Hasil untuk "Labor policy. Labor and the state"

Les autrices examinent la manière dont les inégalités présentes sur le marché du travail traditionnel influent sur la situation des travailleurs de plateformes. Elles utilisent le cadre des régimes d’inégalités élaboré par Acker, en s’intéressant plus particulièrement au genre, et l’appliquent à une étude de cas qualitative portant sur une plateforme de travail indépendant qui fournit des services juridiques. L’analyse, qui comporte une dimension longitudinale, montre que les obstacles structurels à l’oeuvre dans la profession juridique classique se retrouvent sous une forme amplifiée dans l’univers des plateformes, ce qui invalide l’idée que le travail de plateformes peut être un levier.

Marcos Antonio Macedo das Chagas

Refletimos sobre a contribuição de Marx no século XIX, com o intuito de entender as demandas socioeducacionais do século atual. Comparamos concepções categóricas de Hegel, Gramsci e Lukács para analisar a educação pública de tempo integral em favor das classes subalternas e gêneros diversos. Para tal, tomamos como exemplo os Centros Integrados de Educação Pública (CIEPs/CIEPs-RJ), idealizados e materializados por Darcy Ribeiro, entre os anos 1983-1987. Indicamos a importância da educação popular de acesso gratuito às crianças e aos adolescentes, para além dos turnos escolares tradicionalmente fragmentados. Palavras-chave: Marx; Marxismo; Darcy Ribeiro; CIEPs; Cultura.

María Rosario Cristóbal Roncero

Las políticas de conciliación de la vida familiar y profesional europeas han evolucionado para mejorar y hacer más compatible las condiciones de vida y trabajo en tres etapas diferentes. 1) La igualdad de género se conecta con la incentivación del reparto de responsabilidades de mujeres y hombres en el ámbito privado, 2) Se caracteriza por la vinculación de la conciliación con el mercado de trabajo y la competitividad empresarial, 3) La conciliación se conecta, de nuevo, con la igualdad de género, integrándose la figura paterna en el reparto de responsabilidades. El resultado de esta evolución, es la Directiva 2019/1158, que ha conseguido que la conciliación de la vida profesional y familiar tenga un reconocimiento autónomo en el acervo comunitaria e incorpora mecanismos para favorecer la conciliación de la vida familiar y profesional: el permiso de paternidad, el permiso parental y el permiso cuidadores, permiso por fuerza mayor, permiso para cuidadores y ausencia del trabajo por causa de fuerza mayor, fórmulas de trabajo flexible para los trabajadores que sean progenitores o cuidadores, así como también medidas de protección de los trabajadores en el ejercicio de sus derechos de conciliación (laborales, discriminación y frente al despido). En definitiva, se advierte en estas políticas de conciliación un claro tránsito hacia la corresponsabilidad de los progenitores en el disfrute de los permisos.

E. S. Navasardova, A. N. Zakharin

Introduction. The main development priorities of the Eurasian Economic Union (hereinafter referred to as the EAEU, the Union), established in 2015, include the completion of work aimed at eliminating existing restrictions, unification of customs rules, revision of certain norms, including taking into account the existing international environmental agenda and the specifics of each state. The cooperation expansion of Russia with other EAEU states in the exploitation of natural resources makes interstate cooperation in the environmental sphere increasingly relevant. In the context of activation of certain areas of economic development and the transition to the functioning of a single market for goods, works and services, there is a need to improve legal mechanisms for cooperation in the environmental sphere, the need for a coordinated policy at the EAEU level. The merging of national markets for goods, works, services, capital and labor is interconnected with the development and implementation of policies and mechanisms of the green economy, which will contribute to the stability of socioeconomic development, while at the same time guaranteeing environmental protection.Materials and Methods. Logical, induction, deduction, comparative legal analysis and synthesis, analogy, statistical and other methods of scientific cognition were used to analyze the areas of convergence and institutions of environmental policy in the national legislation of the EAEU member states and overcome existing problems. The authors conducted a comparative analysis of the general provisions of supranational legislation and acts of the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union, mediating the implementation of state environmental policy.Analysis. The convergence of national environmental policy should be considered a starting point for cooperation between the EAEU member states in the field of green economy and the formation of an appropriate agenda for integration cooperation. The overwhelming number of scientists and experts agree with the lag of the EAEU both in the development of a green economy and green energy, and in the implementation of a coordinated environmental policy and legislation.Results. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the convergence of the environmental policies of the EAEU member states will contribute to the further development of integration, the removal of barriers, exemptions and restrictions in the regulation of environmental management and environmental protection. In order to bring together the environmental policies pursued by the EAEU member states, it is necessary to develop and adopt common supranational legislation that enshrines strategic goals and directions for the development of environmental management and environmental protection. The current legislative acts at the national level are based on a similar set of goals, objectives and directions of development, which opens up opportunities for their harmonization and unification. At the same time, priority should be given to environmental safety issues.

Oğuz Öztunç, Seda Bayrakdar

One of the important topics of economic theory is the discussion of income distribution inequality. The role of the state and social institutions in improving income distribution inequalities in almost every country, whether developed or developing, is undeniable. Therefore, determining the dynamics affecting income distribution is important in terms of correctly determining the economic policies to be implemented in the countries. In this study, the dynamics of income distribution in the countries called the Fragile Five (Brazil, India, Indonesia, South Africa and Türkiye), which have been frequently examined recently, will be determined using the CCE estimator between 1994 and 2017 with panel data analysis. The GINI Coefficient was used as the dependent variable in the model to represent the income distribution. To make a specific policy recommendation as a result of the analysis, the independent variables were divided into two as monetary policy variables (policy rate, money supply) and fiscal policy variables (public expenditures, tax revenues). In addition, according to the literature, per capita national income growth, inflation rate, trade openness, financial openness, financial development and human capital data were included in the model as control variables. It is thought that this study will contribute to the literature since there is no such analysis in terms of monetary and fiscal policies in the Fragile Five Countries. According to the empirical results, it is concluded that increases in the broad money supply and human capital in the so-called Fragile Five countries increase income inequality, while increases in financial development reduce income inequality.

Maria Clara Bueno Fischer, Doriedson do Socorro Rodrigues

O presente texto traz, a partir do materialismo histórico-dialético, uma contribuição à análise do intercâmbio seres humanos-natureza mediados pelo trabalho como crítica do modo de produção capitalista, que impõe uma ruptura dessa relação nesse intercâmbio. Contudo, contrapondo-se a essa perspectiva, é possível identificar outros modos de vida que resistem a isso no interior das contradições capital-trabalho. As reflexões propostas almejam colaborar com o aprofundamento de análises sobre as relações entre trabalho e educação, em particular o trabalho como princípio educativo, a partir do enfoque do tema relações entre seres humanos e natureza. Palavras-chave: Relações entre seres humanos-natureza; Trabalho como princípio educativo; Modos de vida. Povos e comunidades tradicionais.

Maria Ciavatta

MEMÓRIA E DOCUMENTOS me trazem à mente duas questões. Uma delas é a memória e sua existência na vida humana. A outra questão são os documentos. Mia Couto, o escritor moçambicano, nos diz que que existimos enquanto alguém se lembrar de nós, enquanto estivermos na memória. Esta ideia serve para os indivíduos, mas, principalmente, para as instituições com seus coletivos, ideias, interesses diversos e divergências.

E. Kochetkova

This article examines the phenomenon of Soviet industrial and technical creativity (promyshlennoe i tekhnicheskoe tvorchestvo) from the late 1950s to the 1980s. It particularly focuses on the invention and rationalization movement at industrial enterprises through the lens of Soviet industrial policy. It emphasizes creativity as a labor resource and incentive developed into the oversized system and shows its structural elements and encouragements. The paper argues that from the 1950s onwards, the Soviet state placed labor creativity at the center of industrial development and homegrown vision of progress seeing it as a resource for technological competitiveness from Khrushchev’s aim to reach communism to perestroika. The Soviet leadership, however, overemphasized creativity as workers’ ability to come up with new ideas and find rapid technical solutions to industrial problems in addition to their main duties to show the creative nature of socialist labor. As a result, it developed a formalized branched system constituted by numerous institutions and nominal awards which made creativity not only an industrial necessity but to a large extent a performative product.

Francisco Javier Hierro Hierro

El complemento por maternidad instaurado en el año 2015 ha protagonizado desde entonces un interesante debate en la doctrina científica y de los tribunales. Su posible trato discriminatorio, la cuestionada aplicación a los supuestos de jubilación parcial… han sido, entre otros muchos, los aspectos a los que ha habido que dar respuesta. Su derogación no ha supuesto ni de lejos su vaciamiento. Aún hoy los tribunales continúan a vueltas sobre este mecanismo, en especial se interrogan acerca de la fecha de sus efectos económicos. Constituye esta la temática que se aborda en la presente colaboración, el análisis de los pronunciamientos de los tribunales sobre la fecha de efectos del complemento de maternidad.

Nergis Dama

The opinion that social policy implementation affects voter behavior has caused political parties to include social policy commitments in their election manifestos. Given the perception that social policy has an impact on voting behavior as well as economic and political anticipation, social policy is included in election commitments. In this study, the social policy commitments of the Justice and Development Party, which has been in the lead of general elections held during the period 2002-2015, have been evaluated using content analysis. The research sample includes only social policy commitments in the election manifesto. The aim of this study is to investigate the social policy commitment of the Justice and Development Party and to explain the alteration of the social policy perceptive and the implementation of social protection. In this way, the study attempts to explain the social policy approach of the party.

Ángel Luis de Val Tena

El periodo de prueba puede concertarse por escrito en el contrato de trabajo, como un pacto singular, con sujeción a los límites de duración que, en su caso, se establezcan en los convenios colectivos. Durante el periodo de prueba, la persona trabajadora tendrá los derechos y obligaciones correspondientes al puesto de trabajo que desempeñe como si fuera de plantilla, excepto los derivados de la resolución de la relación laboral, que podrá producirse a instancia de cualquiera de las partes durante su transcurso. El reconocimiento del desistimiento empresarial ad nutum sigue siendo la característica más sobresaliente del pacto de prueba, de ahí que se analicen en este trabajo sus condiciones y límites. Transcurrido el periodo de prueba sin que se haya producido el desistimiento, el contrato producirá plenos efectos.

Ronaldo Marcos de Lima Araújo, Luciane Teixeira da Silva

Neste número 37, a Revista Trabalho Necessário apresenta uma seção de homenagem a um pesquisador que tem papel destacado para a constituição do campo de estudos e pesquisas em Trabalho e Educação no Brasil, o Filósofo Paolo Nosella, cabendo a mim essa difícil e prazerosa tarefa de apresentá-lo.

E. V. Maslyukova, A. I. Maskaev

Objective: to assess the students and graduates’ perception of the state policy aimed at supporting young professionals in the labor market.Methods: qualitative methods were used to analyze labor market institutions, in-depth interviews were conducted, and interpretative analysis of actors’ discourses was made.Results: the authors’ conceptual conclusions make it possible to characterize the unstable position of university graduates in the structure of precariat in the Russian labor market. Two types of reasons are considered that determine whether university graduates are included in the precariat within the framework of the “work experience - education” dichotomy. The article analyzes the features of the Russian labor market and the proposed state policy measures to transform traditional forms of employment using the achievements of digitalization. In-depth interviews were conducted with students and graduates of the Southern Federal University to assess their perception of the state policy and attitude to unstable employment.Scientific novelty: to understand the place and role of precariat in the structure of employment, it is necessary to consider such characteristics, in addition to instability, as the level of education and the level of skills acquired.Practical significance: the identified social values and employment characteristics of Russian university graduates can be used to develop recommendations for improving the system for monitoring the level of labor precarization in regional labor markets.

Oleksandr Prasov, Yuliia Abakumova

The purpose of the article is to study the economic and legal problems of financing the education of persons sentenced to imprisonment, realization of their constitutional right and to propose to eliminate existing gaps in the legislation. Methodology. The survey is based on an analysis of the principles of financing education, including prison education, on the procedure and problems of financing education for persons sentenced to imprisonment. The principles, good practice and problems of providing educational services in Singapore, Japan, Hong Kong, South Korea, Finland, the Netherlands, Canada, Poland, Germany, Ireland, Great Britain, the USA, Estonia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, the Russian Federation are considered. Sourcing of education (state, non-state and mixed) are investigated. The analysis of macro indicators of social and economic development of the countries, in which certain system of financing of education operates, is carried out. Emphasis is placed on the fact that the country's development largely depends on the share of gross domestic product spent on research. Only if the cost of science exceeds 0.9% of gross domestic product, it can be said about the impact of science on the development of the state economy. It is concluded that most European countries use the so-called principle of "funding formula", according to which the state allocates financial resources to higher education institutions in amounts determined by special indicators, such as high quality of education, number of students, labor intensity and material consumption of the education process. Results. In the process of studying the state policy on financing the educational system, it has been concluded that tthe most developed countries with a sufficiently high level of gross domestic product per capita have the state system of financing higher education. The main positive feature of penitentiary educational systems is their focus on the prisoner as an individual to provide his or her needs, the opportunity to acquire professional skills and, in the future, to integrate into society and restore his or her social status easily. The authors also conclude that due to certain difficulties in obtaining education by prisoners, namely, most of these persons cannot get an education because they are in isolation from society, their attendance at school is impossible, the way out of this situation is distance learning. Practical implications. . Proposals have been made, according to which higher education for persons sentenced to imprisonment should be regarded as paid activity along with work, and the possibility of obtaining distance education should be enshrined in law. Value/originality. The article provides proposals for amendments to the legislation in the field of education for persons sentenced to imprisonment in some post-Soviet countries for the harmonization of regulations.

Luiz Henrique Eloy Amado

A pesquisa foi desenvolvida no âmbito do Programa de Pós-graduação em Antropologia Social do Museu Nacional - UFRJ, sob orientação do professor doutor Antonio Carlos de Souza Lima e propiciou o contato com discussões da antropologia, indispensáveis para se compreender os processos históricos vivenciados e protagonizados pelos povos indígenas.

M. Peters

Formal agreements on international economic migration are relatively rare; yet, important cooperation on migration has taken place using bilateral labor migration treaties. This paper details the conditions under which immigrant receiving countries use these treaties and tests the implications of the argument on a new dataset on migration treaties. I argue that immigrant receiving states use treaties primarily when they lack sufficient migrant networks to draw from. When states cannot generate large enough flows of migrants or the right type of migrants to fill open positions in the labor market, they turn to the sending state to help them. The sending state, then, acts as a recruiter, helping to channel labor to the receiving state. This paper increases our understanding of why states sign treaties as well as demonstrating the limits of cooperation in this policy domain.

Till M von Wachter

The Unemployment Insurance (UI) system is the largest general social insurance program for working-age individuals in the United States and currently insures more than 140 million workers against temporary income losses related to unemployment. UI has been the bedrock of U.S. social policy in recessions, but the system has remained largely unchanged since the mid-1970s despite substantial changes in the labor market that include deindustrialization, higher female participation, increases in wage inequality, and technological changes. This article summarizes existing empirical evidence on the state of the UI system and its effectiveness in achieving its stated goals. A range of reform proposals are discussed that aim to address both the well-known, long-term issues with UI, as well as UI’s readiness to support the workforce of the twenty-first century.

Lívia Diana Rocha Magalhães, Daniela Moura Rocha de Souza

O grupo de estudos e pesquisa em História e Memória Geracional e trajetórias sóciogeracionais – GHEMPE, sediado no Museu Pedagógico da UESB, desenvolve a pesquisa “Educação, Memória e História da Bahia: processos autoritários e ditadura militar” tendo como norte o levantamento de documentos que dão suporte ao entendimento acerca dos processos autoritários que recaíram sobre estudantes, professores (as) e funcionários (as), baianos (as) durante a ditadura civil-militar (1964 - 1985).

Elsa Lafaye de Micheaux

In the aftermath of the elections of 9 May 2018, the Federation of Malaysia entered a new era, the so-called Malaysia Baru. Unexpected and of deep historical significance, this change, spearheaded by the 92-year-old leader Mahathir Mohamad, paved the way for the country’s sovereignty to be taken back from China. Under the previous Prime Minister Najib Razak, China, the new center of gravity in East Asia, had moved closer to Malaysia in all respects, at the risk of increased dependence of the latter – and with the corollary corruption and high public debt – without altering its institutional architecture. In this article, based on a field survey among the main economic authorities, we propose an account of the first reforms, focusing on the measures taken with regard to China. It appears that cooperation between the two countries is rapidly reconfiguring itself, but not moving towards a rift: the relationship is deepening within the framework of negotiated and agreed-upon dependence on China, while it is the Malaysian accumulation regime, dominated by the State and international integration resulting from the 1971 New Economic Policy, that could move toward a distribution of income less unfavorable to labor.

Natalia Govorova

In developed EU countries, the concepts of «industrial policy» and «national competitiveness enhancement policy» are becoming synonymous. The paper is devoted to the analysis of industrial policy of the European Union. The estimation of its state and prospects as well as close interaction with the innovation component of the EU economic policy are given. The problems and uneven financing of R&D in Member States are underlined. The interdependence of the competitiveness of European industry and the labor force ‘skills is noted.