
et al.
Highlights • Coronavirus disease 2019 has spread worldwide and is now growing in Latin America.• The effective reproductive number (Rt) for Spain, Italy and 7 Latin American countries was estimated and compared.• The Rt in the first ten days in Brazil, Ecuador, and Panama was higher than Italy and Spain• All Latin American countries had Rt greater than 2, indicating an exponential growth
Josiah L. Kephart, Xavier Delclòs-Alió, Daniel A. Rodríguez
et al.
Background Little is known about the effect of changes in mobility at the subcity level on subsequent COVID-19 incidence, which is particularly relevant in Latin America, where substantial barriers prevent COVID-19 vaccine access and non-pharmaceutical interventions are essential to mitigation efforts. We aimed to examine the longitudinal associations between population mobility and COVID-19 incidence at the subcity level across a large number of Latin American cities. Methods In this longitudinal ecological study, we compiled aggregated mobile phone location data, daily confirmed COVID-19 cases, and features of urban and social environments to analyse population mobility and COVID-19 incidence at the subcity level among cities with more than 100 000 inhabitants in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala, and Mexico, from March 2 to Aug 29, 2020. Spatially aggregated mobile phone data were provided by the UN Development Programme in Latin America and the Caribbean and Grandata; confirmed COVID-19 cases were from national government reports and population and socioeconomic factors were from the latest national census in each country. We used mixed-effects negative binomial regression for a time-series analysis, to examine longitudinal associations between weekly mobility changes from baseline (prepandemic week of March 2–9, 2020) and subsequent COVID-19 incidence (lagged by 1–6 weeks) at the subcity level, adjusting for urban environmental and socioeconomic factors (time-invariant educational attainment, residential overcrowding, population density [all at the subcity level], and country). Findings We included 1031 subcity areas, representing 314 Latin American cities, in Argentina (107 subcity areas), Brazil (416), Colombia (82), Guatemala (20), and Mexico (406). In the main adjusted model, we observed an incidence rate ratio (IRR) of 2·35 (95% CI 2·12–2·60) for COVID-19 incidence per log unit increase in the mobility ratio (vs baseline) during the previous week. Thus, 10% lower weekly mobility was associated with 8·6% (95% CI 7·6–9·6) lower incidence of COVID-19 in the following week. This association gradually weakened as the lag between mobility and COVID-19 incidence increased and was not different from null at a 6-week lag. Interpretation Reduced population movement within a subcity area is associated with a subsequent decrease in COVID-19 incidence among residents of that subcity area. Policies that reduce population mobility at the subcity level might be an effective COVID-19 mitigation strategy, although they should be combined with strategies that mitigate any adverse social and economic consequences of reduced mobility for the most vulnerable groups. Funding Wellcome Trust. Translation For the Spanish translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
Contributions: The underrepresentation of women in computer science (CS) majors has long been a focus of attention in many academic documents, the majority of them from the United States and Europe. There is, however, a lack of information about educational interventions (EIs) for women in computing in Latin America. The contribution of this article is to cover this gap and describe what researchers in Latin American countries have been publishing about the recruitment and retention of women in the CS field. Background: Many EIs targeting female students at different educational levels—K-12, undergraduate, and graduate—have been undertaken to increase the participation of women in computing in Latin America. However, descriptions of these activities rarely are included in international academic databases. Research Questions: This literature mapping addresses two main research questions (RQ) about the topic of women in computing in academic publications in Latin American countries: RQ1) what are the characteristics of the publications about women in computing in Latin America? and RQ2) what are the published interventions to recruit and retain women in computing in Latin America? To answer RQ1, six subquestions were created covering year, language, country of origin, document type, and professional track. Furthermore, for RQ2, two subquestions were created involving educational level and the use of software development with a female theme. Methodology: This investigation used the systematic literature mapping process. To achieve a broad coverage of papers, the following sources were included: Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, EBSCO, the proceedings of the Latin American Women in Computing Conference (LAWCC), and those of the Women in Technology (WIT) workshop colocated with the annual conference of the Brazilian Computer Society (SBC). The included papers were published in the last decade (2010–2020) and written in English, Portuguese, or Spanish. Findings: The literature mapping encompasses 197 academic documents, 48.2% of which were written in Portuguese, 28.7% in English, and 23.1% in Spanish. The papers originated from 15 of the 20 Latin American countries. Brazil and Costa Rica have the highest number of publications overall. The documents describe initiatives to increase the participation of women in computing majors that cover the entire educational spectrum, from K-12 to graduate programs, but papers targeting populations in higher education have started to appear recently.
J. Llenas-García, Philp Wikman-Jorgensen, Concepción Gil-Anguita
et al.
Background Chagas disease (CD) is a chronic parasitic disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and is endemic to continental Latin America. In Spain, the main transmission route is congenital. We aimed to assess adherence to regional recommendations of universal screening for CD during pregnancy in Latin American women in the province of Alicante from 2014 to 2018. Methodology/Principal findings Retrospective quality study using two data sources: 1) delivery records of Latin American women that gave birth in the 10 public hospitals of Alicante between January 2014 and December 2018; and 2) records of Chagas serologies carried out in those centers between May 2013 and December 2018. There were 3026 deliveries in Latin American women during the study period; 1178 (38.9%) underwent CD serology. Screening adherence ranged from 17.2% to 59.3% in the different health departments and was higher in Bolivian women (48.3%). Twenty-six deliveries (2.2%) had a positive screening; CD was confirmed in 23 (2%) deliveries of 21 women. Bolivians had the highest seroprevalence (21/112; 18.7%), followed by Colombians (1/333; 0.3%) and Ecuadorians (1/348; 0.3%). Of 21 CD-positive women (19 Bolivians, 1 Colombian, 1 Ecuadorian), infection was already known in 12 (57.1%), and 9 (42.9%) had already been treated. Only 1 of the 12 untreated women (8.3%) was treated postpartum. Follow-up started in 20 of the 23 (87.0%) neonates but was completed only in 11 (47.8%); no cases of congenital transmission were detected. Among the 1848 unscreened deliveries, we estimate 43 undiagnosed cases of CD and 1 to 2 undetected cases of congenital transmission. Conclusions/Significance Adherence to recommendations of systematic screening for CD in Latin American pregnant women in Alicante can be improved. Strategies to strengthen treatment of postpartum women and monitoring of exposed newborns are needed. Currently, there may be undetected cases of congenital transmission in our province.
E. Bayraktarov, A. Banaszak, Phanor Montoya Maya
et al.
Coral reefs worldwide are degrading due to climate change, overfishing, pollution, coastal development, bleaching and diseases. In areas where natural recovery is negligible or protection through management interventions insufficient, active restoration becomes critical. The Reef Futures symposium in 2018 brought together over 400 reef restoration experts, businesses, and civil organizations, and galvanized them to save coral reefs through restoration or identify alternative solutions. The symposium highlighted that solutions and discoveries from long-term and ongoing coral reef restoration projects in Spanish-speaking countries in the Caribbean and Eastern Tropical Pacific were not well known internationally. Therefore, a meeting of scientists and practitioners working in these locations was held to compile the data on the extent of coral reef restoration efforts, advances and challenges. Here, we present unpublished data from 12 coral reef restoration case studies from five Latin American countries, describe their motivations and techniques used, and provide estimates on total annual project cost per unit area of reef intervened, spatial extent as well as project duration. We found that most projects used direct transplantation, the coral gardening method, micro-fragmentation or larval propagation, and aimed to optimize or scale-up restoration approaches (51%) or provide alternative, sustainable livelihood opportunities (15%) followed by promoting coral reef conservation stewardship and re-establishing a self-sustaining, functioning reef ecosystem (both 13%). Reasons for restoring coral reefs were mainly biotic and experimental (both 42%), followed by idealistic and pragmatic motivations (both 8%). The median annual total cost from all projects was $93,000 USD (range: $10,000 USD - $331,802 USD) (2018 dollars) and intervened a median spatial area of 1 ha (range: 0.06 ha - 8.39 ha). The median project duration was 3 years; however, projects have lasted up to 17 years. Project feasibility was high with a median of 0.7 (range: 0.5 - 0.8). This study closes the knowledge gap between academia and practitioners and overcomes the language barrier by providing the first comprehensive compilation of data from ongoing coral reef restoration efforts in Latin America.
This essay reviews the following works: Ação afirmativa: Conceito, história e debates. By João Feres Júnior, Luiz Augusto Campos, Verônica Toste Daflon, and Anna Carolina Venturini. Rio de Janeiro: Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2018. Pp. 190. Open access e-book. ISBN: 9786599036477. https://eduerj.com/?product=acao-afirmativa-conceito-historia-e-debates-ebook. The Prism of Race: The Politics and Ideology of Affirmative Action in Brazil. By David Lehmann. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2018. Pp. xxii + 272. $72.87 hardcover. ISBN: 9780472130849. Confronting Affirmative Action in Brazil: University Quota Students and the Quest for Racial Justice. By Vânia Penha-Lopes. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2017. Pp. xii + 188. $95.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9781498537803. O sistema de cotas para negros da UnB: Um balanço da primeira geração. By Sales Augusto dos Santos. Jundiaí, SP: Paco Editorial, 2015. Pp. 420. R$59,90 paperback. ISBN: 9788546201334. The Affirmative Action Puzzle: A Living History from Reconstruction to Today. By Melvin I. Urofsky. New York: Pantheon Books, 2020. Pp. xviii + 592. $35.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9781101870877. Antiracist Discourse in Brazil: From Abolition to Affirmative Action. By Teun A. van Dijk. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2020. Pp. vii + 256. $103.26 hardcover. ISBN: 9781793615473. Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents. By Isabel Wilkerson. New York: Random House, 2020. Pp. 496. $32.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780593230251.
Infâncias e maternidades se conectam quando refletimos sobre as vulnerabilidades e a ausência de direitos das crianças indígenas no Brasil. Neste artigo pretendo abordar de que modo um olhar colonial sobre as maternidades e infâncias indígenas importam em preconceitos e levam a desconsiderar as formas de cuidado e as possibilidades que as crianças indígenas têm de experienciar a infância junto de suas famílias e comunidades. Ao problematizar a existência de um olhar colonial sob o cuidado, o qual impõe uma forma correta a ser seguida em detrimento de outras formas tradicionais de cuidar e ser criança, busco perceber como este olhar fundamenta o direito da interferência estatal em relação as mães indígenas, as quais são impedidas de exercer o direito de guarda sobre seus filhos, os quais crescem longe da cultura e do modo de viver Guarani e Kaiowá.
The purpose of this article is to analyze the process of civilization of otherness for the colonization of Urabá (Antioquia, Colombia). The missionary work of Mother Laura and later of the Catholic Prefecture of the Discalced Carmelites for the period 1914-1940 configured a spatial order that structured the colonization of Urabá as a frontier region responding to a national order whose function was to normalize, securitize, moralize and civilize social geography to avoid any other process of territorial secession like that of Panama in the year 1903.
Durante la última dictadura militar en la Argentina (1976-1983) las tres fuerzas militares desplegaron un vasto entramado represivo a lo largo de todo el territorio. La Armada Argentina (ARA) desarrolló un sistema de once Fuerzas de Tareas (FT) y múltiples sedes clandestinas. El conocimiento disponible ha permitido iluminar su funcionamiento dentro de los límites geográficos de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires y principalmente en torno a los desempeños de la FT N° 3 con sede en la Escuela de Mecánica (ESMA). En este artículo proponemos reconstruir las dinámicas y lógicas represivas a escala subnacional, centrándonos en la actividad represiva de la FT N° 6 en la costa atlántica de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Buscaremos avanzar en la reconstrucción de instancias de articulación entre las fuerzas militares presentes a nivel regional; indagar y profundizar el conocimiento sobre las formas de gestión de los detenidos- desaparecidos; y problematizar, los modelos explicativos predominantes sobre el fenómeno represivo en su fase concentracionaria. El diseño metodológico propuesto se centra en el abordaje sistemático de fuentes provenientes de los procesos judiciales que persiguen los crímenes cometidos por dicha FT en sus diferentes instancias de instrucción, elevación a juicio oral y sentencias.
Data on genus and infectious by Rickettsia were retrospectively compiled from the critical review literature regarding all countries in Latin America, Caribbean islands, Portugal and Spain. We considered all Rickettsia records reported for human and/or animal hosts, and/or invertebrate hosts considered being the vector. In a few cases, when no direct detection of a given Rickettsia group or species was available for a given country, the serologic method was considered. A total of 13 Rickettsia species have been recorded in Latin America and the Caribbean. The species with the largest number of country confirmed records were Rickettsia felis (9 countries), R. prowazekii (7 countries), R. typhi (6 countries), R. rickettsii (6 countries), R. amblyommii (5 countries), and R. parkeri (4 countries). The rickettsial records for the Caribbean islands (West Indies) were grouped in only one geographical area. Both R. bellii, R. akari, and Candidatus �R. andeane� have been recorded in only 2 countries each, whereas R. massiliae, R. rhipicephali, R.monteiroi, and R. africae have each been recorded in a single country (in this case, R. africae has been recorded in nine Caribbean Islands). For El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua, no specific Rickettsia has been reported so far, but there have been serological evidence of human or/and animal infection. The following countries remain without any rickettsial records: Belize, Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, and Paraguay. In addition, except for a few islands, many Caribbean islands remain without records. A total of 12 Rickettsia species have been reported in Spain and Portugal: R. conorii, R. helvetica, R. monacensis, R. felis, R. slovaca, R. raoultii, R. sibirica, R. aeschlimannii, R. rioja, R. massiliae, R. typhi, and R. prowazekii. Amongst these Rickettsia species reported in Spain and Portugal, only R. prowazekii, R. typhi, R. felis, and R. massiliae have also been reported in Latin America. This study summarizes the current state of art on the rickettsial distribution in Latin America, Caribbean, Spain and Portugal. The data obtained allow a better understanding on rickettsial epidemiology and distribution of vector ecology.
Este artículo se centra en los textos El libro flotante de Caytran Dölphin y Kazbek del autor ecuatoriano Leonardo Valencia. Ambos están abordados desde una discusión de lo posnacional, se busca desentrañar los sentidos que la reelaboración de los espacios plantea tanto sobre el hecho narrativo como en la experiencia del lector sobre su conocimiento acerca del hecho “ciudad”, en este caso Guayaquil, así como del referente nacional, siempre con un guiño hacia los discursos nacionales establecidos por la crítica.
American literature, Latin America. Spanish America
A controvérsia do planejamento (1944-1945), entre Roberto Simonsen e Eugênio Gudin, é um momento privilegiado para o estudo da história das ideias econômicas. A participação de Roberto Simonsen nessa discussão pode ser revista e lida de maneira enriquecedora numa perspectiva de história das ideias. Este artigo investiga a especificidade teórica que distingue a abordagem de Simonsen em relação à de Gudin, postulando que o primeiro entra no debate pela via da história econômica. Sua abordagem está em sintonia com discussões teóricas do final da segunda guerra, levadas a cabo nas próximas décadas pela economia do desenvolvimento no Brasil. A inserção da contribuição de Simonsen no contexto histórico da controvérsia abre novas possibilidades de leitura desse debate essencial na construção de um pensamento econômico no Brasil.
Latin America. Spanish America, Regional economics. Space in economics